ASTM D7973-19
(Guide)Standard Guide for Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Plain Bearings
Standard Guide for Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Plain Bearings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is intended as a guideline for the justification of oil test selection for monitoring plain bearing conditions. One should employ a continuous benchmarking against similar applications to ensure lessons learned are continuously being implemented.
5.2 Selection of oil tests for the purpose of detecting plain bearing failure modes requires good understanding of equipment design, operating requirements, and surrounding conditions. Specifically, detailed knowledge is required of bearing design configuration, dimensional tolerances, load directions, design limitations, lubrication mechanisms, lubricant characteristics, and metallurgy of lubricated surfaces. Equipment criticality and accessibility as well as application of other monitoring techniques (for example, vibration, ultrasound, or thermal images) are also critical information in this analysis process. In addition, detailed knowledge of the lubricating oil is paramount.
5.3 To properly apply the FMEA methodology, users must understand the changes encountered in the system during all operating modes, their impact on design functions, and available monitoring techniques capable of detecting these changes. To demonstrate this approach, Section 6 will provide extensive descriptions of the plain bearing failure modes, their causes, and effects.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an oil test selection process for plain bearing applications by applying the principles of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) as described in Guide D7874.
1.2 This guide approaches oil analysis from a failure standpoint and includes both the bearing wear and fluid deterioration.
1.3 This guide pertains to improving equipment reliability, reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing the condition-based maintenance program primarily for industrial machinery by applying analytical methodology to an oil analysis program for the purpose of determining the detection capability of specific failure modes.
1.4 This guide reinforces the requirements for appropriate assembly and operation within the original design envelope, as well as the need for condition-based and time-based maintenance.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7973 − 19
Standard Guide for
1
Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Plain Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7973; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Oil analysis is a part of condition-based maintenance programs. Despite the wide use for several
decades, there is no systematic approach to selecting oil tests based on failure mode analysis. Most
users select tests primarily based on oil degradation criteria, minimizing the potential for detecting
surface damage and limiting the potential benefits of the oil analysis program. This guide provides an
example of justification for oil analysis from a failure standpoint to include both component wear and
fluid deterioration.
1. Scope* 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This guide covers an oil test selection process for plain
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
bearing applications by applying the principles of Failure
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) as described in Guide
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D7874.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This guide approaches oil analysis from a failure stand-
point and includes both the bearing wear and fluid deteriora-
2. Referenced Documents
tion.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 This guide pertains to improving equipment reliability,
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing the condition-
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
based maintenance program primarily for industrial machinery
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
by applying analytical methodology to an oil analysis program
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
for the purpose of determining the detection capability of
ity)
specific failure modes.
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
by Potentiometric Titration
1.4 This guide reinforces the requirements for appropriate
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
assembly and operation within the original design envelope, as
Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
well as the need for condition-based and time-based mainte-
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
nance.
(ASTM Color Scale)
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by
standard.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
etry (ICP-AES)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
Kinematic Viscosity)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee D02.96.04 on Guidelines for In-Services Lubricants Analysis. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2019.PublishedJuly2019.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7973 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7973-19. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7973 − 19
D7685 Practice for In-Line, Full Flow, Inductive Sensor for all possible system or component failure modes and their
Ferromagnetic and Non-ferromagnetic Wear Debris De- associated causes and effects on system performance.
termination and Diagnostics fo
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7973 − 14 D7973 − 19
Standard Guide for
1
Monitoring Failure Mode Progression in Plain Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7973; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Oil analysis is a part of condition-based maintenance programs. Despite the wide use for several
decades, there is no systematic approach to selecting oil tests based on failure mode analysis. Most
users select tests primarily based on oil degradation criteria, minimizing the potential for detecting
surface damage and limiting the potential benefits of the oil analysis program. This guide provides an
example of justification for oil analysis from a failure standpoint to include both component wear and
fluid deterioration.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide covers an oil test selection process for plain bearing applications by applying the principles of Failure Mode and
Effect Analysis (FMEA) as described in Guide D7874.
1.2 This guide approaches oil analysis from a failure standpoint and includes both the bearing wear and fluid deterioration.
1.3 This guide pertains to improving equipment reliability, reducing maintenance costs, and enhancing the condition-based
maintenance program primarily for industrial machinery by applying analytical methodology to an oil analysis program for the
purpose of determining the detection capability of specific failure modes.
1.4 This guide reinforces the requirements for appropriate assembly and operation within the original design envelope, as well
as the need for condition-based and time-based maintenance.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water
D1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale)
D5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination of Used and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils by Inductively
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.96.04 on Guidelines for In-Services Lubricants Analysis.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014May 1, 2019. Published February 2015July 2019. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
D7973 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/D7973-14.10.1520/D7973-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7973 − 19
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7685 Practice for In-Line, Full Flow, Inductive Sensor for Ferromagnetic and
...
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