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ASTM D6871-17

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus

Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a high fire point natural vegetable oil ester insulating fluid for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus such as transformers and attendant equipment. The physical property requirement including color, fire point, flash point, pour point, relative density, and viscosity shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The electrical property requirements including dielectric breakdown voltage, dissipation factor, and gassing tendency shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The chemical requirements including corrosive sulphur, neutralization number, PCB content, and water shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a high fire point natural vegetable oil ester insulating fluid for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus such as transformers and attendant equipment.  
1.2 Natural vegetable oil ester insulating fluid differs from conventional mineral oil and other high fire point (or “less-flammable”) fluids in that it is an agricultural product derived from vegetable oils rather than refined from petroleum base stocks or synthesized from organic precursors.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a natural vegetable oil ester electrical insulating fluid that is compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with some synthetic electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the natural ester insulating fluid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new insulating fluid as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or fluid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2017
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.02 - Gases and Non-Mineral Oil Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D445-14e1 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2014
Refers
ASTM D974-14e1 - Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Refers
ASTM D923-15 - Standard Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM D1903-08(2017) - Standard Practice for Determining the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels
Effective Date
01-Jan-2017
Refers
ASTM D2300-08(2017) - Standard Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified Pirelli Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2017
Refers
ASTM D445-16 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Refers
ASTM D2864-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Effective Date
01-Feb-2017
Refers
ASTM D4059-00(2018) - Standard Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
01-Dec-2018
Refers
ASTM D2864-17a - Standard Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D1816-12(2019) - Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes
Effective Date
01-Oct-2019
Refers
ASTM D1275-15 - Standard Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
15-Nov-2015
Refers
ASTM D445-14 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2014
Referred By
ASTM D117-22 - Standard Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications for Electrical Insulating Liquids
Effective Date
01-Nov-2017

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ASTM D6871-17 - Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical ApparatusASTM D6871-17 - Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus
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ASTM D6871-17 - Standard Specification for Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical Apparatus
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D6871 −17
Standard Specification for
Natural (Vegetable Oil) Ester Fluids Used in Electrical
1
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This specification covers a high fire point natural veg- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
etable oil ester insulating fluid for use as a dielectric and D88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
electrical apparatus such as transformers and attendant equip- Open Cup Tester
ment. D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications
1.2 Natural vegetable oil ester insulating fluid differs from
for Electrical Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
conventional mineral oil and other high fire point (or “less-
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
flammable”) fluids in that it is an agricultural product derived
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
from vegetable oils rather than refined from petroleum base
ity)
stocks or synthesized from organic precursors.
D877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
1.3 This specification is intended to define a natural veg-
Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
etableoilesterelectricalinsulatingfluidthatiscompatiblewith
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and will
D924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
application. The material described in this specification may
cal Insulating Liquids
not be miscible with some synthetic electrical insulating
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
liquids.Theusershouldcontactthemanufacturerofthenatural
Indicator Titration
ester insulating fluid for guidance in this respect.
D1275 Test Method for Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Insu-
lating Liquids
1.4 This specification applies only to new insulating fluid as
received prior to any processing. The user should contact the D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
manufacturer of the equipment or fluid if questions of recom-
mended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise. ucts by Hydrometer Method
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(ASTM Color Scale)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D1524 Test Method for Visual Examination of Used Elec-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
trical Insulating Liquids in the Field
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
D1816 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D1903 Practice for Determining the Coefficient of Thermal
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Expansion of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Origin, and Askarels
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D2300 Test Method for Gassing of Electrical Insulating
Liquids Under Electrical Stress and Ionization (Modified
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
Pirelli Method)
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D27.02 on Gases and Non-Mineral Oil Liquids.
2
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published December 2017. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6871 – 03 (2008) contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
which was withdrawn January 2017 and reinstated in November 2017. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6871-17. the ASTM website
...

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This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
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1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
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1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment  
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ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 By use of this test method and Test Methods D1500 or D2129 the color and condition of a test specimen of electrical insulating liquid may be estimated during a field inspection, thus assisting in the decision as to whether or not the sample should be sent to a central laboratory for full evaluation. Cloudiness, particles of insulation, products of metal corrosion, or other undesirable suspended materials, as well as any unusual change in color may be detected.
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ABSTRACT
This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating oils of petroleum origin intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the oils are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both. This guide is classified into the following categories: sampling practices, physical tests, electrical tests, chemical tests, and specifications. The test methods shall be as follows: aniline point; coefficient of thermal expansion; color; examination; flash and fire point; interfacial tension; pour point of petroleum products; refractive index; relative density; specific heat; thermal conductivity; turbidity; viscosity; dielectric breakdown voltage; dissipation factor and relative permittivity; gassing tendency; resistivity; stability under electrical discharge; acidity; carbon-type composition; compatibility with construction material; copper content; furanic compounds; gas analysis; gas content; inorganic chlorides and sulfates; neutralization numbers; oxidation inhibitor content; oxidation stability; polychlorinated biphenyl content; sediment and soluble sludge; sulfur; water content; mineral insulating oil for electrical apparatus; and high firepoint electrical insulating oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods of testing and specifications for electrical insulating liquids intended for use in electrical cables, transformers, liquid-filled circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus where the liquids are used as insulating, or heat transfer media, or both.  
1.2 The purpose of this guide is to outline the applicability of the available test methods. Where more than one is available for measuring a given property, their relative advantages are described, along with an indication of laboratory convenience, precision, (95 % confidence limits), and applicability to specific types of electrical insulating liquids.  
1.3 This guide is classified into the following categories: Sampling Practices, Physical Tests, Electrical Tests, Chemical Tests, and Specifications. Within each test category, the test methods are listed alphabetically by property measured. A list of standards follows:    
Category  
Section  
ASTM Standard  
Sampling:  
3  
D923  
Physical Tests:  
Aniline Point  
4  
D611  
Coefficient of Thermal Ex-
pansion  
5  
D1903  
Color  
6  
D1500  
Examination: Visual Infrared  
7  
D1524, D2144, D2129  
Flash and Fire Point  
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D92  
Interfacial Tension  
9  
D971  
Pour Point of Petroleum
Products  
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D97, D5949, D5950  
Particle Count in Mineral
Insulating Oil  
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D6786  
Refractive Index and Specific
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D1218  
Relative Density (Specific
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D287, D1217, D1298, D1481, D4052  
Specific Heat  
14  
D2766  
Thermal Conductivity  
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D2717  
Viscosity  
16  
D445, D2161, D7042  
Electrical Tests:  
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage  
17  
D877, D1816, D3300  
Dissipation Factor and Rela-
tive Permittivity (Dielectric
Constant)  
18  
D924  
Gassing Characteristic
Under Thermal Stress  
19  
D7150  
Gassing Tendency  
20  
D2300  
Resistivity  
21  
D1169  
Chemical Tests:  
Acidity, Approximate  
22  
D1534  
Carbon-Type Composition  
23  
D2140  
Compatibility with Construc-
tion Material  
24  
D3455  
Copper Content  
25  
D3635  
Elements by Inductively
Coupled Plasma (ICP-AES)  
26  
D7151  
Furanic Compounds in
Electrical Insulating Liquids  
27  
D5837  
Dissolved Gas Analysis  
28  
D3612  
Gas Content of Cable and
Capacitor Liquids  
29  
D831, D1827, D2945  
Neutralization (Acid and
Base) Numbers  
30  
D664, D974  
Oxidation Inhibitor Content  
31  
D2668, D4768  
Oxidation Stability  
32  
D1934, D2112, D2440  
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Standard Practices for Examination of Electrical Insulating Oils by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The infrared spectrum of an electrical insulating oil is a record of the absorption of infrared energy over a range of wavelengths. The spectrum indicates the general chemical composition of the test specimen.  
Note 2: The infrared spectrum of a pure chemical compound is probably the most characteristic property of that compound. However, in the case of oils, multicomponent systems are being examined whose spectra are the sum total of all the spectra of the individual components. Because the absorption bands of the components may overlap, the spectrum of the oil is not as sharply defined as that for a single compound. For these reasons, these practices may not in every case be suitable for the quantitative estimation of the components of such a complex mixture as mineral oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices are to be used for the recording and interpretation of infrared absorption spectra of electrical insulating oils from 4000 cm−1 to 400 cm−1 (2.5 μm to 25 μm).  
Note 1: While these practices are specific to ratio recording or optical null double-beam dispersive spectrophotometers, single-beam and HATR (horizontal attenuated total reflectance), Fourier-transform rapid scan infrared spectrophotometers may also be used. By computerized subtraction techniques, ratio methods can be used. Any of these types of equipment may be suitable if they comply with the specifications described in Practice E932.  
1.2 Two practices are covered, a Reference Standard Practice and a Differential Practice.  
1.3 These practices are designed primarily for use as rapid continuity tests for identifying a shipment of oil from a supplier by comparing its spectrum with that obtained from previous shipments, or with the sample on which approval tests were made. They also may be used for the detection of certain types of contamination in oils, and for the identification of oils in storage or service, by comparison of the spectra of the unknown and known oils. The practices are not intended for the determination of the various constituents of an oil.  
1.4 Warning—Infrared absorption is a tool of high resolving power. Conclusions as to continuity of oil quality should not be drawn until sufficient data have been accumulated so that the shipment-to-shipment variation is clearly established, for example.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D3635-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dissolved Copper In Electrical Insulating Oil By Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Electrical insulating oil may contain small amounts of dissolved metals derived either directly from the base oil or from contact with metals during refining or service. When copper is present, it acts as a catalyst in promoting oxidation of the oil. This test method is useful for research for new oils and to assess the condition of service-aged oils. Consideration should be given to the limits of detection outlined in the scope.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of copper in new or used electrical insulating oil of petroleum origin by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 The lowest limit of detectability is primarily dependent upon the method of atomization, but also upon the energy source, the fuel and oxidant, and the degree of electrical expansion of the output signal. The lowest detectable concentration is usually considered to be equal to twice the maximum variation of the background. For flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is generally in the order of 0.1 ppm or 0.1 mg/kg. For non-flame atomization, the lower limit of detectability is less than 0.01 ppm.  
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ASTM D2668-07(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 2,6-di-tert-Butyl- p-Cresol and 2,6-di-tert-Butyl Phenol in Electrical Insulating Oil by Infrared Absorption

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The quantitative determination of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol in a new electrical insulating oil measures the amount of this material that has been added to the oil as protection against oxidation. In a used oil it measures the amount remaining after oxidation has reduced its concentration. The test is also suitable for manufacturing control and specification acceptance.  
3.2 When an infrared spectrum is obtained of an electrical insulating oil inhibited with either of these compounds there is an increase in absorbance of the spectrum at several wavelengths (or wavenumbers). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl paracresol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1), and 11.63 μm (860 cm−1 ). 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol produces pronounced increases in absorbance at 2.72 μm (3650 cm−1) and 13.42 μm (745 cm −1).  
3.3 When making this test on other than a highly oxidized oil or when using a double-beam spectrophotometer, it has been found convenient to obtain the spectrum between 2.5 μm (4000 cm−1) and 2.9 μm (3450 cm−1) because the instrument is compensated for the presence of moisture and the band is not influenced by intermolecular forces (associations). However, when testing a highly oxidized oil or when using a single-beam instrument better results may be obtained if the scan is made between 10.90 μm (918 cm−1) and 14.00 μm (714 cm−1).  
3.4 Increased absorption at 11.63 μm (860 cm −1) or 13.42 μm (745 cm−1) or both, will identify the inhibitor as 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol respectively (Note 1).
Note 1: The absorbance at 745 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol and at 860 cm−1 for 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol for equal concentrations will be in the approximate ratio of 2.6 to 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight percent of 2,6-ditertiary-butyl paracresol (DBPC) and 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol (DBP) in new or used electrical insulating oil in concentrations up to 0.5 % by measuring its absorbance at the specified wavelengths in the infrared spectrum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D2440-13(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Mineral Insulating Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxidation stability test of mineral transformer oils is a method for assessing the amount of sludge and acid products formed in a transformer oil when the oil is tested under prescribed conditions. Good oxidation stability is necessary in order to maximize the service life of the oil by minimizing the formation of sludge and acid. Oils that meet the requirements specified for this test in Specification D3487 tend to minimize electrical conduction, ensure acceptable heat transfer, and preserve system life. There is no proven correlation between performance in this test and performance in service, since the test does not model the whole insulation system (oil, paper, enamel, wire). However, the test can be used as a control test for evaluating oxidation inhibitors and to check the consistency of oxidation stability of production oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the resistance of mineral transformer oils to oxidation under prescribed accelerated aging conditions. Oxidation stability is measured by the propensity of oils to form sludge and acid products during oxidation. This test method is applicable to new oils, both uninhibited and inhibited, but is not well defined for used or reclaimed oils.  
Note 1: A shorter duration oxidation test for evaluation of inhibited oils is available in Test Method D2112.
Note 2: For those interested in the measurement of volatile acidity, reference is made to IEC Method 61125. 2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D831/D831M-12(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Gas Content of Cable and Capacitor Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The gas content of cable and capacitor oils is considered to be important, since the evolution of gas in the form of bubbles can have an adverse effect on the insulating properties of these fluids. It is customary to degas these oils prior to use, and this test method provides a means of determining the gas content before and after degassing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating oils of low and medium viscosities in the general range up to 190 mm2/s at 104°F [40°C], such as are used in capacitors and paper-insulated electric cables and cable systems of the oil-filled type. The determination of gas content is desirable for any insulating oil having these properties and intended for use in a degassed state.
Note 1: For testing insulating oils with viscosities of 19 mm2/s or below at 40°C, see Test Method D2945.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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