ASTM E3111/E3111M-22

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3111/E3111M − 21 E3111/E3111M − 22
Standard Test Methods for
Ballistic Resistant Head Protection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3111/E3111M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods describe the tests for ballistic-resistant head protection which consists of helmets and face shields. Test
methods address backface deformation, resistance to penetration, and ballistic limit. It is anticipated that these test methods will
be referenced by purchasers or other users in specifications or performance standards for helmets in order to meet the user’s specific
needs.
NOTE 1—ISO/IEC 17025 specifies the general requirements for the competence to carry out tests or calibrations, or both. It covers testing and calibration
performed using standard methods, non-standard methods, and laboratory-developed methods.
1.2 These test methods do not address eye protection other than ballistic-resistant face shields that are attached to the helmet.
1.3 These test methods do not specify performance criteria or usages of the test results.
1.4 These test methods include procedures for conditioning of test items prior to ballistic testing.
1.5 In these test methods, “other standards and specifications” and “unless specified elsewhere” refer to documents (for example,
military standards, purchase specifications) that require the use of these test methods. Purchasers and other users are responsible
for the “other standards and specifications,” and for specifying any requirements that supersede those of these test methods.
1.5.1 Other standards and specifications will specify and describe the ballistic test threats to be used.
1.6 Units—Values stated in either the International System of Units (metric) or U.S. Customary units (inch-pound) are to be
regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents. Both units are referenced to
facilitate acquisition of materials internationally and minimize fabrication costs. Tests conducted using either system maintain
repeatability and reproducibility of the test method and results are comparable.
1.7 If there is a discrepancy between these test methods and a user supplied document, the user supplied document takes
precedence.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on Homeland Security Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.04
on Personal ProtectivePublic Safety Equipment (PPE).
Current edition approved July 1, 2021Aug. 1, 2022. Published August 2021August 2022. Originally approved in 2018. Last previous edition approved in 20182021 as
E3111/E3111M – 18.E3111/E3111M – 21. DOI: 10.1520/E3111_E3111M-21.10.1520/E3111_E3111M-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E3111/E3111M − 22
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1141 Practice for Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water
E3004 Specification for Preparation and Verification of Clay Blocks Used in Ballistic-Resistance Testing of Torso Body Armor
E3005 Terminology for Body Armor
E3062 Specification for Indoor Ballistic Test Ranges for Small Arms and Fragmentation Testing of Ballistic-resistant Items
E3110/E3110M Test Method for Collection of Ballistic Limit Data for Ballistic-resistant Torso Body Armor and Shoot Packs
2.2 Department of Defense Standards:
MIL-STD-662F V Test for Armor
Test Plan to Qualify a Contractor-selected, Non-contact Back Face Deformation (BFD) Measurement System Rev 1, Release:
November 19, 2020, U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center
2.3 Other Standards:
AATCC Test Method 169 Weather Resistance of Textiles: Xenon Lamp Exposure
CSA Z262.2-14 Specifications for facially featured headforms
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
NIJ Standard-0106.01 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Helmets
VPAM HVN 2009: 2017 Test Guideline: Bullet-resistant Helmet with Visor and Neck Guard, Association of Test Centres for
Attack-resistant Materials and Constructions (VPAM)
3. Terminology
3.1 For terms not defined in these test methods, the following definitions of Terminology E3005 apply: backface deformation, clay
block, conditioning, complete penetration, controlled ambient, fair hit, obliquity, partial penetration, shot-to-edge distance,
shot-to-shot distance, strike face, test item, test series, test stand, unfair hit, V , V , V , V , and witness panel.
x 0 05 50
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 basic plane, n—the plane through the centers of the external ear openings and the lower edges of the eye sockets.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
See Fig. 1 for a pictorial representation of the location of the basic plane.
3.2.2 coronal plane, n—the plane, perpendicular to the basic and mid-sagittal planes, which passes through the centers of the
external ear openings.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
See Fig. 1 for a pictorial representation.
3.2.3 fastener, n—a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together; for helmets, shields, and other
protective products, fasteners pass into or through the protective material and include such devices as bolts, anchors, screws, and
rivets.
3.2.4 head protection, n—the ensemble consisting of helmet, face shield, straps, padding, and other accessories designed to protect
the user’s head.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://www.access.gpo.gov.
Distribution authorized to the DOD and US DOD contractors only who are actively seeking to or are contracted to measure Back Face Deformation on Body Armor
and/or Helmets; November 2020. Other requests for this document shall be referred to the Materials & Measurements Test Branch, U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center, 6943
Colleran Road, Building 400, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5059.
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215, http://www.aatcc.org.
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd., Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Available from National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 810 7th St., NW, Washington, DC 20531, http://nij.gov.
Available from the Association of Test Centers for Attack-resistant Materials and Constructions (VPAM), Zum Roten Berge 18-24 48165 Münster Germany
https://www.vpam.eu/pruefrichtlinien/aktuell/hvn-2009/.
E3111/E3111M − 22
FIG. 1 Head Planes
3.2.5 mid-sagittal plane, n—the plane, perpendicular to the basic and coronal planes, which symmetrically bisects the head.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—
See Fig. 1 for a pictorial representation.
3.2.6 reference plane, n—the plane 60 mm 6 1 mm [2.36 in. 6 0.04 in.] above and parallel to the basic plane.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
See Fig. 1 for a pictorial representation.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 These test methods specify the methods for assessing the penetration resistance, backface deformation, and ballistic limit for
ballistic-resistant helmets and for assessing the penetration resistance and backface deformation for ballistic-resistant face shields.
4.2 A number of individual test items, some mounted on a headform and some clamped in a fixture, are impacted with ballistic
test threats. The type and velocity of the test threats are specified in other standards and specifications, and the quantity of test items
and shot patterns may be specified in other standards or specifications.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 U.S. Department of Defense and U.S. Department of Justice standards and specifications may require these test methods for
assessing the penetration resistance and backface deformation of ballistic-resistant helmets and face shields.
5.2 These test methods may be used by private-sector and government laboratories, manufacturers, research and development
organizations, and others assessing the ballistic resistance of helmets and face shields or performing research and development of
new materials.
5.3 It is intended that these test methods will be referenced by other standards and specifications.
6. Test Equipment and Apparatus
6.1 Test item details, including quantity, size, and conditioning, shall be specified in other standards and specifications.
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6.2 The ballistic test range shall meet the requirements of Specification E3062.
6.3 Some systems for determining yaw are yaw cards, flash radiograph, or photography. Yaw shall be measured by the system to
an accuracy of at least 1°.
6.4 When a backing assembly for validating the clay within a headform is required, the backing assembly shall be a clay block
and shall have a rigid metal frame with a plywood bottom. The inside dimensions of the metal frame shall be 300 mm 6 2 mm
[12.0 in. 6 0.08 in.] by 300 mm 6 2 mm [12.0 in. 6 0.08 in.] with a depth of 100 mm 6 2 mm [4.0 in. 6 0.08 in.]. The top and
bottom edges of the metal frame shall be planar. Attach plywood, of any grade, that is nominally “ ⁄4 in.” or “18 mm,” in.” or
“18 mm,” to the outside of the frame to form the bottom of the fixture. Prior to attaching the plywood, add a plastic liner as defined
® 10
in Specification E3004. Fill the backing assembly with ROMA Plastilina No. 1 . .
6.5 Some ballistic test methods require use of a headform.
6.5.1 For helmet shell and face shield testing that requires a headform, the headform shall be one of the following:
6.5.1.1 Cadex Model 100_00_HNME that meets the specifications given in the drawings in Annex A1 unless otherwise directed
by another specification or requirements document.
NOTE 2—The Cadex Model 100_00_HNME is the only headform currently used for ballistic testing of helmets to National Institute of Justice and U.S.
Army standards. This headform is commonly referred to as the “NIJ ballistic testing headform.” It is intended that additional headform options will be
added as they become available.
6.5.1.2 Facially featured headform as specified in CSA Z262.2-14 and shall be size 575.
6.5.1.3 Set of “Cadex Ballistic Testing Headforms” or equivalently dimensioned headforms that are made from rigid material and
meet the specifications given in the drawings in Annex A2, unless otherwise directed by another specification or requirements
document.
NOTE 3—The Cadex Ballistic Testing Headforms are the newest ballistic testing headforms available. The tolerances shown in Figs. A2.2-A2.6 are not
required to be as precise as is shown in the figures. The required tolerance will be specified in other standards or specifications. It is intended that
additional headform options will be added as they become available.
(1) The set shall include five separate headforms for testing the left, right, front, back, and crown locations, and shall include
a mold for properly forming the clay in the headform.
6.5.2 For testing that requires a headform, affix the test item to the appropriate headform. The headform shall be rigidly held by
the test stand that permits the entire test item and headform to be shifted vertically and horizontally and to be tilted such that the
intended impact locations and angles can be accomplished.
6.5.3 When scanning the headform, use a laser scanner attached to an articulating arm coordinate measuring machine (LS/AACM)
that meets the requirements of Test Plan to Qualify a Contractor-selected, Non-contact Back Face Deformation (BFD)
Measurement System Rev 1.
6.6 For V testing, use a fixture that securely clamps the test item at three points on the helmet, such as the ear flaps and a point
along the front or back mid-sagittal plane of the test item shell. The securing method shall be capable of retaining the shell and
withstanding shock resulting from a ballistic impact. The mount shall be capable of adjustment so that obliquity impacts can be
achieved anywhere on the test item. A drawing of an acceptable fixture is located in Appendix X1.
6.6.1 For opaque test items such as the helmet, the witness panel shall be a 0.50 mm [0.020 in.] thick sheet of 2024-T3, 2024-T4,
or 5052 aluminum alloy sheet. ®
U.S. Government standards require ROMA Plastilina No. 1 , from Sculpture House, Inc., as the backing material for ballistic-resistance testing.
Information on Cadex Model 100_00_HNME headforms can be found at http://www.cadexinc.com/nij_ballistic.php.
Information on the Cadex Ballistic Testing Headforms can be found by contacting Cadex at http://www.cadexinc.com/contact_us.php.
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6.6.2 For transparent test items such as the face shield, the witness panel shall be a nominal 0.025 mm [0.001 in.] thick sheet of
aluminum foil.
6.7 The temperature conditioning chamber for test items shall be capable of a temperature range at least –56 °C to 77 °C [–70 °F
to 170 °F].
6.8 The immersion conditioning tank shall be capable of fully submerging the test items.
6.9 The weatherometer test apparatus shall be as defined in American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) Test
Method 169.
7. Hazards
7.1 The ballistic tests described in these test methods have inherent hazards. Employ adequate safeguards for personnel and
property when conducting these tests.
8. Sampling and Test Items
8.1 The test items shall be helmets or face shields. For some tests, the helmet shell alone is the test item while for other tests the
test item is the helmet shell with its hardware, suspension system, and retention system. The face shield will always be attached
to the helmet during face shield testing.
8.2 Test item details, including quantity, size, and conditioning, shall be specified in other standards and specifications.
9. Test Requirements
9.1 The intended obliquity or other shot direction details, if any, for all shots shall be specified in other standards and
specifications.
NOTE 4—Typical obliquities are 0°, 30°, and 45°, with most obliquities being 0°.
9.2 Fair Hits:
9.2.1 To be considered a fair hit, unless specified elsewhere, each ballistic impact shall meet the requirements listed below.
Appendix X2 contains a flowchart showing the decision tree.
9.2.2 The test threat shall impact the test item at an obliquity within 5° of the intended angle.
9.2.3 Verify the test threat yaw within 31 cm [12 in.] of the test item. Yaw shall be ≤3° for rifle threats or ≤5° for fragment and
handgun threats. Check yaw for every test threat shot.
9.2.4 For backface deformation (BFD) and resistance to penetration (RTP) testing, the test threat velocity shall be within the
specified range given in other standards and specifications. If no specified range is given, the range shall be required velocity
–0 m ⁄s + 15 m/s [–0 ft ⁄s + 50 ft/s]. For a test threat having a velocity lower than the specified range with a complete penetration,
the impact is considered a fair hit.
9.2.5 For all ballistic testing, no overlap of damage (delamination) caused by impacts is allowed, and there shall be at least 13
mm [0.5 in.] between damaged areas when inspected visually. If necessary, multiple test items shall be used to allow two impacts
in each section without overlapping damage. Any shot shot, other than a weak point shot, that impacts within 25 mm [1 in.] of
a potential weak point, such as an earflap crease, hole,point is an unfair hit. See 15.1.4 or bolt, is an unfair hit.for details regarding
weak points.
9.2.6 For test threat impacts to hardware with a head such as a bolt, fasteners, the test threat shall impact the hardware head. An
impact is defined as the tip of the projectile impacting within the diameter of the hardware head as indicated by visual
examination.fastener as indicated below.
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9.2.6.1 Fastener Head Shot, 0-degree Obliquity—The shot shall be placed such that the test threat projectile directly impacts the
center of the fastener head. There shall be visual evidence that the center of the fastener was impacted.
9.2.6.2 Fastener Glancing Shot, Slight Angle—The shot shall be lined up at 0-degree obliquity on the fastener head center. Then,
the headform shall be rotated slightly so that the test threat projectile will impact primarily the ballistic material and partially the
fastener edge. There shall be visual evidence that the fastener was impacted.
9.2.7 The test threat projectile shall impact the test item no closer to the edge of the test item than the minimum shot-to-edge
distance and no closer to a prior hit than the minimum shot-to-shot distance. Take the measurement from the center of the projectile
impact to the edge of the ballistic material in the test item or to the center of a previous impact.
9.2.7.1 Minimum Shot-to-Edge Distance—The minimum shot-to-edge distance shall be no less than 25 mm [1 in.], measured from
the impact center to the edge of the test item.
9.2.7.2 Minimum Shot-to-Shot Distance—The minimum shot-to-shot distance shall be no less than 38 mm [1 ⁄2 in.], measured
center-to-center, from a prior impact.
9.2.7.3 Maximum Shot-to-Edge Distance—For intended edge shots, the maximum shot-to-edge distance shall be no more than 44
mm [1 ⁄4 in.] measured from the impact center to the edge of the test item.
9.2.8 A test threat projectile that impacts too close to the edge or to a prior hit, is of too high a velocity, but does not perforate
shall be considered a fair hit.
9.2.8.1 A test item which is impacted with a high velocity shot (that is, velocity greater than allowed) that results in partial
penetration and an excessive BFD measurement, that impact shall be considered an unfair hit, and that shot shall be repeated on
a spare test item. If the high velocity shot results in a partial penetration with an allowable BFD measurement, that impact shall
be considered a fair hit.
9.2.9 If the shot does not meet fair hit requirements due to excessive velocity, do not use the test item for any subsequent testing.
The test shall be continued on an identical spare test item.
9.3 If warmer rounds are needed for weapon or target alignment or establishment of a specific striking velocity, fire a test threat
through a witness panel to determine the exact point of impact. This witness panel can be any material that captures the path of
the projectile such as cardboard or paper. Fire additional test threats as necessary until the proper alignment and a stable striking
velocity have been achieved. The propellant charge versus velocity curve for the weapon being used should be referred to as a
guide for establishing the required velocity within a practical tolerance.
NOTE 5—Normally, this tolerance is approximately 68 m/s [625 ft/s].
9.4 Acceptance Criteria for Helmets:
9.4.1 A complete penetration for resistance to penetration testing shall be specified in other standards and specifications.
9.4.2 The backface deformation limit shall be specified in other standards and specifications.
9.4.3 The V requirements shall be specified in other standards and specifications.
9.5 Acceptance Criteria for Face Shields:
9.5.1 After each shot, the face shield and witness material shall be inspected to determine if a complete penetration or face shield
deflection has occurred. Unless specified elsewhere, the acceptance criteria shall be:
9.5.1.1 There shall be no complete penetration as evidenced by the projectile or any fragments from the projectile or face shield
being present in the clay witness material.
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9.5.1.2 Face shield deflection shall be less than 30.0 mm [1.18 in.] as evidenced by contact indicator material being present on
the rear of the face shield.
10. Conditioning of Test Items
10.1 When specific conditioning is required, unless specified elsewhere, the following conditioning requirements apply for each
type of conditioning. Perform a visual inspection both prior to and after conditioning and record any changes.
10.2 Temperature ConditioningConditioning:
10.2.1 Controlled Ambient Conditioning—Expose test items to controlled ambient conditions (20 °C 6 5.5 °C [68 °F 6 10 °F] and
50 % 6 20 % relative humidity (RH)) for at least 24 h.
10.2.2 Extreme Heat Conditioning—Subject test items to extreme heat conditioning for between 24 h and 48 h at 71 °C 6 5.5 °C
[160 °F 6 10 °F] in a conditioning chamber.
10.2.3 Extreme Cold Conditioning—Subject test items to extreme cold conditioning for between 24 h and 48 h at –51 °C 6 5.5 °C
[–60 °F 6 10 °F] in a conditioning chamber.
10.2.4 At the end of each temperature conditioning activity, remove the test item(s) from the conditioning chamber and complete
ballistic testing within 30 min of removal from the conditioning chamber.
10.2.5 If ballistic testing cannot be completed within 30 min and the test item has been out of conditioning for 1 h or less,
recondition the test item for a minimum of 1 h. If the test item has been out of the conditioning chamber for more than 1 h,
recondition the test item for at least 24 h.
10.3 Water Immersion ConditioningConditioning:
10.3.1 Expose complete test items, including the shell, hardware, suspension system, and retention system, to controlled ambient
temperature for a minimum of 3 h prior to immersion in water. (See 10.2.1 for the controlled ambient temperature.)
10.3.2 Completely submerge complete test items in water at controlled ambient temperature for 3 h to 4 h. After submersion,
remove the test item, drain crown side up at controlled ambient, and ballistically test. Complete ballistic testing within 24 h 6 2
h after removal from the liquid.
10.3.2.1 The water may be either plain water or salt water. The water shall be replaced anytime there are visible impurities in the
water.
(1) The plain water shall be clean and shall be either potable tap or demineralized water.
(2) The saltwater solution shall be as specified in Practice D1141.
10.3.3 A weight may be used to prevent the test item from floating while immersed.
10.4 Artificial Weathering ConditioningConditioning:
10.4.1 Perform weathering of test items in accordance with AATCC Test Method 169 with the modifications listed below:
10.4.1.1 The test apparatus shall be a xenon weatherometer with reflective panels.
10.4.1.2 Equip the test apparatus with an automatic light monitor and that is capable of automatically controlling irradiance,
temperature, and humidity.
10.4.1.3 The apparatus shall be maintained in accordance with manufacturer recommendations.
10.4.1.4 The weathering cycle shall be a total of 180 min, consisting of the following in order: 40 min of light, 20 min of light
with water spray on to the test item, 60 min of light, and 60 min of darkness. Repeat the cycle until the total energy exposure is
equal to 100 kJ/m . Terminate the weather cycle at that point.
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2 2
10.4.1.5 The spectral irradiance level shall be 0.55 W ⁄m /nm 6 0.01 W/m /nm bandpass at 340 nm.
10.4.1.6 The glass filter combination shall be quartz inner filter and a borosilicate type “S” outer filter.
10.4.1.7 Set the temperature and RH as specified in Table 1.
10.4.2 After the required exposure period, the test items shall be removed from the apparatus. Complete ballistic testing within
96 h after completion of weathering.
10.4.3 Any area of the helmet shell may be tested due to the light reflecting off the panels used in the weatherometer.
11. Helmet Resistance to Penetration (V ) and Backface Deformation (BFD) Testing
11.1 Test item details, including quantity, size, and conditioning, shall be specified in other standards and specifications.
11.2 Test Items:
11.2.1 The test item shall be a complete helmet, including the shell, hardware, suspension system, and retention system, and the
test item shall be mounted on a headform for testing. The quantity of test items and other relevant test item details are specified
in other standards or specifications. If the helmet has a face shield, remove it prior to testing.
11.2.2 When the Cadex headform is specified for testing, only size large (nominally size 7 ⁄4, 58 cm) helmets shall be used.
11.3 Test Item Marking:
11.3.1 Locate the internal crown benchmark on the shell, transpose to the external location, and mark the external location. If there
is no benchmark on the crown, then either the approximate center of the crown may be used or an alternate means may be used
as specified in the governing test requirement documentation. other standards or specifications. Record the procedure used in the
test report. Draw an approximately 127 mm [5 in.] diameter circle on the shell using the external crown benchmark as the center.
Refrain from placing any sharp or pointed object on the test item. Make sure all points are blunted.
11.3.2 Mark the 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° positions of the ring on the shell as shown in Fig. 2.
11.3.3 Draw permanent lines that are aligned with the 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° marks and the external crown benchmark but only
extend from the edge of the shell to a point on the circle.
11.4 Test Threats:
11.4.1 Test threats and velocities to be used shall be specified in other standards and specifications.
11.5 Headform Preparation:
TABLE 1 Temperatures and Humidities for Weathering Procedure
Dark Cycle Light Cycle
Black Panel 38 °C ± 3 °C 77 °C ± 3 °C
[100 °F ± 5 °F] [171 °F ± 5 °F]
Conditioning 40 °C ± 3 °C [104 °F ± 5 °F] 53 °C ± 3 °C [127 °F ± 5 °F]
Water
Relative 0 °C ± 3 °C [32 °F ± 5 °F] 10 °C ± 3 °C [50 °F ± 5 °F]
Humidity RH $95 % RH = 50 % ± 5 %
(This does not apply to light
cycle with water spray.)
Wet Bulb 0 °C ± 3 °C [32 °F ± 5 °F] 10 °C ± 3 °C [50 °F ± 5 °F]
Depression RH $95 % RH = 50 % ± 5 %
(This does not apply to light
cycle with water spray.)
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FIG. 2 Location of Helmet Sections
11.5.1 The headform shall be a Cadex Model 100_00_HNME headform. ®
11.5.2 Use ROMA Plastilina No. 1 modeling clay as the backing material in the headform to make BFD measurements, preparing
the headform as follows: ®
11.5.2.1 Fill the bottom of the headform with one layer of small flat thumb-sized pieces of ROMA Plastilina No. 1 clay.
11.5.2.2 Using thumb and fingers, blend each piece together and work any voids and air bubbles to the outside of the channels.
11.5.2.3 Continue to add layers of clay to the headform until the headform is filled with clay. Make sure the clay extends slightly
beyond the outside surface of the headform.
11.6 Clay Block and Headform Conditioning:
11.6.1 Prepare one clay block according to Specification E3004, with the exception that the size of the clay block shall be as
described in 6.4 of these test methods.
11.6.2 Place the clay block and up to eight prepared headforms in the conditioning chamber with the headforms surrounding the
clay block such that all clay in each headform is within 304.8 mm [12 in.] of the nearest edge of the clay block (refer to Fig. 3).
NOTE 6—The orientation of the headforms during conditioning is not significant.
11.6.3 Heat each clay block and headform(s) such that the clay will pass the verification drops listed in 11.7 according to the
requirements below:
11.6.3.1 New clay blocks and new headforms shall be heated for at least 24 h.
11.6.3.2 Any clay block or headform that has been out of the conditioning chamber shall be reheated for no less than 3 h.
11.6.3.3 Any clay block or headform that has been out of the conditioning chamber for more than 1 h shall be reheated for at least
three times the time out of the chamber. If the time required exceeds 24 h, the requirement for new clay blocks and headforms
applies.
11.6.3.4 While 24 h is the maximum time required for reheating any clay block or headform, a clay block or headform may remain
in the chamber indefinitely.
11.7 Verification of the Clay Block and Headforms:
E3111/E3111M − 22
FIG. 3 Illustration of Clay Block-Headform Position During Conditioning
11.7.1 Verify the clay block and headforms per Specification E3004, with the following exceptions:
11.7.1.1 Instead of using the impact location template of Specification E3004, the impact locations shall be at least 76 mm [3 in.]
from the closest edge of the clay block when measured from the edge of the indentation. Allow at least 76 mm [3 in.] between
the centers of each indentation (that is, 32 mm [1.25 in.] from edge-to-edge).
NOTE 7—A laser may be used as a positioning guide, and a template may be used to ensure that the distance between the edge of the indentations and
the edge of the clay block is maintained.
11.7.1.2 The impactor shall be the cylindrical clay verification impactor.
11.7.1.3 The acceptance requirement is that each impact indentation depth is 25.4 mm 6 2.5 mm [1.0 in. 6 0.1 in.].
11.7.1.4 The clay block and paired headforms are usable for a period of 4 h. The 4-h time limit starts at the completion of the third
verification impact on the clay block.
11.7.1.5 Return the clay block to the conditioning chamber after verification and repair.
11.8 Preparation of the Clay-filled Headform:
11.8.1 Remove one of the conditioned headforms from the con
...