ASTM E1417/E1417M-21e1

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: E1417/E1417M − 21
Standard Practice for
Liquid Penetrant Testing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1417/E1417M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Table 1 was updated editorially in December 2021.
1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
and nonmetal components.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion,
corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
or connected to the surface of the component under examina-
2. Referenced Documents
tion.
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated
the extent specified herein:
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas-
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers 2.2 ASTM Standards:
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to Bituminous Materials by Distillation
ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
harmful to the components to be examined.
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
lometric Karl Fischer Titration
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
eral Industry
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
Titration
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
from the two systems shall not be combined.
Testing
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement
E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
between the cognizant engineering organization and the
rescent Penetrants
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
organization.
E2297 GuideforUseofUV-AandVisibleLightSourcesand
Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
NOTE 2—Throughout this document, the term blacklight has been
changed to UV-A to conform with the latest terminology in Terminology
Methods
E1316. Blacklight can mean a broad range of ultraviolet radiation;
E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-
fluorescent penetrant examination only uses the UV-A range.
tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in
Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1417/E1417M – 20. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-21E01. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1417/E1417M − 21
2.3 ASNT Standards: 3.2.3 component, n—the part(s) or element(s) of a system
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi- described, assembled, or processed to the extent specified by
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel the drawing.
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
3.2.4 final examination, n—the final examination performed
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
for the acceptance of the item.
4,5
2.4 Military Standards: 3.2.4.1 Discussion—Any change to the item’s surface such
as machining, grinding, welding, heat treatment, or etching by
MIL-STD-6866 Inspection, Liquid Penetrant
QPL-AMS-2644 Qualified Products List, Inspection subsequent manufacturing operation, may render the previous
examination invalid, requiring reexamination of all affected
Material, Penetrant
surfaces, unless otherwise approved in the contract.
2.5 ANSI/ISO/EN Standards:
3.2.5 in-process, adj—thatwhichoccursduringmanufactur-
ANSI/NCSL Z540.3 General Requirement for Calibration
Laboratories and Measuring Test Equipment ing before a component is in final form.
EN 4179 Qualification and Approval of Personnel for Non-
3.2.6 in-service, adj—referstocomponentsthatareinuseor
destructive Testing
storage for their intended function.
ISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing-Qualification and Certifi-
3.2.7 reprocess, v—repeat, after cleaning, the application
cation of NDT Personnel
and appropriate processing of penetrant, emulsifier (as
ISO 10012 Measure Management Systems—Requirements
required), and developer (as required).
for Measurement Processes and Measuring Equipment
3.2.8 supplier, n—the organization contracted to supply the
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
material, parts, or assembly.
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
7 3.2.9 turbine engine critical components, n—any compo-
2.6 AIA Standard:
nent on turbine engine designated by the manufacturer as
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
“critical.”
Test Personnel
2.7 SAE Standards: 4. Significance and Use
AMS 2175 Castings, Classification and Inspection of
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for con-
AMS 2644 Inspection Material, Penetrant
trolling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This
AMS 3158 Solution, Fluorescent Penetrant Water Base for
practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering
LOX Compatibility
drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to
2.8 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between
procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be
the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text
supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the
of this practice takes precedence.
requirements of this practice. Practice E165/E165M contains
information to help develop detailed requirements.
5. Classification
3. Terminology
5.1 Penetrant examination processes and materials are clas-
3.1 Definitions:
sified in accordance with the material classification contained
3.1.1 The terminology relating to liquid penetrant examina-
inAMS 2644. Penetrant systems covered by this practice shall
tionthatappearsinTerminologyE1316shallapplytotheterms
be of the following types, methods, and sensitivity levels:
used in this practice.
5.1.1 Type:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.1.1.1 Type I—Fluorescent dye.
3.2.1 aerospace, n—any component that will be installed on
5.1.1.2 Type II—Visible dye.
a system that flies.
5.1.2 Method:
3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization, n—reference Ter-
5.1.2.1 Method A—Water washable.
minology E1316.
5.1.2.2 Method A(W)—Water washable-water containing.
5.1.2.3 Method B—Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic.
5.1.2.4 Method C—Solvent-removable.
3 5.1.2.5 Method D—Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic.
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
5.1.3 Sensitivity—(These levels apply to Type I penetrant
Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by
systems only. Type II penetrant systems have only a single
manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained
sensitivity and it is not represented by any of the levels listed
from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
as follows):
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
5.1.3.1 Sensitivity Level ⁄2 —Very low.
dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
5.1.3.2 Sensitivity Level 1—Low.
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
5.1.3.3 Sensitivity Level 2—Medium.
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., 5.1.3.4 Sensitivity Level 3—High.
Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
5.1.3.5 Sensitivity Level 4—Ultrahigh.
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org. 5.2 Developers shall be of the following forms:
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E1417/E1417M − 21
5.2.1 Form a—Dry powder. and shall require approval of the cognizant engineering orga-
nization when such materials do not meet the requirements of
5.2.2 Form b—Water-soluble.
AMS 2644.
5.2.3 Form c—Water-suspendable.
6.5.3 Shelf Life—Penetrant materials that have exceeded
5.2.4 Form d—Nonaqueous for Type I fluorescent pen-
their initial shelf life date are permissible to use provided the
etrant.
requirements of 7.8.2 and 7.8.3 produce acceptable results.
5.2.5 Form e—Nonaqueous for Type II visible dye.
Ready-to-use materials as identified in 7.8 need only meet the
5.2.6 Form f—Specific application.
requirements of 7.8.3.
5.3 Solvent removers shall be of the following classes:
6.6 Equipment and Facilities—Processing equipment used
5.3.1 Class 1—Halogenated.
in the penetrant examination process shall be constructed and
5.3.2 Class 2—Nonhalogenated.
arranged to permit a uniform and controlled operation. The
5.3.3 Class 3—Specific application.
equipment shall meet all applicable national and local safety
requirements as well as the requirements specified herein. In
6. General Practices
facilities using both Type I and Type II penetrant, provisions
shall be made to prevent cross-contamination between pen-
6.1 Responsibility for Examination—Unless otherwise
etrant types.
specified in the contract or purchase order, the cognizant
6.6.1 Viewing Areas—Areas where parts are reviewed shall
engineering organization is responsible for the performance of
be kept clean at all times. For visible dye examination,Type II,
all examination requirements as specified herein. The cogni-
the lighting system shall provide at least 100 fc [1076 lx] of
zant engineering organization may specify more stringent
visible light when measured at the examination surface. For
requirements than the minimum specified in this practice when
stationary fluorescent dye examination, Type I, the ambient
necessary to ensure that a component meets its functional and
visible light background shall not exceed 2 fc [21.5 lx] at the
reliability requirements. Except as otherwise specified, the
examination surface.The UV-Alamp shall provide a minimum
supplier may utilize his own facilities or any other facilities
of 1000 µW/cm at the examination surface. UV-Alamps shall
suitable for the performance of the examination requirements
meet the requirements of 7.8.4.1. Viewing areas for portable
specified herein. The cognizant engineering organization re-
fluorescent dye examination shall utilize dark canvas, photog-
serves the right to perform any of the examinations set forth in
rapher’s black cloth, or other methods to reduce the visible
this practice where such examinations are deemed necessary to
light background to the lowest possible level during examina-
ensure that supplies and services conform to prescribed re-
tion and UV-A intensity shall meet the above requirements.
quirements.
6.6.1.1 Where lamps are physically too large to directly
6.2 Specifying—When examination is required in accor-
illuminate the examination surface, special lighting, such as
dance with this practice, the orders, contracts, or other appro-
UV-A pencil lamps, or UV-A light guides, or remote visual
priate documents shall specify the criteria by which the
examinationequipmentshallbeused.Whenusingaborescope,
acceptability of components is to be evaluated. Engineering
the image viewed must have sufficient resolution to effectively
drawings or other applicable documents shall indicate the
evaluatetheindication.UV-Aintensityshallbemeasuredatthe
acceptance criteria for the entire component; zoning may be
expected working distance and shall be a minimum
used. Examination on a sampling basis shall not be allowed
1000 µW⁄cm . Special lighting shall meet the requirements of
unless specifically permitted by the contract.
7.8.4.2.
6.6.1.2 LED UV-Alamps used for evaluation purposes shall
6.3 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing exami-
comply with Practice E3022, excluding those referenced in
nations in accordance with this practice shall be qualified and
6.6.1.1 and 7.8.4.2.
certified in accordance with SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT-CP-
6.6.2 Drying Oven—When components are oven dried, the
189, NAS 410, EN 4179, ISO 9712, or as specified in the
dryer must be a forced-air recirculating type. In automated
contract or purchase order.
systems, where parts are dried by radiant heat and forced air,
6.4 Agency Qualification—The agency performing this
the travel speed of the system shall be such as to preclude
practice may be evaluated in accordance with Specification
overdrying of parts. The forced air does not have to be
E543.
recirculating but must preclude contamination of the parts.The
temperature shall be controlled with a calibrated device ca-
6.5 Materials:
pable of maintaining the oven temperature at 615 °F
6.5.1 Qualified Materials—Only materials listed or ap-
[68.3 °C] of the temperature for which it is set.The oven shall
proved for listing on QPL-AMS-2644 (reference AMS 2644)
not exceed 160 °F [71 °C]. The temperature indicator shall be
shall be utilized for penetrant examination. Materials not
accurate to 610 °F [65.6 °C] of the actual oven temperature.
conforming to the requirements of AMS 2644 may be used
only when a waiver is obtained from the cognizant engineering
6.7 Written Procedures—When liquid penetrant examina-
organization.
tion procedures are similar for many components, a master
6.5.2 Liquid Oxygen (LOX) Compatible Materials— written procedure may be utilized that covers the details
Penetrant materials used on LOX wetted surfaces that cannot common to a variety of components as well as guidance in the
bethoroughlypost-cleanedshallbecompliantwithAMS3158, event of a process control failure which, as a minimum, shall
be used in accordance with the material supplier instructions, includenotificationofthefailuretothePenetrantTestingLevel
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E1417/E1417M − 21
3 (III). All written procedures, including technique sheets for treatments requires that etching be included in the precleaning
specific parts shall be approved by an individual who is a operation unless otherwise agreed on between the cognizant
qualified and certified Level 3 (III) for penetrant examination engineering organization and the NDT facility.
in accordance with the requirements of 6.3.As a minimum, the
NOTE 3—Final penetrant examination should always precede peening.
following information is required either in individual
6.8.2 Surface Coatings—All coatings and other surface
procedures,specifictechniquesheets,oramasterprocedure,or
conditions, such as paint, plating, corrosion, etc., shall be
a combination thereof:
removed from the area to be examined prior to penetrant
6.7.1 Details of the precleaning and etching process, includ-
examination. The penetrant examination shall precede any
ing the materials used and specification or other document
surface finish, such as anodize, except for in-service parts that
controlling the examination process, the drying parameters,
may be examined without removing the anodize.
and the processing times. If these operations are performed by
other than examination personnel, details concerning the op- 6.9 Material and Process Limitations—Not all penetrant
erations may be specified in other documents but must be sensitivity levels, materials, and process methods are appli-
referenced in the procedure(s). Reference Practice E165/ cable to all examination requirements. The sensitivity level
E165M for guidance on cleaning methods and instructions.
shall be adequate for the intended purpose of the examination.
6.7.2 Classification of the penetrant examination materials Unless there is an approval for deviation given by the cogni-
required in accordance with Section 5 and AMS 2644. zant engineering organization, the following selections are
mandatory or forbidden, as indicated:
6.7.3 Complete processing parameters for the penetrant
examination materials, including concentrations, application 6.9.1 Forms a and b (dry powder and water soluble)
developers shall not be used with Type II (visible dye)
methods, dwell times, drying times, temperatures, and controls
to prevent excessive drying of penetrant or overheating of penetrant systems. This is not intended to prohibit the use of a
Form f developer that has been qualified with a particularType
component, as appropriate. Reference Practice E165/E165M
for additional details. II system in accordance with AMS 2644.
6.9.2 Type II penetrant examination shall not be used for
6.7.4 Complete examination/evaluation requirements, in-
final acceptance examination of aerospace products. In
cluding light intensities (both examination and ambient), the
addition,TypeIIpenetrantexaminationshallnotbeusedatany
accept/reject criteria, and the method and location of marking.
point in the process if a Type I penetrant examination of the
Reference Practice E165/E165M for additional details.
same surface is to be performed. This is not intended to
6.7.4.1 The method and measurement frequency shall be
eliminate the use of in-process Type II examinations where
defined for meeting the minimum examination intensity for all
subsequent fabrication/forming operations remove the surfaces
UV-A lamps, including battery-powered lamps. Any require-
inspected.
ments for documentation of the measurements shall be defined
6.9.3 The maintenance or overhaul examination of turbine
in the procedure.
engine critical components shall be done only with Type I,
6.7.4.2 When the examination is performed in accordance
Methods C or D (solvent removable or post emulsified,
with this practice, engineering drawings, specifications, tech-
hydrophilic) processes and either sensitivity Levels 3 or 4
nique sheets, or other applicable documents shall indicate the
penetrant materials.
accept/reject criteria by which the components are judged
acceptable.
6.10 Records—Results of all final penetrant examinations
6.7.5 Identification of the components or areas within a
shall be recorded.All recorded results shall be identified, filed,
component to be examined in accordance with the procedure.
and made available to the cognizant engineering organization
6.7.6 Complete postcleaning procedures. If postcleaning is
upon request. Records shall provide for traceability to the
performed by other than examination personnel, details con-
specific part or lot inspected. As a minimum, the records shall
cerning this operation may be specified in other documents but
include: identification of the procedure used, disposition of the
must be referenced in the procedure. Reference Practice
examination; identification of the inspector’s examination
E165/E165M for additional details.
stamp, electronic ID, or signature; and the date of examination.
6.7.7 Identificationofthenameandaddressofthefacilityof Records shall be kept for a minimum of three years or as
which the procedure applies.
otherwise specified in the purchase order or contract.
6.8 Examination Sequence—Final penetrant examination
7. Specific Practices (Fig. 1)
shallbeperformedaftercompletionofalloperationsthatcould
cause surface-connected discontinuities or operations that
7.1 Surface Preparation—All surfaces to be examined shall
couldexposediscontinuitiesnotpreviouslyopentothesurface. be clean, dry, and free of soils, oil, grease, paint and other
Such operations include, but are not limited to, grinding,
coatings (except as allowed by 6.8.2), corrosion products,
welding, straightening, machining, and heat treating. scale, smeared metal, welding flux, chemical residues, or any
6.8.1 Surface Treatment—Final penetrant examination may other material that could prevent the penetrant from entering
be performed prior to treatments that can smear the surface but discontinuities, suppress dye performance, or produce unac-
not by themselves cause surface discontinuities. Such treat- ceptable background. Cleaning methods, including etching,
mentsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,vaporblasting,deburring, selected for a particular component shall be consistent with the
sanding, buffing, abrasive blasting, lapping, or peening. Per- contaminants to be removed and shall not be detrimental to the
formance of final penetrant examination after such surface component or its intended function.
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E1417/E1417M − 21
required for intermediate examination when the surface(s) are
not retained in the final part/component configuration or when
the final penetrant examination is preceded by etching. Refer-
ence 6.8.1.
7.2 Penetrant Application—Unless otherwise specified, the
entire surface of the component shall be covered with pen-
etrant. Large components may be examined in sections. Pen-
etrant shall be applied by spraying, dipping, brushing, or other
method to provide coverage as required. The component,
penetrant, and ambient temperatures shall all be in the range
from 40 to 125 °F [4 to 52 °C] unless otherwise specified.
7.2.1 Penetrant Dwell Time—The dwell time, unless other-
wisespecified,shallbeaminimumof10min.Fortemperatures
between 40 and 50 °F [4.4 and 10 °C], dwell time shall be a
minimum of 20 min. It is recommended to rotate or otherwise
movecomponentsasnecessaryduringdwelltopreventpooling
of the penetrant. For dwell times greater than 2 h, the penetrant
shall be reapplied as required.
7.3 Penetrant Removal:
7.3.1 Method A Process—Water-washable penetrants shall
be removed with a manual or automated water spray, or a
manual wipe, or an air agitated immersion wash, or a combi-
nation thereof.
7.3.1.1 Manual Spray—For handheld spray guns, water
pressure adequate to remove the penetrant shall be used but
shall not exceed 40 psi [275 kPa]. Water temperature shall be
between 50 to 100 °F [10 to 38 °C]. When hydro-air nozzles
FIG. 1 Process Flow Chart
are used, the air pressure shall not exceed 25 psi [172 kPa]. A
coarse spray shall be used with a minimum distance of 12 in.
[30 cm], when possible, between the spray nozzle and the part.
7.1.1 One or more appropriate cleaning methods, such as
solvent cleaning, vapor degreasing, ultrasonic cleaning, Washing shall be conducted under appropriate illumination.
Cautionshallbeexercisedtoensurethatover-washingdoesnot
aqueous-based cleaning, or methods agreed upon with the
cognizant engineering organization shall be used for the occur. If over-washing occurs, the component(s) shall be
thoroughly dried and reprocessed. After rinsing, drain water
removalofoils,greases,andwaxes,andasthefinalstepbefore
from the component and utilize repositioning, suction, blotting
penetrant examination. If etching is required, the parts shall be
with clean absorbent materials, or filtered shop air at less than
appropriately cleaned, then etched and delivered to penetrant
25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent pooling in cavities, recesses, and
examination.
pockets. (Over-removal of the surface penetrant shall require
7.1.2 Chemical cleaning shall be used for the removal of
that the component be cleaned and reprocessed. A good
paints, varnishes, scale, carbon, or other contaminants that are
indicatorofover-washorover-removalofthesurfacepenetrant
not removable by solvent cleaning methods. (Warning—
is evidenced by the total lack of residue that may occur on all
Caution should be exercised when using chemicals because
they may irritate the eyes or skin.) or a specific area of the part; see Practice E165/E165M.)
7.3.1.2 Automated Spray—For automated spray systems,
7.1.3 Mechanical cleaning shall be used for the removal of
soilsandothercontaminantsthatcannotberemovedbysolvent the wash parameters shall be such that the requirements of
7.8.3 are met. Water temperature shall be maintained between
or chemical cleaning methods.
7.1.4 Grit blasting without etching may be an acceptable 50 to 100 °F [10 to 38 °C].
cleaning method if it can be demonstrated that a sufficiently 7.3.1.3 Manual Wipe—Excess penetrant shall be removed
fine abrasive (150 grit or finer) will not cause peening and can with a clean, dry, lint-free cloth or absorbent toweling. The
remainder of the surface penetrant shall then be removed with
be removed by a detergent or alkaline cleaner.
7.1.5 Etching, unless otherwise specified, shall be per- a water-dampened cloth or towel. The surface shall not be
flushed with water and the cloth or towel shall not be saturated
formed when evidence exists that previous cleaning, surface
treatments, or service usage has produced a surface condition with water. The component shall be examined under appropri-
ate illumination to ensure adequate removal of the surface
that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant examination. Etch-
ing processes shall be developed and controlled to prevent penetrant. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a clean,
dry towel or cloth, or by evaporation.
damage to the component under test. Etching is not required
for those features such as close tolerance holes, close tolerance 7.3.1.4 Immersion—Immersion wash may be utilized if the
surfaces, faying surfaces, etc., where the function of the water is air agitated and good circulation is maintained
component or assembly would be degraded. Etching is not throughout the wash operation. Water temperature shall be
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E1417/E1417M − 21
maintained between 50 and 100 °F [10 and 38 °C]. When be applied by brush. Foaming application of hydrophilic
immersion wash is used, a final spray rinse shall be included. emulsifier is permissible when approved by the cognizant
The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1 shall apply. engineering organization.
(1) For immersion applications, the concentration, percent
7.3.2 Method B Process—Lipophilic post-emulsifiable pen-
volume, shall be no higher than specified by the penetrant
etrantshallberemovedbyairagitatedwaterimmersionorwith
system supplier and shall not exceed that for which the system
a water spray or hydro-air spray rinse after application of an
wasqualified.Whileimmersed,theemulsifierorpartshouldbe
emulsifier and an appropriate emulsifier dwell time. Water
mildly agitated. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for
pressure and temperature and air pressure shall meet the
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise
requirements specified in 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4.
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not
7.3.2.1 Lipophilicemulsifiersshallbeappliedbyimmersion
exceed 2 min.
or flowing. Lipophilic emulsifiers shall not be applied by spray
(2) For spray or flowing applications, the concentration
or brush and shall not be agitated while on the surface of the
shall not exceed 5 %. Spray applications may include fixed
component. Maximum dwell times, unless otherwise specified,
spray nozzles, spray wands, pump sprayers, or spray bottles
shall be 3 min for Type I systems and 30 s for Type II systems,
providedtheconcentrationistestedandmeetstherequirements
or as recommended by the manufacturer. Actual dwell times
of 7.8.2.6. Dwell time shall be the minimum required for
shall be the minimum necessary to produce an acceptable
adequate surface penetrant removal, but unless otherwise
background on the component.
approved by the cognizant engineering organization, shall not
7.3.2.2 Rinsing—After the appropriate emulsifier dwell
exceed 2 min per surface area.
time, emulsification shall be stopped by immersion or water
7.3.4.3 Postrinse—After the application and dwell of the
spray. For removal of the penetrant/emulsifier mixture, the
hydrophilic emulsifier, the component being examined shall be
parameters of 7.3.1.1, 7.3.1.2, and 7.3.1.4 apply. Dwell time in
rinsed with water. The spray rinse parameters of 7.3.1.1,
an agitated immersion rinse, if used, shall be the minimum
7.3.1.2,and7.3.1.4shallapply.Evidenceofover-removalshall
required to remove the emulsified penetrant. Examine the
require the part to be cleaned and reprocessed. Excessive
components under appropriate illumination after rinsing. Clean
background may be removed by additional (touchup) applica-
and reprocess those components with excessive background.
tion of the hydrophilic emulsifier provided its maximum
After rinsing, drain water from the component and utilize
allowable dwell time is not exceeded.Additional rinsing of the
repositioning, suction, blotting with clean absorbent materials
touch-up area will be required after application and dwell of
or filtered shop air at less than 25 psi [172 kPa] to prevent
the hydrophilic emulsifier. If careful touch-up application of
pooling.Cautionshallbeexercisedtoensurethattheairnozzle
the hydrophilic emulsifier does not produce an acceptable
is held at a sufficient distance from the part to ensure that the
background, the part shall be cleaned and reprocessed. Manual
developing indication is not smeared by the air blast. If
systems shall require the use of appropriate UV-Airradiance to
over-emulsification is observed, the component must be
ensure adequate penetrant removal.
cleaned and reprocessed.
7.4 Drying—The components shall be dried prior to the
7.3.3 Method C Process—Solvent-removable penetrants are
application of dry developer, nonaqueous developer, or exami-
removed by first wiping the excess penetrant with a clean,
nation without developer. The components should be drained
lint-free, dry cloth or absorbent toweling.The remainder of the
of excess water but not dried before the application of aqueous
surface penetrant is then removed with a solvent-dampened
soluble or suspendable developers. The components shall be
lint-free cloth or towel. The surface of the component shall not
dried after the application of aqueous developers.
be flushed with solvent, and the cloth or towel shall not be
saturated with solvent. The component and cloth or toweling 7.4.1 Drying Parameters—Components shall be air dried at
room temperature or in a drying oven. Oven temperatures shall
shall be observed under appropriate illumination to ensure
adequateremovalofthesurfacepenetrant.Over-removalofthe not exceed that specified in 6.6.2. Drying time shall only be
that necessary to adequately dry the part. Components shall be
surfacepenetrantshallrequirethecomponenttobecleanedand
reprocessed. The surface shall be dried by blotting with a removed from the oven immediately after drying. Components
shall not be placed in the oven with pooled water or pooled
lint-free, dry cloth or towel, or by evaporation. Method C can
also b
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