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ASTM D7078/D7078M-20e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method

Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This shear test is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1,  1-3 or 3-1, 2-3 or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:  
5.2.1 Shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.2.2 Ultimate shear strength,  
5.2.3 Ultimate engineering shear strain, and  
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.  
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:  
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.  
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on stand...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2020
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
83.140.20 - Laminated sheets
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.04 - Lamina and Laminate Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D5229/D5229M-20 - Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM E251-20a - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM E251-20 - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM E1237-20 - Standard Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
15-Aug-2020

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ASTM D7078/D7078M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear MethodASTM D7078/D7078M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method
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ASTM D7078/D7078M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D7078/D7078M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail
1
Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7078/D7078M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made to the adjunct information in March 2021.
1. Scope 1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of
the fibers being randomly distributed.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materi-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
alsbyclampingtheendsofaV-notchedspecimenbetweentwo
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/
from the two systems shall not be combined.
D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in
loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the
brackets.
specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method
utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an un-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
notched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
2. Referenced Documents
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or
2
discontinuous-fiber-reinforcedcompositesinthefollowingma-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
terial forms: D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or
perpendicular to the fixture rails. D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
Resins
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction,
D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
withthe0°directionorientedeitherparallelorperpendicularto
D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
the fixture rails.
Materials
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
fabric filamentary laminae.
D4255/D4255MTest Method for In-Plane Shear Properties
of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear
Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
2
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D7078/D7078M–19. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7078_D7078M-20E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
...

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1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets, except that when A480M is specified, Annex A3 shall apply for the dimensional tolerances and not the bracketed SI values in Annex A2. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished in inch-pound units.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2552-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Assessing the Environmental and Human Health Impacts of New Compounds for Military Use

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide a logical, tiered approach in the development of environmental health criteria coincident with level and effort in the research, development, testing, and evaluation of new materials for military use. Various levels of uncertainty are associated with data collected from previous stages. Following the recommendation in the guide should reduce the relative uncertainty of the data collected at each developmental stage. At each stage, a general weight of evidence qualifier shall accompany each exposure/effect relationship. They may be simple (for example, low, medium, or high confidence) or sophisticated using a numerical value for each predictor as a multiplier to ascertain relative confidence in each step of risk characterization. The specific method used will depend on the stage of development, quantity and availability of data, variation in the measurement, and general knowledge of the dataset. Since specific formulations, conditions, and use scenarios may not be known until the later stages, exposure estimates can be determined when practical (for example, Engineering and Manufacturing Development; see 6.6). Exposure data can then be used with other toxicological data collected from previous stages in a quantitative risk assessment to determine the relative degree of hazard.  
5.2 Data developed from the use of this guide are designed to be consistent with criteria required in weapons and weapons system development (for example, programmatic environment, safety and occupational health evaluations, environmental assessments/environmental impact statements, toxicity clearances, and technical data sheets).  
5.3 Information shall be evaluated in a flexible manner consistent with the needs of the authorizing program. This requires proper characterization of the current problem. For example, compounds may be ranked relative to the environmental criteria of the prospective alternatives, the replacement compound, and within bo...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to determine the relative environmental influence of new substances, consistent with the research and development (R&D) level of effort and is intended to be applied in a logical, tiered manner that parallels both the available funding and the stage of research, development, testing, and evaluation. Specifically, conservative assumptions, relationships, and models are recommended early in the research stage, and as the technology is matured, empirical data will be developed and used. Munition constituents are included and may include propellants, oxidizers, explosives, binders, stabilizers, metals, dyes, and other compounds used in the formulation to produce a desired effect. Munition systems range from projectiles, grenades, rockets/missiles, training simulators, to smokes and obscurants. Given the complexity of issues involved in the assessment of environmental fate and effects and the diversity of the systems used, this guide is broad in scope and not intended to address every factor that may be important in an environmental context. Rather, it is intended to reduce uncertainty at minimal cost by considering the most important factors related to human health and environmental impacts of energetic materials. This guide provides an outline for collecting data useful in a relative ranking procedure to provide the systems scientist with a sound basis for prospectively determining a selection of candidates based on environmental and human health criteria. The general principles in this guide are applicable to substances other than energetics if intended to be used in a similar manner with similar exposure profiles.  
1.2 The scope of this guide includes:  
1.2.1 Energetic and other new/novel materials and compositions in all stages of research, development, test and evaluation.  
1.2.2 Environmental assessment, including:
1.2.2.1 Human and ecological effects of the unexploded energetics and ...

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ASTM
ASTM D8042-18(2023)(Test Method)
Test Method for Shrinkage Temperature of Wet Blue and Wet White

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the temperature at which the Wet Blue or Wet White specimen experiences shrinkage. In this test method, shrinkage occurs as a result of hydrothermal denaturation of the collagen protein molecules which make up the fiber structure of the Wet Blue or Wet White. The shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is influenced by many different factors, most of which appear to affect the number and nature of crosslinking interactions between adjacent polypeptide chains of the collagen protein molecules. The value of the shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is commonly used as an indicator of the type of tannage or the degree of tannage, or both, of that particular Wet Blue or Wet White (especially for the more hydrothermally stable tannages such as chrome tannage).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrinkage temperature of all types of Wet Blue and Wet White. The heating medium is water when the shrinkage temperature is at or below 98 °C. The heating medium is a glycerine-water solution when the shrinkage temperature is above 98 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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