ASTM F2924-14(2021)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F2924 −14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Specification for
Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium
with Powder Bed Fusion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This specification covers additively manufactured
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) components us-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ing full-melt powder bed fusion such as electron beam melting
and laser melting. The components produced by these pro-
2. Referenced Documents
cesses are used typically in applications that require mechani-
cal properties similar to machined forgings and wrought 2.1 ASTM Standards:
products. Components manufactured to this specification are B213 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using
often, but not necessarily, post processed via machining, the Hall Flowmeter Funnel
grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM), polishing, B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
and so forth to achieve desired surface finish and critical B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
dimensions. B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
1.2 This specification is intended for the use of purchasers
B600 Guide for Descaling and Cleaning Titanium and Tita-
or producers, or both, of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V
nium Alloy Surfaces
components for defining the requirements and ensuring com-
B769 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys
ponent properties.
B964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using
1.3 Users are advised to use this specification as a basis for
the Carney Funnel
obtaining components that will meet the minimum acceptance
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
requirements established and revised by consensus of the
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
members of the committee.
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
1.4 User requirements considered more stringent may be terials
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
met by the addition to the purchase order of one or more
Supplementary Requirements, which may include, but are not rials at Room Temperature
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
limited to, those listed in S1-S16.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Sieves
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
standard.
terials
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E21 TestMethodsforElevatedTemperatureTensionTestsof
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Metallic Materials
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tallic Materials
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Determine Conformance with Specifications
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
E238 Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic
Materials
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on
Additive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee F42.05 on Materials and Processes. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021. Published October 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F2924-14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F2924-14R21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2924−14 (2021)
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate- ISO 5832-3 Implants for Surgery—Metallic Materials—Part
rials 3: Wrought Titanium 6-Aluminum 4-Vanadium Alloy
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Third Edition
Toughness of Metallic Materials ISO 6506-1 Metallic materials—Brinell hardness test—Part
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys 1: Test method
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials—Vickers harness test—Part
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials 1: Test method
E539 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium Alloys by ISO 6508 Metallic materials—Rockwell hardness test—Part
WavelengthDispersiveX-RayFluorescenceSpectrometry 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)
E606 Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing ISO 6892-1 Metallic Materials—Tensile Testing at Ambient
E647 Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Temperature
Growth Rates ISO 6892-2 Metallic Materials—Tensile Testing—Part 2:
E1409 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen and Nitro- Method of test at elevated temperature
gen in Titanium and TitaniumAlloys by Inert Gas Fusion ISO 9001 Quality Management System – Requirements
E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing ISO 9044 IndustrialWovenWire Cloth –Technical Require-
E1447 Test Method for Determination of Hydrogen in Tita- ments and Testing
nium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion Thermal ISO 12108 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Fatigue
Conductivity/Infrared Detection Method crack growth method
E1450 Test Method for Tension Testing of StructuralAlloys ISO 12111 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Strain-
in Liquid Helium controlled thermomechanical fatigue testing method
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness ISO 12135 Metallic materials—Unified method of test for
E1941 Test Method for Determination of Carbon in Refrac- the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
toryandReactiveMetalsandTheirAlloysbyCombustion ISO 12737 Metallic materials—Determination of plane-
Analysis strain fracture toughness (withdrawn)
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical ISO 13485 Medical devices – Quality management systems
Fatigue Testing – Requirements for regulatory Purposes
E2371 Test Method for Analysis of Titanium and Titanium ISO 19819 Metallic materials—Tensile testing in liquid
Alloys by Direct Current Plasma and Inductively Coupled helium
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (Performance- 2.5 SAE Standards:
Based Test Methodology) AMS2249 Chemical Check Analysis Limits Titanium and
F629 Practice for Radiography of Cast Metallic Surgical Titanium Alloys
Implants AMS2801 Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloy Parts
F1472 Specification for Wrought Titanium-6Aluminum- AMSH81200 Heat Treatment of Titanium and Titanium
4VanadiumAlloy for Surgical ImplantApplications (UNS Alloys
R56400) AS1814 Terminology for Titanium Microstructures
F2792 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technolo- AS9100 Quality Systems – Aerospace – Model for Quality
gies (Withdrawn 2015) Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installa-
tion and Servicing
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
2.6 ASME Standards:
52915 Specification forAdditive Manufacturing File Format
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture
(AMF) Version 1.1
2.7 National Institute of Standards and Technology
52921 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—
IR 7847 (March 2012) CODEN: NTNOEF
Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
2.3 ASQ Standard:
3. Terminology
ASQ C1 Specifications of General Requirements for a Qual-
3.1 Definitions:
ity Program
3.1.1 as built, n, adj—refers to the state of components
2.4 ISO Standards:
made by an additive process before any post processing except
ISO 148-1 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum impact
where removal from a build platform is necessary or powder
test—Part 1: Test method
removal or support removal is required.
ISO 1099 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial force-
3.1.2 build cycle, n—single cycle in which one or more
controlled method
componentsarebuiltupinlayersintheprocesschamberofthe
ISO 4545 Metallic materials—Knoop hardness test—Part 2:
machine.
Verification and calibration of testing machines
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.
www.astm.org. Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
Available from American Society for Quality (ASQ), 600 N. Plankinton Ave., International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
Milwaukee, WI 53203, http://www.asq.org. www.asme.org.
5 8
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
F2924−14 (2021)
3.1.3 heat, n—powder lot. 3.5 Terminology relating to powder metallurgy inTerminol-
ogy B243 shall apply.
3.1.4 manufacturing lot, n—manufactured components hav-
ing commonality between powder, production run, machine,
4. Classification
and post-processing steps (if required) as recorded on a single
4.1 Unless otherwise specified herein, all classifications
manufacturing work order.
shall meet the requirements in each section of this specifica-
3.1.5 machine, n—a system including hardware, machine
tion.
control software, required set-up software and peripheral
4.1.1 Class A components shall be stress relieved or an-
accessories necessary to complete a build cycle for producing
nealed per Section 12.
components.
4.1.2 Class B components shall be annealed per Section 12.
3.1.6 manufacturing plan, n—plan including, but not lim-
4.1.3 Class C components shall be hot isostatically pressed
ited to the items in Section 6, written by the component
per Section 13.
supplier that specifies the production sequence, machine pa-
4.1.4 Class D components shall be solution heat treated and
rameters and manufacturing control system used in the pro-
aged per Section 12.
duction run.
4.1.5 For Class E components all thermal processing shall
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Manufacturing plans are typically re-
be optional.
quired under a quality management system such as ISO 9001
4.1.6 Class F components shall be stress relieved or an-
and ASQ C1.
nealed per Section 12.
3.1.7 near net shape, n—components that meet dimensional
5. Ordering Information
tolerance as built with little post processing.
5.1 Orders for components compliant with this specification
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Near net shape components are typi-
shall include the following to describe the requirements ad-
cally used for, but not limited to, Class 4 components.
equately:
3.1.8 powder bed, n—refers to the build area in an additive
5.1.1 This specification designation,
manufacturing process in which feedstock is deposited and
5.1.2 Description or part number of product desired,
selectively melted with a heat source to build up components.
5.1.3 Quantity of product desired,
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Powderbedprocessesareincontrastto
5.1.4 Classification,
other metal additive manufacturing processes in which powder
5.1.5 SI or SAE units,
or wire are fed simultaneously with the heat source. Powder
5.1.5.1 Discussion—The STL file format used by many
bed processes include, but are not limited to, the processes
powder bed fusion machines does not contain units of mea-
know as selective laser melting, metal laser sintering, and
surementasmetadata.WhenonlySTLfilesareprovidedbythe
electron beam melting.
purchaser, ordering information should specify the units of the
3.1.9 powder blend, n—quantity of powder made by blend-
component along with the electronic data file. More informa-
ing powders originating from more than one powder lot.
tion about data files can be found in ISO/ASTM 52915.
5.1.6 Dimensions and tolerances (Section 14),
3.1.10 powder lot, n—a quantity of powder produced under
5.1.7 Mechanical properties (Section 11),
traceable, controlled conditions, from a single unifying manu-
5.1.8 Methods for chemical analysis (Section 9),
facturing process cycle and provided with source documenta-
5.1.9 Sampling methods (S16),
tion.
5.1.10 Post-processing sequence of operations,
3.1.10.1 Discussion—The size of a powder lot is defined by
5.1.11 Thermal processing,
the powder supplier. It is common that the powder supplier
5.1.12 Allowable porosity (Section S8).
distributes a portion of a powder lot to multiple powder bed
5.1.13 Component marking such as labeling the serial or lot
fusion component suppliers.
number in the CAD file prior to the build cycle, or product
3.1.11 production run, n—all components produced in one
tagging,
build cycle or sequential series of build cycles using the same
5.1.14 Packaging,
process conditions and powder.
5.1.15 Certification,
3.1.12 used powder, n—powder from a powder blend or
5.1.16 Disposition of rejected material (Section 15), and
powder lot that has been processed in at least one previous
5.1.17 Supplementary requirements.
build cycle.
6. Manufacturing Plan
3.1.13 virgin powder, n—unused powder from a single
powder lot. 6.1 Class A, B, C, D, and F components manufactured to
thisspecificationshallhaveamanufacturingplanthatincludes,
3.2 Terminology relating to titanium microstructure in
but is not limited to, the following:
AS1814 shall apply.
6.1.1 A machine, and manufacturing control system, quali-
3.3 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in Ter-
fication procedure as agreed between component supplier and
minology F2792 shall apply.
purchaser;
3.4 TerminologyrelatingtocoordinatesystemsinTerminol-
NOTE 1—Qualification procedures typically require qualification build
ogy 52921 shall apply. cycles in which mechanical property test specimens are prepared and
F2924−14 (2021)
FIG. 1Build Platform Coordinates for Test Specimens (for reference only)
measured in accordance with Section 11 or other applicable standards.
sition shall be adequate to yield, after processing, the final
Location, orientation on the build platform, number of test specimens for
material chemistry listed in Table 1.
each machine qualification build cycle, and relationship between speci-
men test results and component quality shall be agreed upon between 7.3 Powder blends are allowed unless otherwise specified
component supplier and purchaser.
between the component supplier and component purchaser, as
long as all powder used to create the powder blend meet the
6.1.2 Feedstock that meets the requirements of Section 7;
requirements in Table 1 and lot numbers are documented and
6.1.3 The machine identification, including machine soft-
maintained.
ware version, manufacturing control system version (if
automated), build chamber environment, machine
7.4 Used powder is allowed. The proportion of virgin
conditioning, and calibration information of the qualified
powder to used powder shall be recorded and reported for each
machine;
production run. The maximum number of times used powder
6.1.4 Predetermined process as substantiated by the quali-
can be used as well as the number of times any portion of a
fication procedure;
powder lot can be processed in the build chamber should be
6.1.5 Safeguards to ensure traceability of the digital files,
agreed upon between component supplier and purchaser for
including design history of the components;
Class A, B, C, D, and F. There are no limits on the number of
6.1.6 All the steps necessary to start the build process,
build cycles for used powder for Class E components. After a
including build platform selection, machine cleaning, and
build cycle, any remaining used powder may be blended with
powder handling;
virgin powder to maintain a powder quantity large enough for
6.1.7 The requirements for approving machine operators;
next build cycle. The chemical composition of used powders
6.1.8 Logging of machine build data files, upper and lower
shall be analyzed regularly, as agreed upon between compo-
limits of the parameters affecting component quality and other
nent supplier and purchaser. Powder not conforming to Table 1
process validation controls;
or 7.7 shall not be further processed in the machine to
6.1.9 The number of components per build cycle, their
manufacture Class A, B, C, D and F components.
orientation and location on the build platform, and support
7.4.1 All used powder shall be sieved with a sieve having a
structures, if required;
mesh size appropriate for removing any agglomerates or
6.1.10 Process steps including, but not limited to, Section 8;
contaminants from the build cycle.
6.1.11 Post-processingprocedure,includingsequenceofthe
7.5 All powder sieves used to manufacture ClassA, B, C, D
post-processing steps and the specifications for each step;
and F components shall have a certificate of conformance that
6.1.12 Thermal processing including furnace anneal, hot
isostatic pressing, heat treat, and aging; and
6.1.13 Inspection requirements as agreed between the pur-
chaser and component supplier, including any supplementary TABLE 1 Composition
requirements.
Element min max
Aluminum 5.50 6.75
7. FeedStock
Vanadium 3.50 4.50
Iron — 0.30
7.1 The feedstock for this specification shall be metal
Oxygen — 0.20
powder, as defined in Terminology B243, that has the powder
Carbon — 0.08
Nitrogen — 0.05
type, size distribution, shape, tap density, and flow rate
Hydrogen — 0.015
optimized for the process as determined by the component
Yttrium — 0.005
supplier.
Other elements, each — 0.10
Other elements, total — 0.40
7.2 The metal powder shall be free from detrimental
Titanium remainder
amounts of inclusions and impurities and its chemical compo-
F2924−14 (2021)
TABLE 2 Check Analysis Tolerances
they were manufactured to ISO 9044 or all powder sieving
shall be in conformance with Specification E11. Element Permissible Variation in
Check Analysis
7.6 Sieve analysis of used powder or powder lots during
Aluminum ±0.40
Vanadium ±0.15
incoming inspection or in-process inspection shall be made in
Iron ±0.10
accordance with Test Method B214 or as agreed between
Oxygen ±0.02
component supplier and purchaser.
Carbon ±0.02
Nitrogen ±0.02
7.7 The maximum percentage of aluminum in Table 1 may
Hydrogen ±0.002
Yttrium ±0.0006
be increased for virgin powder, used powder and powder
Other Elements, each ±0.02
blends when agreed upon between component supplier and
purchaser.Whencomponentsupplierandpurchaseragreetoan
increase in the maximum percentage of aluminum, 9.2 shall
apply.
7.8 Any powder l
...