ASTM E100-19

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E100 − 17 E100 − 19
Standard Specification for
ASTM Hydrometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers of various scale graduation systems, as required by the ASTM Test Methods in
which they are used.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D3290 Specification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Permanent Records (Withdrawn 2010)
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
E126 Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verification of ASTM Hydrometers
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
E2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 1768:1975 Glass Hydrometers—Conventional Value for the Thermal Cubic Expansion Coefficient (for Use in the
Preparation of Measurement Tables for Liquids)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology E344 apply.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 ledger paper, n—a paper characterized by strength, high tearing resistance, eraseability, water resistance, ink receptivity,
uniformity of surface, and smoothness.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Originally, ledger paper was used especially for pen and ink records. Most ledger papers are surface sized, frequently subjected
to appreciable wear, and shall have a high degree of permanence and durability.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05 on
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.
Current edition approved May 1, 2017May 1, 2019. Published May 2017May 2019. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20152017 as
E100 – 15a.E100 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/E0100-17.10.1520/E0100-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E100 − 19
3.2.2 length of the scale, n—length of the nominal range in the stem, not including graduations extending above and below the
nominal limits.
3.2.3 relative density (formerly specific gravity), n—ratio of the mass of a given volume of material at a stated temperature to
the mass of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the same or different temperature. Both reference temperatures shall be
explicitly stated.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
Common reference temperatures include 60°F/60°F,60 °F 20°C/20°C,⁄60 °F, 20 °C 20°C/4°C.⁄20 °C, 20 °C ⁄4 °C. The historic
term specific gravity may still be found.
3.2.3.2 Discussion—
The reference temperatures for ASTM hydrometers and thermohydrometers are found in Table 1 under the heading “standard
temperature”.
3.2.4 specific gravity, n—an historic term, replaced by relative density.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
hydrometers manufactured to this standard may be marked sp. gr., rel. density, or with both designations. The two terms are both
equally acceptable in this standard and are used interchangeably.
3.2.5 thermohydrometer, n—glass hydrometer having an integral thermometer.
3.2.6 top of the hydrometer, n—top of the finished instrument.
3.2.7 total length, n—overall length of the finished instrument.
4. Specifications
4.1 Individual hydrometers shall conform to the detailed specifications in Table 1 and to the general requirements specified in
Sections 5 – 15.
4.2 Hydrometers shall be subjected to the initial calibration criteria found in Section 14, the inspection criteria found in Section
16, and the calibration and verification criteria found in Section 17.
4.3 Hydrometers manufactured to previous revisions of this specification shall retain the same ASTM status as those meeting
current specifications.
4.4 At the time of purchase, scale errors shall be within the maximum scale error found in Table 1.
NOTE 1—Caution—Users should be aware that both temperature and density indications of thermohydrometers may change with rough handling,
shock, exposure to aggressive liquids, and thermal cycling, among other factors. Consequently, test results and performance obtained at the time of
manufacture may not necessarily apply throughout an extended period of use. Periodic calibration or verification of these instruments, in accordance with
procedures set forth in Test Method E126 (for the hydrometer), or Test Method E77 (for the integral thermometer), is recommended
5. Type
5.1 Hydrometers shall be of the constant-mass, variable-displacement type. Hydrometers shall be made of glass, except for the
scale, ballast, and the thermometric liquid of thermohydrometers.
5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall be symmetrical about the vertical axis. There shall be no uneven or unnecessary
thickening of the walls, and no abrupt changes or constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend to trap air bubbles when
the instrument is immersed.
5.3 The hydrometer shall always float with its axis vertical in liquids for which it is intended.
5.4 The hydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on the inside when sealed. The top of the stem shall be neatly rounded without
unnecessary thickening.
5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free of bubbles, cracks, strain patterns, or other imperfections that might interfere
with the use of the hydrometer. The glass shall adequately resist the reaction of chemical agents to which hydrometers may be
exposed and shall have suitable thermal properties to permit its use over the range of temperatures to which it may be subjected.
In general, glasses suitable for constructing the bulbs of thermometers are satisfactory for hydrometers.
5.6 These hydrometers and thermohydrometers shall be fabricated from soda-lime glass tubing having a thermal cubical
-6
expansion coefficient of (25 +/-6 2) x× 10 per ºC.
E100 − 19
TABLE 1 Specifications for ASTM Hydrometers
Relative Density Relative Density
API Gravity Hydrometers (Specific Gravity) (Specific Gravity)
Hydrometers Hydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of
For General Use
Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
ASTM Nominal ASTM Nominal ASTM Nominal
Hydrometer API Gravity Hydrometer Rel. Density Hydrometer Rel. Density
No. Range, deg No. (Sp. Gr.) No. (Sp. Gr.)
Range Range
A
1H-62 −1 to + 11 82H-62 0.650 to 0.700 For Alcohols
2H-62 9 to 21 83H-62 0.700 to 0.750 98H-62 0.950 to 1.000
A
3H-62 19 to 31 84H-61 0.750 to 0.800 For Heavy Liquids
4H-62 29 to 41 85H-62 0.800 to 0.850 111H-62 1.000 to 1.050
5H-62 39 to 51 86H-62 0.850 to 0.900 112H-62 1.050 to 1.100
6H-62 49 to 61 87H-62 0.900 to 0.950 113H-62 1.100 to 1.150
7H-62 59 to 71 88H-62 0.950 to 1.000 114H-62 1.150 to 1.200
8H-62 69 to 81 89H-62 1.000 to 1.050 115H-62 1.200 to 1.250
9H-62 79 to 91 90H-62 1.050 to 1.100 116H-62 1.250 to 1.300
10H-62 89 to 101 117H-62 1.300 to 1.350
11H-03 37 to 49 118H-62 1.350 to 1.400
12H-03 64 to 76 119H-62 1.400 to 1.450
120H-62 1.450 to 1.500
Standard temperature, °F 60 60/60 60/60
Subdivisions 0.1° API 0.0005 0.0005
Intermediate lines at 0.5° API 0.001 0.001
Main (numbered) lines at 1.0° API 0.005 0.005
Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.1° API 0.0005 0.0005
Total length, mm 325 to 335 325 to 335 325 to 335
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145 125 to 145 125 to 145
Scale extension beyond nominal range 0.2° 0.0025 0.0025
limits, max
Body diameter, mm 23 to 27 23 to 27 23 to 27
Stem diameter min, mm 4.0 5.0 4.0
API Gravity Hydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Nominal API Gravity Nominal API Gravity
ASTM Hydrometer No. ASTM Hydrometer No.
Range, deg Range, deg
21H-62 0 to 6 31H-62 50 to 56
22H-62 5 to 11 32H-62 55 to 61
23H-62 10 to 16 33H-62 60 to 66
24H-62 15 to 21 34H-62 65 to 71
25H-62 20 to 26 35H-62 70 to 76
26H-62 25 to 31 36H-62 75 to 81
27H-62 30 to 36 37H-62 80 to 86
28H-62 35 to 41 38H-62 85 to 91
29H-62 40 to 46 39H-62 90 to 96
30H-62 45 to 51 40H-62 95 to 101
Standard temperature, °F 60
Subdivision, °API 0.1
Intermediate lines at, °API 0.5
Main (numbered) lines at, °API 1.0
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °API 0.2
Total length, mm 158 to 168
Length of nominal scale, mm 48 to 61
Scale extension beyond nominal range limits, max 0.2 °API
Scale extension beyond nominal range limits, max 0.2° API
Body diameter, mm 12 to 15
Stem diameter min, mm 2.5
API Gravity Thermohydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Thermometer Scale in Body
ASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal API Gravity Range, deg
41H-66 15 to 23
42H-66 22 to 30
43H-66 29 to 37
44H-66 36 to 44
45H-66 43 to 51
Hydrometer
Total length, mm 374 to 387
Body diameter, mm 18 to 25
Stem diameter, min, mm 4.0
E100 − 19
Hydrometer Scale
Standard temperature, °F 60
Subdivisions, ° API 0.1
Subdivisions, °API 0.1
Intermediate lines at,° API 0.5
Intermediate lines at,°API 0.5
Main (numbered) lines at, ° API 1.0
Main (numbered) lines at, °API 1.0
Scale error at any point not to exceed,° API 0.1
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °API 0.1
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145
Thermometer Scale
B
Range, °F 0 to 150 Designation L
30 to 180 Designation M
60 to 220 Designation H
Immersion total
Subdivisions, °F 2
Intermediate lines at,° F 10
Intermediate lines at, °F 10
Main (numbered) lines at, °F 20
Scale error at any point not to exceed,° F 1
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °F 1
Scale length, mm 80 to 110
API Gravity Thermohydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Thermometer Scale in Body Thermometer Scale in Stem
Nominal API Gravity Nominal API Gravity
ASTM Hydrometer No. ASTM Hydrometer No.
Range, deg Range, deg
51H-62 –1 to + 11 71H-62 –1 to + 11
52H-62 9 to 21 72H-62 9 to 21
53H-62 19 to 31 73H-62 19 to 31
54H-62 29 to 41 74H-62 29 to 41
55H-62 39 to 51
56H-62 49 to 61
57H-62 59 to 71
58H-62 69 to 81
59H-62 79 to 91
60H-62 89 to 101
Hydrometer
Total length, mm 374 to 387 374 to 387
Body diameter, mm 18 to 25 23 to 27
Stem diameter, min, mm 4.0 6.0
Hydrometer Scale
Standard temperature, °F 60
Subdivisions, °API 0.1
Intermediate lines at, °API 0.5
Main (numbered) lines at, °API 1.0
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °API 0.1
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145
Thermometer Scale
C
Range, °F 0 to 150 Designation L 30 to 220
30 to 180 Designation M
60 to 220 Designation H
Immersion total total
Subdivisions, °F 2 2
Intermediate lines at,° F 10 10
Intermediate lines at, ° F 10 10
Main (numbered) lines at, °F 20 20
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °F 1 1
Scale length, mm 80 to 110 105 to 145
Relative Density (Specific Gravity) Thermohydrometer
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface
Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Thermometer Scale in Body
Nominal Rel. Density (Sp. Gr.)
ASTM Hydrometer No.
Range
101H-03 0.500 to 0.650
Hydrometer
Total length, mm 354 to 387
Body diameter, mm 19 to 22
Stem diameter min, mm 10.5
Working pressure min, psi 200
Hydrometer Scale
Standard temperature, °F 60/60
E100 − 19
Subdivisions 0.001
Intermediate lines at 0.005
Main (numbered) lines at 0.010
Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.001
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145
Thermometer Scale
Range, °F 30 to 90
Immersion total
Subdivisions, °F 1
Intermediate lines at, °F 5
Main (numbered) lines at, °F 10
Scale error at any point not to exceed, °F 0.5
Scale length, mm 50 to 70
Relative Density (Specific Gravity) Hydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar
For General Use
Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Nominal Nominal
ASTM ASTM
Rel. Density Rel. Density
Hydrometer No. Hydrometer No.
(Sp. Gr.) Range (Sp. Gr.) Range
102H-62 0.650 to 0.700 125H-62 1.000 to 1.050
103H-62 0.700 to 0.750 126H-62 1.050 to 1.100
104H-62 0.750 to 0.800 127H-62 1.100 to 1.150
105H-62 0.800 to 0.850 128H-62 1.150 to 1.200
106H-62 0.850 to 0.900 129H-62 1.200 to 1.250
107H-62 0.900 to 0.950 130H-62 1.250 to 1.300
108H-62 0.950 to 1.000 131H-62 1.300 to 1.350
132H-62 1.350 to 1.400
133H-62 1.400 to 1.450
134H-62 1.450 to 1.500
135H-62 1.500 to 1.550
136H-62 1.550 to 1.600
137H-62 1.600 to 1.650
138H-62 1.650 to 1.700
139H-62 1.700 to 1.750
140H-62 1.750 to 1.800
141H-62 1.800 to 1.850
Standard temperature, °F 60/60
Subdivisions 0.001
Intermediate lines at 0.005
Main (numbered) lines at 0.010
Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.001
Total length, mm 250 to 270
Length of nominal scale, mm 70 to 85
Scale extension beyond nominal 0.005
range limits, max
Body diameter, mm 20 to 24
Stem diameter min, mm 4.0
Soil Hydrometers (55 dynes/cm or less)
Nominal
ASTM Hydrometer
Rel. Density ASTM Hydrometer No. Nominal Range
No.
(Sp. Gr.) Range
0.995 to 1.038
151H-05 152H-05 –5 to + 60 g/L
sp gr
Standard temperature, °F 68/68 68/68
Divisions 0.001 sp gr 1 g/L
Intermediate lines at 0.005 sp gr 5 g/L
Main (numbered) lines at 0.010 sp gr 10 g/L
Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.001 sp gr 1 g/L
Length of nominal scale See Fig. 2 See Fig. 2
Total length, mm 278 to 282 278 to 282
Body diameter See Fig. 2 See Fig. 2
Stem diameter See Fig. 2 See Fig. 2
Pounds Per Gallon Hydrometers
For Petroleum Products and Other Liquids of Similar Surface Tensions (33 dynes/cm or less)
Nominal Range,
ASTM Number
lb/gal
293H-68 5.83 to 6.24
294H-68 6.24 to 6.66
295H-68 6.66 to 7.08
296H-68 7.08 to 7.50
297H-68 7.50 to 7.91
298H-68 7.91 to 8.33
Standard temperature, °F 60°F
Standard temperature, °F 60 °F
E100 − 19
Subdivisions 0.005
Intermediate lines at 0.01
Main (numbered) lines at 0.05
Scale error at any point not to exceed 0.005
Total length, mm 325 to 335
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145
Scale extension beyond nominal range limits 0.025
Body diameter, mm 23 to 27
Stem diameter min, mm 5.0
Thermohydrometers
ASTM Hydrometer No. API°
255H-03 37 to 49
258H-03 64 to 76
Hydrometer
Total length, mm 385 to 405
Body diameter, mm 18 to 25
Nominal stem diameter, mm >4
Hydrometer Scale
Standard temperature, °F 60
Subdivisions, API 0.1
Intermediate lines at, API 0.5
Main (numbered) lines at, API 1
Scale error at any point not to exceed, API 0.1
Length of nominal scale, mm 125 to 145
Thermometer Scale
Range, °F 0 to 100°
Immersion total
Subdivisions, °F 0.5
Short intermediate lines at, °F 1
Long intermediate lines at, °F 5
Main (numbered) lines at, °F 10
Scale e
...