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ASTM D7152-11

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.
The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.
The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.
Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residua with kerosine, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2010
ICS
75.080 - Petroleum products in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7152-05e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Replaced By
ASTM D7152-11(2016) - Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jan-2016

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7152 − 11
StandardPractice for
1
Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
ity)
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the
D7042Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel
Kinematic Viscosity)
components, residua with kerosine, crude oils, and related
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of
3
Excel Worksheet
each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend
meeting a specific viscosity.
3. Terminology
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian
3.1.1 ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at
properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive
constant temperature, using components in volume percent.
packages, and products containing particulates.
3.1.2 blend fraction, n—the ratio of the amount of a com-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ponent to the total amount of the blend. Blend fraction may be
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
expressed as mass percent or volume percent.
standard.
3.1.3 blending method, n—an equation for calculating the
1.5 Logarithmsmaybeeithercommonlogarithmsornatural
viscosity of a blend of components from the known viscosities
logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This
of the components.
practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are
3.1.4 dumbbell blend, n—ablendmadefromcomponentsof
used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the
widely differing viscosity.
×
, used herein.
base 10 exponential function, 10
3.1.4.1 Example—a blend of S100N and Bright Stock.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 inverse blending method, n—an equation for calculat-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing the predicted blending fractions of components to achieve
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a blend of given viscosity.
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
3.1.6 mass blend fraction, n—The ratio of the mass of a
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
component to the total mass of the blend.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.7 McCoull-Walther-WrightFunction,n—amathematical
2
transformation of viscosity, generally equal to the logarithm of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the logarithm of kinematic viscosity plus a constant, lo-
D341Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
2
g[log(v+0.7)]. For viscosities below 2 mm /s, additional terms
Petroleum Products
are added to improve accuracy.
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
3.1.8 modified ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending
method at constant temperature, using components in mass
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
percent.
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
3.1.9 modified Wright Blending Method, n—a blending
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally
method at constant viscosity, using components in mass
ε1
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7152–05 . DOI:
percent.
10.1520/D7152-11.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD7152. Original adjunct produced in 2006.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7152 − 11
3.1.10 volume blend fraction, n—The ratio of the volume of which each component has the target blend viscosity are
a component to the total volume of the blend. calculated. The component transforme
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D7152–05 Designation:D7152–11
Standard Practice for
1
Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Adjunct reference was added editorially in October 2007.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum
products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residua with kerosine, crude oils, and related products, from their
kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting
a specific viscosity.
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian
properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently.This practice
uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(3), must be used in place of the base 10
3
exponential function, 10 , used herein.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products Excel Worksheet
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at constant temperature, using components in volume percent.
3.1.2 blend fraction, n—the ratio of the amount of a component to the total amount of the blend. Blend fraction may be
expressed as mass percent or volume percent.
3.1.3 blending method, n—an equation for calculating the viscosity of a blend of components from the known viscosities of the
components.
3.1.4 dumbbell blend, n—a blend made from components of widely differing viscosity.
3.1.4.1 Example—a blend of S100N and Bright Stock.
3.1.5 inverse blending method, n—anequationforcalculatingthepredictedblendingfractionsofcomponentstoachieveablend
of given viscosity.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow
Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published June 2005. DOI: 10.1520/D7152-05E01.
´1
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7152–05 . DOI:
10.1520/D7152-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD7152. Original adjunct produced in 2006.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7152–11
3.1.6 mass blend fraction, n—The ratio of the mass of a component to the total mass of the blend.
3.1.7 McCoull-Walther-Wright Function, n—a mathematical transformation of viscosity, generally equal to the logarithm of the
2
logarithm of kinematic viscosity plus a constant, log[log(v+0.7)]. For viscosities below 2 mm /s, additional terms are added to
improve accurac
...

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5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.  
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.  
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.  
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.  
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.  
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.  
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2887-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum fractions provides an insight into the composition of feedstocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. The gas chromatographic simulation of this determination can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations. This test method can be used for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.  
5.3 Procedure B was tested with biodiesel mixtures and reports the Boiling Point Distribution of FAME esters of vegetable and animal origin mixed with ultra low sulfur diesel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products. The test method is applicable to petroleum products and fractions having a final boiling point of 538 °C (1000 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. This test method is limited to samples having a boiling range greater than 55.5 °C (100 °F), and having a vapor pressure sufficiently low to permit sampling at ambient temperature.
Note 1: Since a boiling range is the difference between two temperatures, only the constant of 1.8 °F/°C is used in the conversion of the temperature range from one system of units to another.  
1.1.1 Procedure A (Sections 6 – 14)—Allows a larger selection of columns and analysis conditions such as packed and capillary columns as well as a Thermal Conductivity Detector in addition to the Flame Ionization Detector. Analysis times range from 14 min to 60 min.  
1.1.2 Procedure B (Sections 15 – 23)—Is restricted to only 3 capillary columns and requires no sample dilution. In addition, Procedure B is used not only for the sample types described in Procedure A but also for the analysis of samples containing biodiesel mixtures B5, B10, and B20. The analysis time, when using Procedure B (Accelerated D2887), is reduced to about 8 min.  
1.2 This test method is not to be used for the analysis of gasoline samples or gasoline components. These types of samples must be analyzed by Test Method D7096.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4952-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is intended primarily for the detection of mercaptans in motor fuel, kerosine, and similar petroleum products. This method may also provide information on hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur that may be present in these sample types.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 7.3.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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