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ASTM G32-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus

Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus

SCOPE
1.1 This test method produces cavitation damage on the face of a specimen vibrated at high frequency while immersed in a liquid. The vibration induces the formation and collapse of cavities in the liquid, and the collapsing cavities produce the damage to and erosion (material loss) of the specimen.
1.2 Although the mechanism for generating fluid cavitation in this method differs from that occurring in flowing systems and hydraulic machines (see 5.1), the nature of the material damage mechanism is believed to be basically similar. The method therefore offers a small-scale, relatively simple and controllable test that can be used to compare the cavitation erosion resistance of different materials, to study in detail the nature and progress of damage in a given material, or-by varying some of the test conditions-to study the effect of test variables on the damage produced.
1.3 This test method specifies standard test conditions covering the diameter, vibratory amplitude and frequency of the specimen, as well as the test liquid and its container. It permits deviations from some of these conditions if properly documented, that may be appropriate for some purposes. It gives guidance on setting up a suitable apparatus and covers test and reporting procedures and precautions to be taken. It also specifies standard reference materials that must be used to verify the operation of the facility and to define the normalized erosion resistance of other test materials.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary information, see 6.1, 10.3, and 10.6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2003
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.10 - Erosion by Solids and Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G32-98 - Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Apr-2003
Replaced By
ASTM G32-06 - Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5752-10(2017) - Standard Specification for Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCAs) for Use in Precharging Coolants for Heavy-Duty Engines
Effective Date
10-Apr-2003
Referred By
ASTM G134-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by Cavitating Liquid Jet
Effective Date
10-Apr-2003
Referred By
ASTM G73-10(2021) - Standard Test Method for Liquid Impingement Erosion Using Rotating Apparatus
Effective Date
10-Apr-2003

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ASTM G32-03 - Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory ApparatusASTM G32-03 - Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
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ASTM G32-03 - Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G32–03
Standard Test Method for
1
Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG32;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Thistestmethodproducescavitationdamageontheface 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
of a specimen vibrated at high frequency while immersed in a A276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
3
liquid. The vibration induces the formation and collapse of B160 Specification for Nickel Rod and Bar
cavities in the liquid, and the collapsing cavities produce the B211 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy
4
damage to and erosion (material loss) of the specimen. Bar, Rod, and Wire
5
1.2 Although the mechanism for generating fluid cavitation D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
in this method differs from that occurring in flowing systems E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
6
and hydraulic machines (see 5.1), the nature of the material ASTM Test Methods
damage mechanism is believed to be basically similar. The E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
6
method therefore offers a small-scale, relatively simple and Determine the Precision of a Test Method
7
controllable test that can be used to compare the cavitation E960 Specification for Laboratory Glass Beakers
8
erosion resistance of different materials, to study in detail the G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
8
nature and progress of damage in a given material, or—by G73 Practice for Liquid Impingement Erosion Testing
varying some of the test conditions—to study the effect of test G134 Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a
8
variables on the damage produced. Cavitating Liquid Jet
1.3 This test method specifies standard test conditions
3. Terminology
covering the diameter, vibratory amplitude and frequency of
3.1 Definitions:
the specimen, as well as the test liquid and its container. It
permits deviations from some of these conditions if properly 3.1.1 SeeTerminologyG40fordefinitionsoftermsrelating
to cavitation erosion. For convenience, definitions of some
documented, that may be appropriate for some purposes. It
importanttermsusedinthistestmethodarequotedbelowfrom
gives guidance on setting up a suitable apparatus and covers
test and reporting procedures and precautions to be taken. It Terminology G40–98.
3.1.2 average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for
also specifies standard reference materials that must be used to
verifytheoperationofthefacilityandtodefinethenormalized cumulative erosion rate.
3.1.3 cavitation, n—the formation and subsequent collapse,
erosion resistance of other test materials.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as withinaliquid,ofcavitiesorbubblesthatcontainvapororgas,
or both.
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
information only. 3.1.3.1 Discussion—In general, cavitation originates from a
local decrease in hydrostatic pressure in the liquid, produced
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the by motion of the liquid (see flow cavitation) or of a solid
boundary (see vibratory cavitation). It is distinguished in this
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- way from boiling, which originates from an increase in liquid
temperature.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
precautionary information, see 6.1, 10.3, and 10.6.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.04.
1 4
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.02.
5
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.10 on Erosion by Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
6
Liquids and Solids. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
7
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
8
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as G 32 – 98. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G32–03
3.1.3.2 Discussion—The term cavitation, by itself, should 3.1.11.1 Discussion—Occurrence of such a maximum is
not be used to denote the damage or erosion of a solid surface typical of many cavitation and liquid impingement tests. In
that can be caused by it;
...

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1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.  
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Note 1: All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.  
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5.1 Erosion Environments—This test method may be used for evaluating the erosion resistance of materials for service environments where solid surfaces are subjected to repeated impacts by liquid drops or jets. Occasionally, liquid impact tests have also been used to evaluate materials exposed to a cavitating liquid environment. The test method is not intended nor applicable for evaluating or predicting the resistance of materials against erosion due to solid particle impingement, due to “impingement corrosion” in bubbly flows, due to liquids or slurries “washing” over a surface, or due to continuous high-velocity liquid jets aimed at a surface. For background on various forms of erosion and erosion tests, see Refs (1) through (2).4 Ref (3) is an excellent comprehensive treatise.  
5.2 Discussion of Erosion Resistance—Liquid impingement erosion and cavitation erosion are, broadly speaking, similar processes and the relative resistance of materials to them is similar. In both, the damage is associated with repeated, small-scale, high-intensity pressure pulses acting on the solid surface. The precise failure mechanisms in the solid have been shown to differ depending on the material, and on the detailed nature, scale, and intensity of the fluid-solid interactions (Note 1). Thus, “erosion resistance” should not be regarded as one precisely-definable property of a material, but rather as a complex of properties whose relative importance may differ depending on the variables just mentioned. (It has not yet been possible to successfully correlate erosion resistance with any independently measurable material property.) For these reasons, the consistency between relative erosion resistance as measured in different facilities or under different conditions is not very good. Differences between two materials of say 20 % or less are probably not significant: another test might well show them ranked in reverse order. For bulk materials such as metals and structural plastics, the...
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1.1 This test method covers tests in which solid specimens are eroded or otherwise damaged by repeated discrete impacts of liquid drops or jets. Among the collateral forms of damage considered are degradation of optical properties of window materials, and penetration, separation, or destruction of coatings. The objective of the tests may be to determine the resistance to erosion or other damage of the materials or coatings under test, or to investigate the damage mechanisms and the effect of test variables. Because of the specialized nature of these tests and the desire in many cases to simulate to some degree the expected service environment, the specification of a standard apparatus is not deemed practicable. This test method gives guidance in setting up a test, and specifies test and analysis procedures and reporting requirements that can be followed even with quite widely differing materials, test facilities, and test conditions. It also provides a standardized scale of erosion resistance numbers applicable to metals and other structural materials. It serves, to some degree, as a tutorial on liquid impingement erosion.  
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5.1 This test method may be used to estimate the relative resistance of materials to cavitation erosion as may be encountered, for instance, in pumps, hydraulic turbines, hydraulic dynamometers, valves, bearings, diesel engine cylinder liners, ship propellers, hydrofoils, and in internal flow passages with obstructions. An alternative method for similar purposes is Test Method G134, which employs a cavitating liquid jet to produce erosion on a stationary specimen. The latter may be more suitable for materials not readily formed into a precisely shaped specimen. The results of either, or any, cavitation erosion test should be used with caution; see 5.8.  
5.2 Some investigators have also used this test method as a screening test for materials subjected to liquid impingement erosion as encountered, for instance, in low-pressure steam turbines and in aircraft, missiles or spacecraft flying through rainstorms. Test Method G73 describes another testing approach specifically intended for that type of environment.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for evaluating elastomeric or compliant coatings, some of which have been successfully used for protection against cavitation or liquid impingement of moderate intensity. This is because the compliance of the coating on the specimen may reduce the severity of the liquid cavitation induced by its vibratory motion. The result would not be representative of a field application, where the hydrodynamic generation of cavitation is independent of the coating.
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1.1 This test method covers the production of cavitation damage on the face of a specimen vibrated at high frequency while immersed in a liquid. The vibration induces the formation and collapse of cavities in the liquid, and the collapsing cavities produce the damage to and erosion (material loss) of the specimen.  
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4.1 Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product, some can have a corroding action on various metals, including copper, and this corrosivity is not necessarily related to the total sulfur content. The effect can vary according to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present. This copper foil strip corrosion test is designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product towards copper and copper-containing alloys using a shorter test duration than that specified in Test Method D130.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to copper of aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuel, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbons having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi), cleaners (for example, Stoddard solvent), kerosine, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil, and other petroleum products.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1, 10.1.1, and Annex A2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a method to distinguish between coolants that are deleterious from the corrosion standpoint and those suitable for further evaluation.
FIG. 1 Metal Specimens and Equipment for the 336 h Corrosion Test
FIG. 2 Tall Form Beaker Specimens and Equipment for the 336 h Corrosion Test
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3.1 Moist air containing sulfur dioxide quickly produces easily visible corrosion on many metals in a form resembling that occurring in industrial environments. It is therefore a test medium well suited to detect pores or other sources of weakness in protective coatings and deficiencies in corrosion resistance associated with unsuitable alloy composition or treatments.  
3.2 The results obtained in the test should not be regarded as a general guide to the corrosion resistance of the tested materials in all environments where these materials may be used. Performance of different materials in the test should only be taken as a general guide to the relative corrosion resistance of these materials in moist SO2 service.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the apparatus and procedure to be used in conducting qualitative assessment tests in accordance with the requirements of material or product specifications by means of specimen exposure to condensed moisture containing sulfur dioxide.  
1.2 The exposure conditions may be varied to suit particular requirements and this practice includes provisions for use of different concentrations of sulfur dioxide and for tests either running continuously or in cycles of alternate exposure to the sulfur dioxide containing atmosphere and to the ambient atmosphere.  
1.3 The variant of the test to be used, the exposure period required, the type of test specimen, and the criteria of failure are not prescribed by this practice. Such details are provided in appropriate material and product purchase specifications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific warning statement, see 4.3.  
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