ASTM E50-17

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E50 − 11 (Reapproved 2016) E50 − 17
Standard Practices for
Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Considerations for
Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E50; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices cover laboratory apparatus and reagents that are required for the chemical analysis of metals, ores and
related materials by standard methods of ASTM. Detailed descriptions of recommended apparatus and detailed instructions for the
preparation of standard solutions and certain nonstandardized reagents will be found listed or specified in the individual methods
of analysis. Included here are general recommendations on the purity of reagents and protective measures for the use of hazardous
reagents.
1.2 These recommendations are intended to apply to the ASTM methods of chemical analysis of metals when definite reference
is made to these practices, as covered in Section 4.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of whoever uses the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8.
NOTE 1—The use of the verb “shall” (with its obligatory third person meaning) in this standard has been confined to those aspects of laboratory safety
where regulatory requirements are known to exist. Such regulations, however, are beyond the scope of these practices.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
E100 Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
E126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM Hydrometers
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E287 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Burets
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
E438 Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus
E542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Apparatus
E694 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
E969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
E1044 Specification for Glass Serological Pipets (General Purpose and Kahn)
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and are the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E01.20 on Fundamental Practices.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016Sept. 1, 2017. Published August 2016September 2017. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 20112016
as E50E50 – 11 (2016).–11. DOI: 10.1520/E0050-16.10.1520/E0050-17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E50 − 17
E1621 Guide for Elemental Analysis by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
2.2 ISO Standard
DIN EN ISO 1042 Laboratory glassware -- One-mark volumetric flasks
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in these practices, refer to Terminology E135E135.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The inclusion of the following paragraph, or a suitable equivalent, in any standard (preferably after the section on Scope)
is due notification that the apparatus and reagents required in that standard are subject to the recommendations set forth in these
practices.
“Apparatus and Reagents—Apparatus and reagents required for each
determination are listed in separate sections preceding the procedure.
Apparatus, standard solutions, and certain other reagents shall conform to
the requirements prescribed in ASTM Practices E50, for Apparatus,
Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals,
Ores, and Related Materials.”
4.2 It is assumed that the users of these practices will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures
skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly-equipped laboratory.
5. Purity of Water and Reagents
5.1 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water conforming to
Type I or II of Specification D1193. Type III or IV may be used if they effect no measurable change in the blank or sample.
5.2 Reagents—Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee on
Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society when such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the
determination. In addition to this, it is desirable in many cases for the analyst to ensure the accuracy of his results by running blanks
or checking against a comparable sample of known composition.
6. Reagents
6.1 Concentrated Acids, Ammonium Hydroxide, and Hydrogen Peroxide—When acids, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrogen
peroxide are specified by name or chemical formula only, it is understood that concentrated reagents of the specific gravities or
concentrations shown in Table 2 are intended. The specific gravities or concentrations of all other concentrated acids are stated
wherever they are specified.
6.2 Diluted Acids and Ammonium Hydroxide—Concentrations of diluted acids and ammonium hydroxide, except when
standardized, are specified as a ratio stating the number of volumes of the concentrated reagent to be diluted with a given number
of volumes of water, as in the following example: HCl (5 + 95) means 5 volumes of concentrated HCl (sp gr 1.19) diluted with
95 volumes of water.
6.3 Standard Solutions—Concentrations of standard solutions are stated as molarities or normalities, expressed decimally; or the
equivalent of 1 mL of solution in terms of grams, milligrams, or micrograms of a given element expressed as “1 mL = x.xx—g,
mg, or μg of.”
6.4 Nonstandard Solutions—Composition of nonstandard solutions prepared by dissolving a given mass of the solid reagent in
a solvent are specified in grams of the salt as weighed per litre of solution, and it is understood that water is the solvent unless
otherwise specified. For example, to prepare barium chloride solution (100 g/L) dissolve 100 g of barium chloride (BaCl ·2H O)
2 2
in water and dilute to 1 L. In the case of certain reagents, the composition may be specified as a mass fraction percent. For example,
H O (3 %) means a solution containing 3 g of H O per 100 g of solution. Other nonstandard solutions may be specified by name
2 2 2 2
only and the designation of the composition of such solutions will be governed by the instructions for their preparation.
5,6
7. Laboratory Ware (1,2)
7.1 Glassware—Unless otherwise stated all analytical methods are conducted in borosilicate glassware.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, www.chemistry.org . For suggestions on the testing of
reagents not listed by the American Chemical Society, see the United States Pharmacopeia and 4.2 National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC),
Rockville, MD, www.usp.org.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of these practices.
For further information the following ASTM Standards may be consulted: Volumetric Labware: Specifications E287, E288, and E438; Practice E542; and Specifications
E694, E969, and E1044. Thermometers: Specification E1 and Test Method E77. Hydrometers: Specification E100 and Test Method E126.
E50 − 17
TABLE 1 Chemical Reagents Specified in ASTM Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals
Name Formula
* Acetic acid CH COOH
Acetone CH COCH
3 3
Acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione) CH COCH COCH
3 2 3
Alizarin-Red-S C H COC H-1,2-(OH) -3-SO NaCO
6 4 6 2 3
Aluminon (aurintricarboxylic acid-ammonium (4-HOC H -3-COONH ) C:C H-3-
6 3 4 2 6
salt) (COONH ):O
Aluminum metal (99.9 % min) Al
* Aluminum metal (sheet or rolled foil) Al
Aluminum ammonium sulfate Al (NH ) (SO ) ·24H O
2 4 2 4 4 2
Aluminum nitrate Al(NO ) ·9H O
3 3 2
Aluminum sulfate Al (SO ) ·18H O
2 4 3 2
Aluminum oxide, fused (Alundum)
1-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid NH C H (OH)SO H
2 10 5 3
Ammonium acetate CH COONH
3 4
Ammonium benzoate C H COONH
6 5 4
Ammonium bifluoride NH FHF
Ammonium bisulfate NH HSO
4 4
Ammonium bisulfite NH HSO
4 3
Ammonium carbonate (NH ) CO
4 2 3
* Ammonium chloride NH Cl
* Ammonium citrate CH (COONH )C(OH)(COOH)CH COONH
2 4 2 4
Ammonium fluoride NH F
A
* Ammonium hydroxide NH OH
Ammonium iodide NH I
Ammonium molybdate (NH ) MoO
4 2 4
* Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate (NH ) Mo O ·4H O
4 6 7 24 2
Ammonium nitrate NH NO
4 3
* Ammonium oxalate NH OCOCOONH ·H O
4 4 2
* Ammonium phosphate, dibasic (diammonium (NH ) HPO
4 2 4
acid phosphate)
* Ammonium persulfate (ammonium (NH ) S O
4 2 2 8
peroxydisulfate)
* Ammonium sulfate (NH ) SO
4 2 4
* Ammonium tartrate NH OCO(CHOH) COONH
4 2 4
Ammonium thiocyanate NH SCN
Ammonium vanadate NH VO
4 3
Antimony metal (powder) Sb
Antimony trichloride SbCl
* Arsenic trioxide As O
2 3
Asbestos (for use with Gooch crucible)
Barium Chloride BaCl ·2H O
2 2
Barium diphenylamine sulfonate (C H NHC H -4-SO ) Ba
6 5 6 4 3 2
* Benzoic acid C H COOH
6 5
α-Benzoin oxime (benzoin anti-oxime) C H CHOHC:NOHC H
6 5 6 5
Beryllium sulfate BeSO ·4H O
4 2
Bismuth metal (99.9 % min) Bi
Boric acid H BO
3 3
Bromocresol green (3',39,5',59-tetrabromo-m- C H SO OC(C H-3,5-Br -2-CH -4-OH)
6 4 2 6 2 3 2
cresolsulfonephthalein)
Bromocresol purple (5',59-Dibromo-o- C H SO OC(C H -3-CH -5-Br-4-OH)
6 4 2 6 2 3 2
cresolsulfonephthalein)
Bromine (liquid) Br
Bromophenol blue (3',39,5',59- C H SO OC(C H -3,5-Br -4-OH)
6 4 2 6 2 2 2
tetrabromophenolsulfonephthalein)
1-Butanol CH CH CH CH OH
3 2 2 2
Butyl acetate (normal) CH COOCH CH CH CH
3 2 2 2 3
* Cadmium chloride CdCl ·2 ⁄2 H O
2 2
Cadmium chloride, anhydrous CdCl
* † Calcium carbonate (low-boron) CaCO
Carbon dioxide (gas) CO
Carbon dioxide (solid) CO
Carbon tetrachloride CCl
Carminic acid 1,3,4-(HO) -2-C H O C COC H-5-COOH-6-
3 6 11 6 6 6
OH-8-CH CO
* Chloroform CHCl
Cinchonine C H N O
19 22 2
Citric acid HOC(COOH)(CH COOH)
2 2
Cobalt metal Co
Cobalt sulfate CoSO
Coke
Congo red test paper
Copper metal (99.9 % min) Cu
* Copper metal (powder or turnings) Cu
E50 − 17
TABLE 1 Continued
Name Formula
Copper metal (P-free) Cu
Copper metal (Mn, Ni, and Co-free, less than Cu
0.001 % of each)
Copper-rare earth oxide mixture
m-Cresol purple (m-cresolsulfonephthalein) C H SO OC(C H -2-CH -4-OH)
6 4 2 6 3 3 2
Cupferron C H N(NO)ONH
6 5 4
Cupric chloride CuCl ·2H O
2 2
* Cupric nitrate Cu(NO ) ·3H O
3 2 2
* Cupric oxide (powder) CuO
Cupric potassium chloride CuCl ·2KCl·2H O
2 2
* Cupric sulfate CuSO ·5H O
4 2
Curcumin (2-CH OC H -1-OH-4-CH:CHCO) CH
3 6 3 2 2
Devarda’s alloy 50Cu-45Al-5Zn
Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ((HOCOCH ) NCH CH ) NCH COOH
2 2 2 2 2 2
([[(carboxymethyl)imino]bis(ethylenenenitrilo)]
tetraacetic acid)
* Dimethylglyoxime CH C:NOHC:NOHCH
3 3
N,N' Diphenylbenzidine C H NHC H C H NHC H
6 5 6 4 6 4 6 5
Diphenylcarbazide (1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide) C H NHNHCONHNHC H
6 5 6 5
* Disodium (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetate See (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid
dihydrate disodium salt
Dithiol (toluene-3,4-dithiol) CH C H (SH)
3 6 3 2
Dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone) C H NHNHCSN:NC H
6 5 6 5
Eriochrome black-T (1(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo)- 1-HOC H -2-N:N-1-C H -2-OH-4-SO Na-6-
10 6 10 4 3
6-nitro-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt) NO
* EDTA (Disodium salt) See (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid
disodium salt
* Ethanol C H OH
2 5
* Ethyl ether (diethyl ether) C H OC H
2 5 2 5
* (Ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt HOCOCH (NaOCOCH )NCH N(CH COONa)CH COOH·2H O
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxy- CH OCH CH OH
3 2 2
ethanol)
* Ferric chloride FeCl ·6H O
3 2
* Ferric nitrate Fe(NO ) ·9H O
3 3 2
Ferric sulfate Fe (SO ) ·nH O
2 4 3 2
* Ferrous ammonium sulfate Fe(NH ) (SO ) ·6H O
4 2 4 2 2
* Ferrous sulfate FeSO ·7H O
4 2
Fluoroboric acid HBF
Fluorescein, sodium salt 2NaOCOC H C:C H -3(:O)OC H -6-ONa
6 4 6 3 6 3
Formaldehyde HCHO
A
* Formic acid HCOOH
Gelatin
Graphite C
Glass wool
Glycerol CH OHCHOHCH OH
2 2
Hydrazine sulfate NH NH ·H SO
2 2 2 4
A
* Hydrobromic acid HBr
A
* Hydrochloric acid HCl
A
* Hydrofluoric acid HF
Hydrogen chloride gas HCl
* Hydrogen peroxide H O
2 2
Hydrogen sulfide gas H S
Hydroquinone 1,4-(OH) C H
2 6 4
* Hydroxylamine hydrochloride NH OH·HCl
B
* Hypophosphorous acid H PO
3 2
Invert sugar
* Iodine I
Iron metal or wire (99.8 % min) Fe
Isopropyl ether (CH ) CHOCH(CH )
3 2 3 2
Lead metal Pb
* Lead acetate Pb(CH COO)
3 2
Lead chloride PbCl
* Lead nitrate Pb(NO )
3 2
Litmus
Lithium fluoride LiF
Magnesium metal (Sn-free) Mg
Magnesium perchlorate, anhydrous Mg(ClO )
4 2
E50 − 17
TABLE 1 Continued
Name Formula
* Magnesium sulfate MgSO ·7H O
4 2
Manganese metal (99.8 % min) Mn
Manganous nitrate Mn(NO )
3 2
Manganous sulfate MnSO ·H O
4 2
Mannitol CH OH(CHOH) CH OH
2 4 2
Marble chips
* Mercuric chloride HgCl
* Mercury Hg
* Methanol CH OH
Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone) CH COCH CH(CH )
3 2 3 2
* Methyl orange (p[[p- 4-NaOSO C H N:NC H -4-N(CH )
2 6 4 6 4 3 2
dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzenesulfonic acid
sodium salt)
Methyl purple formula unknown, patented
* Methyl red (o -[[(p- 4-(CH ) NC H N:NC H -2-COOH
3 2 6 4 6 4
dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzoic acid)
Molybdenum metal (99.8 % min) Mo
Molybdic acid, anhydride (molybdenum trioxide) MoO
Molybdic acid (ammonium paramolybdate) Assay: as MoO —85 %
Morin, anhydrous (2',3,4',7-penta 5,7-(HO) C H OC(C H -2,4-(OH) ):C(OH)CO
2 6 2 6 3 2
hydroxyflavone)
β-Naphthoquinoline (5,6-benzoquinoline) C H CH:CHCH:N
10 6
Neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (CH ) C H N · H O
3 2 12 6 2 12 2
Nickel metal (99.8 % min) Ni
Nickel metal (sheet) Ni
Nickelous nitrate Ni(NO ) ·6H O
3 2 2
Nickelous sulfate NiSO ·6H O
4 2
A
* Nitric acid HNO
Nitrogen gas (oxygen-free) N
Nitrogen, liquid N
m-Nitrophenol NO C H OH
2 6 4
1-Nitroso-2-naphthol(α-nitroso-β-naphthol) NOC H OH
10 6
Nitroso-R-salt (1-nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic 1-NOC H -2-(OH)-3,6-(SO Na)
10 4 3 2
acid disodium salt)
Osmium tetraoxide OsO
Oxalic acid (COOH)
Oxygen gas O
A
* Perchloric acid HClO
1,10-Phenanthroline (o -phenanthroline) CH:CHCH:NC:CCH:CHC:CN:CHCH:CH·H O
* Phenolphthalein C H COOC(C H -4-OH)
6 4 6 4 2
* Phosphoric acid H PO
3 4
Piperidine NH(CH ) CH
2 4 2
Platinized quartz
Platinized silica gel
Platinum gauze Pt
* Potassium biphthalate 1-KOCOC H -2-COOH
6 4
Potassium bisulfate KHSO
* Potassium bromate KBrO
* Potassium bromide KBr
* Potassium chlorate KClO
* Potassium chloride KCl
* Potassium chromate K CrO
2 4
Potassium columbate 4K O·3Cb O ·16H O
2 2 5 2
* Potassium cyanide KCN
* Potassium dichromate K Cr O
2 2 7
* Potassium ferricyanide K Fe(CN)
3 6
Potassium ferrocyanide K Fe(CN) ·3H O
4 6 2
* Potassium fluoride KF·2H O
* Potassium hydroxide KOH
* Potassium iodate KIO
* Potassium iodide KI
Potassium iodide starch paper
* Potassium nitrate KNO
* Potassium m-periodate KIO
* Potassium permanganate KMnO
Potassium persulfate K S O
2 2 8
Potassium phosphate, monobasic KH PO
2 4
* Potassium pyrosulfate K S O
2 2 7
* Potassium sulfate K SO
2 4
Potassium tantalum fluoride K TaF
Potassium thiocarbonate K CS
2 3
* Potassium thiocyanate KSCN
E50 − 17
TABLE 1 Continued
Name Formula
Pyrogallic acid (pyrogallol) C H -1,3-(OH)
6 3 3
Quinine sulfate (C H N O ) ·H SO ·2H O
20 24 2 2 2 2 4 2
8-Quinolinol (8-hydroxyquinoline) HOC H N:CHCH:CH
6 3
Sebacic acid HOCO(CH ) COOH
2 8
Selenium (powder) Se
Silicon dioxide (silica) SiO
* Silver nitrate AgNO
Soda-lime
Soda-mica mineral (CO absorbent)
Sodium acetate CH COONa
Sodium arsenite NaAsO
Sodium azide NaN
* Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO
* Sodium bismuthate NaBiO
Sodium bisulfate see sodium hydrogen sulfate
* Sodium bisulfate, fused see sodium hydrogen sulfate, fused
Sodium bisulfite NaHSO
* Sodium borate Na B O ·10H O
2 4 7 2
* Sodium carbonate, anhydrous Na CO
2 3
Sodium chlorate NaClO
Sodium chloride NaCl
Sodium citrate HOC(COONa)(CH COONa) ·2H O
2 2 2
Sodium cyanide NaCN
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (C H ) NCSSNa·3H O
2 5 2 2
Sodium dimethylglyoximate CH C(:NONa)C(:NONa)CH ·8H O
3 3 2
Sodium diphenylamine sulfonate C H NHC H -4-SO Na
6 5 6 4 3
Sodium dithionite (hydrosulfite) Na S O
2 2 4
* Sodium fluoride NaF
Sodium hydrogen sulfate NaHSO
Sodium hydrogen sulfate, fused A mixture of Na S O and NaHSO
2 2 7 4
* Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Sodium hypophosphite NaH PO ·H O
2 2 2
Sodium molybdate Na MoO ·2H O
2 4 2
Sodium nitrate NaNO
Sodium nitrite NaNO
Sodium oxalate NaOCOCOONa
Sodium perchlorate NaClO
Sodium peroxide Na O
2 2
Sodium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous Na HPO
2 4
Sodium pyrophosphate Na P O ·10H O
4 2 7 2
Sodium pyrosulfate Na S O
2 2 7
Sodium sulfate, anhydrous Na SO
2 4
Sodium sulfide Na S·9H O
2 2
Sodium sulfite Na SO ·7H O
2 3 2
Sodium sulfite, anhydrous Na SO
2 3
Sodium thiocyanate NaSCN
* Sodium thiosulfate Na S O ·5H O
2 2 3 2
* Sodium tungstate Na WO ·2H O
2 4 2
* Stannous chloride SnCl ·2H O
2 2
* Starch (C H O )
6 10 5 x
Succinic acid HOCOCH CH COOH
2 2
Sulfamic acid NH SO H
2 3
Sulfatoceric acid (ceric sulfate) H Ce(SO )
4 4 4
5-Sulfosalicylic acid 2-HOC H -1-COOH-5-SO H·2H O
6 3 3 2
Sulfur dioxide gas SO
A
* Sulfuric acid H SO
2 4
A
* Sulfurous acid H SO
2 3
Talc
* Tartaric acid HOCO(CHOH) COOH
Test lead Pb
Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (CH CH CH ) NOH
3 2 2 4
Thioglycollic acid (mercaptoacetic acid) CH SHCOOH
Thiourea NH CSNH
2 2
Tin metal (99.9 %min) Sn
Titanium dioxide TiO
Titanium metal (low Sn) Ti
Triethanolamine (2,2',29-nitrilotriethanol) (CH OHCH ) N
2 2 3
Uranium oxide U O
3 8
* Uranyl nitrate UO (NO ) ·6H O
2 3 2 2
Urea NH CONH
2 2
E50 − 17
TABLE 1 Continued
Name Formula
Zinc (99.9 % min) Zn
Zinc metal (S-free) Zn
Zinc oxide ZnO
Zinc sulfate ZnSO ·7H O
4 2
Zirconium oxide ZrO
Zirconium metal Zr
Zirconyl chloride ZrOCl ·8H O
2 2
A
* Reagent on which ACS specifications exist.
† ACS specification exists but does not cover all requirements.
For concentration of laboratory reagent, see Table 2.
B
Contains at least 50 % H PO .
3 2
TABLE 2 Composition of Acids, Ammonium Hydroxide, and Hydrogen Peroxide
Specific
Reagent, Mass Fraction, %
Name Formula Gravity,
Nominal Min Max
Approximate
Acetic acid CH COOH 1.05 . 99.5 .
Formic acid HCOOH 1.20 . 88.0 .
Hydrobromic acid HBr 1.49 48 47.0 49.0
Hydrochloric acid HCl 1.19 . 35.0 38.0
Hydrofluoric acid HF 1.15 . 48.0 51.0
Nitric acid HNO 1.42 . 69.0 71.0
Perchloric acid HClO 1.67 . 70.0 72.0
Phosphoric acid H PO 1.69 . 85.0 .
3 4
Sulfuric acid H SO 1.84 . 95.0 98.0
2 4
Sulfurous acid H SO 1.03 . 6.0(SO ) .
2 3 2
Ammonium hydroxide NH OH 0.90 . 27.0(NH ) 30.0 (NH )
4 3 3
Hydrogen peroxide H O 1.10 30 28.0 .
2 2
7.1.1 Tolerances—All glass apparatus and vessels used in analytical work must be carefully selected and calibrated to meet the
particular requirements for each operation. Standard volumetric flasks, burets, and pipets must be of Class A or B within the
tolerances established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and ASTM.
7.1.2 Types—Glasses are available which include colored glass for the protection of solutions affected by light, alkali-resistant
glass, and high-silica glass having exceptional resistance to thermal shock. Standard-taper, interchangeable, ground-glass joints are
very useful in analytical work.
7.2 Plastic Labware:
7.2.1 Tolerances—All plastic apparatus and vessels used in analytical work mustshould be calibratedprocured to meet the
particular requirements for each operation. Standard volumetric flasks, burets, and pipets must be of precision grade within the
tolerances established by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in DIN EN ISO 1042 for the corresponding types of
plastic labware (see 7.2.4).
7.2.2 Physical Properties—There are a number of physical properties which influence the usefulness of plastic labware (Table
3).
7.2.3 Compatibility—Many reagents can affect the strength, flexibility, surface appearance, color, dimensions, or weight of
plastics. The two basic modes of interaction that can cause these changes are described in 7.2.3.1 – 7.2.3.4.
A
TABLE 3 Physical Properties of Plastic Labware
Brittleness
B
Plastic Temperature Limit,° C Specific Gravity Water Absorption, % Flexibility Transparency
Temperature,° C
CPE 80 0.92 −100 <0.01 excellent translucent
LPE 120 0.95 −196 <0.01 rigid translucent
PA 130 0.90 −40 <0.02 slight translucent
PP 135 0.90 0 <0.02 rigid translucent
PMP 175 0.83 −20 <0.01 rigid clear
FEP 205 2.15 −270 <0.01 excellent translucent
TFE 315 2.2 −265 <0.01 excellent translucent
PC 135 1.20 −135 0.35 rigid clear
SA 95 1.07 −25 0.23 rigid clear
ETFE 180 1.70 −100 0.1 moderate translucent
A
From the publications of the Nalgene Labware Div., Nalge Sybron Corp.
B
CPE, conventional (low density) polyethylene; LPE, linear (high density) polyethylene; PA, polyallomer (ethylene propylene copolymer); PP, polypropylene; PMP,
polymethylpentene; FEP, fluorinated ethylene propylene; TFE, fluorinated ethylene; PC, polycarbonate; SA, styrene-acrylonitrile; ETFE, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene
copolymer.
E50 − 17
A
TABLE 4 Stoichiometrical Equivalents for Standard Solutions
Equivalent of 1.0000 mL of 1.0000 N Solution
Standard
Reagent Contained Equivalent in Terms of Element
Solution
in Solution, g or Compound Named, g
As O 0.04946 0.03746 As
2 3
0.52840 H Ce(SO )
4 4 4
0.03161 KMnO
H Ce(SO ) 0.52840 0.04946 As O
4 4 4 2 3
0.05585 Fe
0.06700 Na C O
2 2 4
Fe(NH ) (SO ) ·6H O 0.39214 0.52840 H Ce(SO )
4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4
0.01733 Cr
0.03161 KMnO
I 0.12690 0.03746 As
0.06088 Sb
0.05935 Sn
KBrO 0.02783 0.03746 As
0.06088 Sb
KCN 0.13024 0.02936 Ni
K Cr O 0.04903 0.01733 Cr
2 2 7
0.05585 Fe
K Fe(CN) ·3H O 0.14080 0.03269 Zn
4 6 2
KIO 0.03567 0.03746 As
0.24818 Na S O ·5H O
2 2 3 2
0.01603 S
0.05935 Sn
KMnO 0.03161 0.04946 As O
4 2 3
0.02004 Ca
0.04645 Cb
0.01733 Cr
0.05585 Fe
0.01099 Mn
0.03198 Mo
0.06700 Na C O
2 2 4
0.05094 V
AgNO 0.16987 0.03646 HCl
0.13024 KCN
0.02936 Ni
NaAsO 0.06496 0.01099 Mn
B
NaOH 0.04000 (0.0107) Al
0.03646 HCl
0.20423 KHC H O
8 4 4
0.001347 P
Na S O ·5H O 0.24818 0.06354 Cu
2 2 3 2
0.12690 I
0.03567 KIO
0.00304 Mg
0.01974 Se
A 12
These equivalents are based on the 1965 Table of Relative Atomic Weights of the International Commission on Atomic Weights based on Atomic Mass of C = 12.
B
This equivalent is empirical; the theoretical equivalent is 0.01079.
7.2.3.1 Chemical—The analytical reagents can react with the polymer chain by oxidation, by attack on functional groups in or
on the polymer molecule, or by depolymerization with a resultant deterioration in physical properties.
7.2.3.2 Physical—Absorption of solvents in the plastic can result in softening, swelling, and permeation of the solvent through
the plastic. No room temperature solvents are known for the polyolefins, however, they are best not used to store reagents
...