ASTM E1732-11b
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.
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Designation:E1732–11b
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
5
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding
Part 1: Probability and General Statistical Terms
definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific
Part 2: Statistical Quality Control
terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in
ISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality Management
other readily available sources may not be included.
Systems—Fundamentals and Vocabulary
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-
ISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relating
mation included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five
to Standardizing Activities
years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another
with Reference Materials
standards organization orASTM committee are identified with
ISO Guide 35 Reference Materials—General and Statistical
the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the
Principles for Certification
identifying document and ASTM committee; for example,
2
ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
Measurement (GUM)
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are
3
2.3 Other Sources:
identified with an abbreviation.
EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Meth-
2. Referenced Documents
ods, EURACHEM Working Group, English Edition
4
IAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Instrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI Forensic
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
6
Science Committee
ASTM Test Methods
IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Ter-
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
minology, Second Edition, 1997
E1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory
Comparisons
3. Significance and Use
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic
E2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in
sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were
Thermal Analysis
used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is
as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on
dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-
Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on
7
tions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after
Terminology.
all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1732 – 11a. DOI:
10.1520/E1732-11B.
2
Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM Subcommittee
E30.92.
3
Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned docu-
5
ments, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology, Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology. la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
4 6
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from the International Association of Arson Investigators, Inc.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM (IAAI), 2111 BaldwinAvenue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, http://firearson.com.
7
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-
the ASTM website. tions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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E1732–11b
4. Terminology expanded uncertainty (U), n—quantity defining an interval
about a result of a measurement that may be expected to
4.1 Definitions:
encompass a large fraction of the distribution of values that
could reasonably be attributed to the measurand.
accelerant, n—any material used to initiate or promote the
spread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flam-
DISCUSSION—
mable or combustible liquids. Whether a substance is an
(1)Thefractionmayberegardedasthecover
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1732–11a Designation:E1732–11b
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are
generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion. It is reviewed every five years, and
the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the
abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the
2
American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
3
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparisons
E1402 Guide for Sampling Design
E2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in Thermal Analysis
5
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3534:1993 (E/F) Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols
Part 1: Probability and General Statistical Terms
Part 2: Statistical Quality Control
ISO 9000:2005 (E) Standard Quality Management Systems—Fundamentals and Vocabulary
ISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relating to Standardizing Activities
ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection with Reference Materials
ISO Guide 35 Reference Materials—General and Statistical Principles for Certification
ISO GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)
2.3 Other Sources:
EURACHEM The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods, EURACHEM Working Group, English Edition
IAAI Glossary Glossary of Terms Related to Chemical and Instrumental Analysis of Fire Debris, IAAI Forensic Science
6
Committee
IUPAC Terminology IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Second Edition, 1997
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used
in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1732 – 11a. DOI:
10.1520/E1732-11AB.
2
Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM Subcommittee E30.92.
3
Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned documents, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology, ANTH = anthro-
pology, and ODEN = odentology.
4
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
6
Available from the International Association of Arson Investigators, Inc. (IAAI), 2111 Baldwin Avenue, Suite 203, Crofton, MD 21114, http://firearson.com.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1732–11b
7
dictionaries; and the Compilation ofASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the
sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
7
ASTM Committee on Terminology, Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 7th ed., Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1990.
2
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E1732–11b
4. Terminology
4.1 Definitions:
accelerant, n—any material used to initiate or promote the spread of a fire. The most
...
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