ASTM G40-22a
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1: All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G40 − 22a
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
C242Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
terminologyrelatingtowearanderosionofsolidbodiesdueto
Products
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
D4175Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
Fuels, and Lubricants
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids.This
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
3. Terminology
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
action and other related technical fields as, for instance, abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced,
lubrication.
abrasive wear.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
abrasion, n—in tribology, the process by which relative
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
motion between a surface and hard particles or protuber-
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
ancesonanopposingsurfaceproducesabrasivewearofthat
termsgivenhereinaretherecommendedtermsfortheconcepts
surface. (See also abrasive wear.)
they represent unless otherwise noted.
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli-
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
cable to the scope as defined herein.
abrasivewearandcorrosioninwhicheachoftheseprocesses
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
and erosion.
abrasive wear.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impinge-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol-
2
ogy. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as G40–22. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/G0040-22A. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G40 − 22a
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetween catastrophic wear, n—rapidly occurring or accelerating sur-
the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid face damage, deterioration, or change of shape caused by
particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of impact. wear to such a degree that the service life of a part is
appreciably shortened or its function is destroyed.
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the an
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G40 − 22 G40 − 22a
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G40; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion
against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss
is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its
use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent
unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to
the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and
in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
3. Terminology
abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced, abrasive wear.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2022Nov. 1, 2022. Published July 2022November 2022. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20212022 as
G40 – 21a.G40 – 22. DOI: 10.1520/G0040-22.10.1520/G0040-22A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G40 − 22a
abrasion, n—in tribology, the process by which relative motion between a surface and hard particles or protuberances on an
opposing surface produces abrasive wear of that surface. (See also abrasive wear.)
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both abrasive wear and corrosion in which each of these processes is
affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in many cases, is thereby accelerated.
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause abrasive wear.
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, the stage following the incubation period during which
the erosion rate increases from near zero to a maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer between the two
surfaces or loss from either surface.
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion, the angle between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid particle
and the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
angle of incidence, n—in impin
...
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