ASTM D7158-05

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Designation: D 7158 – 05
Standard Test Method for
Wind Resistance of Sealed Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/
Uplift Resistance Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ASCE Standard:
ASCE 7–02 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for calculating
Other Structures
the wind resistance of asphalt shingles when applied in
2.3 ANSI/UL Standard:
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, and sealed
ANSI/UL2390–04 TestMethodforWindResistantAsphalt
under defined conditions. The method calculates the uplift
Shingles with Sealed Tabs
forceexertedontheshinglebytheactionofwindataspecified
velocity, and compares that to the mechanical uplift resistance
3. Terminology
of the shingle. A shingle is determined to be wind resistant at
3.1 Definitions:
a specified basic wind speed when the measured uplift resis-
3.1.1 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer
tance exceeds the calculated uplift force for that velocity
to Terminology D1079.
(3-second gust, ASCE 7).
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2.1 sealant—as it relates to steep roofing shingles,is
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
defined as factory-applied or field-applied typically asphaltic
only.
material designed to seal the shingles to each other under the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
action of time and temperature after the shingles are applied to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a roof.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 seal—as it relates to steep roofing shingles,isthe
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bondingthatresultsfromtheactivationofthesealantunderthe
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
action of time and temperature.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Types and Classes of Shingles
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Shingles are classified based on their resistance to wind
D225 Specification for Asphalt Shingles (Organic Felt)
velocities determined from measured data (Section 11), calcu-
Surfaced with Mineral Granules
lationsofupliftforce(Section12),andinterpretationofresults
D228 Test Methods for Sampling, Testing, andAnalysis of
(Section 13), as follows:
Asphalt Roll Roofing, Cap Sheets, and Shingles Used in
4.1.1 Class D—Passed at basic wind speeds up to and
Roofing and Waterproofing
including 145 km/h (90 mph).
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing, Waterproofing,
4.1.2 Class G—Passed at basic wind speeds up to and
and Bituminous Materials
including 193 km/h (120 mph).
D 3161 Test Method for Wind-Resistance of Asphalt
4.1.3 Class H—Passed at basic wind speeds up to and
Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)
including 242 km/h (150 mph).
D3462 SpecificationforAsphaltShinglesmadefromGlass
Felt and Surfaced with Mineral Granules
5. Summary of Test Method
D6381 Test Method for Measurement of Asphalt Shingle
5.1 The uplift force induced by wind passing over the
Mechanical Uplift Resistance
surfaceofasphaltshinglesisdeterminedbycalculationinvolv-
ing the uplift coefficients obtained from pressures measured
1 aboveandbelowtheshingleatthewindwardandleewardsides
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD08onRoofing
and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on
Prepared Roofings, Shingles and Siding Materials.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2005. Published November 2005.
2 3
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D7158–05
installed. If environmental factors are outside those used in the calcula-
ofthesealant,takingintoaccountthedesiredbasicwindspeed
tions for these classes, such as ground roughness D, building heights
classification and the uplift rigidity of the shingle. The calcu-
greaterthan60fttall,buildingusecategoriesIIIorIVandotherexposures
lated uplift force (F ) for each of the possible classifications is
T
asdefinedbyASCE-7,othercalculationsarerequired.Consulttheshingle
compared to the measured uplift resistance (R ) of the sealed
T
manufacturer for the specific shingle’s DCp, EI, L, L1, and L2 values
shingle to establish the wind resistance classification of the
needed to complete these calculations.
shingle.
6.4 The test to determine uplift coefficients is conducted
5.2 The method involves three steps:
withawindvelocityof15.6 61.3m/s(35 63mph).Research
5.2.1 Uplift coefficients are determined by measuring pres-
data obtained during the development of this test procedure, as
suredifferencesaboveandbelowtheshingleasairmovesover
well as standard wind modeling practices, provides for data
the surface of a deck of sealed shingles under controlled
extrapolation to other wind speeds. In order to simulate the
conditions.
raised shingle edge that is inherent behavior under high wind
5.2.2 The uplift forces acting on the shingle are calculated,
exposure, shims are inserted under the windward edge of the
using the wind uplift coefficients, shingle sealant configuration
shingle as appropriate based on wind speed and uplift rigidity
and a specific basic wind speed.
of the shingle being investigated. This test method provides a
5.2.3 Shingle uplift resistance to that specific basic wind
means of measuring shingle uplift rigidity which is used to
speed is determined by comparing the calculated uplift forces
determine the correct shim thickness. Additionally, this test
acting on the sealant to the uplift resistances measured with
method allows for the use of a default value for uplift rigidity
Test Method D6381. Uplift resistances from ProcedureAand
2 2
(EI) of 7175 N-mm (2.5 lbf-in. ), if a rigidity measurement is
Procedure B are applied against the uplift forces in a manner
notmade.ThisdefaultvalueisconservativesincethelowestEI
detailed in the calculation section.
measured in the development of this program was 14350
5.3 This test method is applicable to any asphalt shingle
2 2
N-mm (5.0 lbf-in. ).
surfaced with mineral granules where the shingle above is
affixed to the surface of the shingle below with a sealant
NOTE 3— The entire field of wind engineering is based on use of
(factoryorfieldapplied)appliedinapatternalignedparallelto small-scale models in wind tunnels using wind speeds much lower than
the full-scale values. Building Codes permit testing of this type to replace
the windward edge of the shingle.
the analytical provisions of the Building Code through the provisions of
NOTE 1—It is not prohibited to use this test method for research
ASCE 7. (See Appendix X1 for details and references.)
purposesusingvariationsinthenumberandplacementoffasteners.Ifthis
is done, the report shall include details of the number and placement of
7. Apparatus
fasteners.
7.1 The apparatus described in Test Method D6381, Proce-
dure A, modified as described below, is used to determine the
6. Significance and Use
uplift rigidity of the shingle being evaluated.
6.1 The wind resistance of asphalt shingles is directly
7.2 The apparatus described in Test Method D3161, modi-
related to the ability of the sealed shingle to resist the force of
fied as described below, is used to determine the wind uplift
the wind acting to lift the shingle from the shingle below. This
coefficient of the shingle being evaluated.
test method employs the measured resistance of the shingle to
7.3 Air flow instrumentation capable of continuously mea-
mechanical uplift after sealing under defined conditions, in a
suringandrecordingtime-averagedvelocityaccurateto 60.45
calculation which determines whether this resistance exceeds
m/s (61.0 mph) and a method of traversing the measurement
the calculated force induced by wind passing over the surface
device above the test deck is used to measure velocities of the
of the shingle. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to
air flow.
intensity,duration,andturbulence;whiletheseconditionswere
considered, and safety factors introduced, extreme natural
7.4 Air pressure instrumentation capable of continuously
variationsarebeyondthemeansofthistestmethodtosimulate.
measuringandelectronicallyrecordingthetime-averagedpres-
6.2 Many factors influence the sealing characteristics of
sures of 2.5 to 311 Pa (0.01 to 1.25 in. of water) is use to
shinglesinthefield;forexample,temperature,time,roofslope, measure the pressure above and below the shingle on the test
contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners that are
deck.
misaligned or under driven and interfere with sealing. It is
7.5 Shims of thickness 1 6 0.05 mm (0.04 6 0.002 in.) and
beyond the scope of this test method to address all of these
a maximum length and width of 5.1 by 5.1 mm (0.2 by 0.2 in.)
influences. The classification determined in this test method is
are used to lift the windward edge of the shingle during part of
based on the mechanical uplift resistance determined when
thewindupliftcoefficientmeasurements(see11.2.5).Shimsof
representative samples of shingles are sealed under defined
other thicknesses, but a minimum of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.), and a
conditions before testing.
maximum width and length of 5.1 by 5.1 mm (0.2 by 0.2 in.),
6.3 The calculations that support the Classes in 4.1 use
are used as required, alone or in combination, to lift the
several standard building environment factors. These include
windward edge to the height calculated from the shingle
the 3-s wind gust exposure from ASCE-7, installation on
deflection (see 11.2.12).
CategoryIorIIbuildingsforallslopes,groundroughnessBor
NOTE 4—The modifications to the Test Method D3161 apparatus to
C, and installation on buildings 60 ft tall or less.
induceturbulence,theairflowandpressuremeasurementinstrumentation,
NOTE 2—Theassumptionsusedinthecalculationsfortheclassesin4.1 and the shims employed, are consistent with the procedure developed for
cover the requirements for the majority of the asphalt shingle roofs Test Method ANSI/UL 2390 for shingle wind resistance testing.
D7158–05
7.6 The apparatus described in Test Method D6381 is used 8.2.1.3 The overall arrangement of a modified Test Method
to determine the mechanical uplift resistance of the shingle D3161 apparatus is shown schematically in Fig. 4.
being evaluated. The selection of Procedure A or B in Test
8.2.1.4 Test decks shall be constructed in accordance with
Method D6381 is dictated by the magnitude of the forces in
Test Method D3161, with the shingles applied in accordance
frontof(F )andbehind(F )thesealantascalculatedusingthe
F B
with the manufacturer’s instructions. The test deck sits on an
measured wind uplift coefficient and the geometry of the
adjustable stand, and is fixed at 0.91 m (36 in.) from the air
shingle being evaluated (see 12.2).
flow orifice.Arigid bridge with roughness strips (as shown in
Fig.4)isplacedbetweentheorificeandthetestdeck,andthere
8. Preparation of Apparatus
is no step between the bridge and the deck.The bridge and the
8.1 Shingle Uplift Rigidity—Useametalshim90by90mm
deck are both set at a slope of 1.6 6 0.5 degrees.Aminimum
(3.5 by 3.5 in.) with thickness equal to or greater than that of
of 4 ft (1.2 m) of clear space shall be maintained at the sides
the jaw of the pendant clamp in Test Method D6381 to allow
and back of the test panel deck.
insertionofthejawofthependantclampwithoutdeflectingthe
8.2.1.5 Themeasurementarea,asshowninFig.5,isanarea
specimen before the test begins. Insert the shim all the way to
of 305 by 178 mm (12 by 7 in.) with the long direction
the base (“stop”) of the specimen clamp on the lower fixture.
perpendicular to the airflow. The area is centered 635 mm (25
The second specimen clamp on the lower fixture is not used in
in.)fromeithersideofthe1.27m(50in.)dimensionofthetest
this test. The same “stop” shall be used each time for both the
deck. The front edge of the measurement area shall be the first
shim and the specimens. See Fig. 1.
courseofshingleslocatedwithinthemeasurementareawithits
8.2 Shingle Wind Uplift Coeffıcient:
windward edge at least 356 mm (14 in.) from the edge of the
8.2.1 Install devices to induce the desired turbulent air flow
test deck closest to the air source.
from the fan-induced wind apparatus used in Test Method
D3161 as follows: 8.2.1.6 Calibrate the air flow as follows:Avertical velocity
profile of time-averaged (mean) velocity shall be measured at
8.2.1.1 Install a turbulence grid as shown in Fig. 2 in the air
flow exit orifice of the fan-induced wind apparatus. the center of the measurement area at 12.7 and 25.4 mm (0.5
8.2.1.2 Install a bridge panel with roughness strips between and 1.0 in.) above the surface, and at every 25.4 mm (1.0 in.)
the air flow orifice of the apparatus used in Test Method abovethepreviousmeasurementtoaheightof152mm(6in.).
D3161 and the test deck as shown in Fig. 3. Thevelocitywillincreasewithdistancefromthesurface,reach
FIG. 1 Apparatus Used in Test Method D 6381 Modified for this Test Method Using a Metal Shim and Using Only One Specimen Clamp
D7158–05
NOTE—1 in. = 25.4 mm.
FIG. 2 Turbulence Grid Installed at Air Flow Exit Orifice of Apparatus Used in Test Method D 3161
NOTE—1 in. = 25.4 mm.
FIG. 3 Bridge Panel with Roughness Strips Installed Between Air Flow Exit Orifice of Apparatus Used in Test Method D 3161 and Test
Deck
FIG. 4 Overall Schematic of Test Arrangement for Determination of Wind Uplift Coefficient
a peak value, and begin to decrease with additional height. theboundariesofthe305-mm(12-in.)widemeasurementarea.
Record the maximum velocity and its height. This maximum
All velocities in the horizontal profile shall be within 65.0%
velocityshallbeatleast15.6m/s(35mph).Ahorizontalprofile of the maximum velocity recorded in the vertical profile.
of time-averaged velocities across the measurement area shall
NOTE 5—This height has been demonstrated to occur at approximately
be made at the height of maximum velocity (see Note 5)inthe
102 m
...