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ASTM D4194-23

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices

Standard Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration desalinating devices can be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies (
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions and are not necessarily applicable to natural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Devices  
8 – 14    
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices  
15 – 21    
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices  
22 – 28  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2022
ICS
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
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REDLINE ASTM D4194-23 - Standard Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration DevicesREDLINE ASTM D4194-23 - Standard Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
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REDLINE ASTM D4194-23 - Standard Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4194 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and
1
Nanofiltration Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
operating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices using
Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
standard test conditions and are not necessarily applicable to
natural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:
3. Terminology
Sections
3.1 Definitions:
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis 8 – 14
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods,
Devices
refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices 15 – 21
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 22 – 28
3.1.2 brackish water, n—water that contains dissolved mat-
ter at an approximate concentration range from 1000 to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
30 000 mg ⁄L.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1.3 concentrate, n—stream exiting a crossflow membrane
device that has increased concentration of solutes and particles
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
over the feed stream; portion of the feed steram that does not
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pass through the membrane; the stream in which dissolved
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
solids or particulates, or both, are concentrated in a membrane
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
separation process.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.4 hollow-fiber (HF) membrane—self-supporting mem-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
brane fibers that have a hollow bore like a cylinder; in reverse
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
osmosis, the membrane is usually on the outside with the bore
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
conveying the permeate; in ultra and micro filtration, the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
membrane might be on the inside or outside of the fiber.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.5 nanofiltration (NF), n—crossflow process with pore
sizes designed to remove selected salts and most organics
2. Referenced Documents
above about 300 molecular weight range, sometimes referred
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to as loose RO; a pressure-driven membrane separation process
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water (Withdrawn
in which particles and dissolved molecules larger than about
3
2021)
2 nm are rejected.
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
3 3.1.6 permeate, n—that portion of the feed which passes
tivity of Water (Withdrawn 2023)
through the membrane.
3.1.7 reverse osmosis (RO), n—separation process in which
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on
one component of a solution is removed from another compo-
Water and are the direct responsibilities of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes
nent by flowing the feed stream under pressure across a
and Ion Exchange Materials.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2023. Published February 2023. Originally semipermeable membrane that causes selective movement of
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4194 – 03 (2014).
solvent against its osmonic pressure difference; RO removes
DOI: 10.1520/D4194-23.
ions based on electrochemical forces, colloids, and organics
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
down to 150 molecular weight; may also be called hyperfil-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tration.
the ASTM website.
3
3.1.8 sea water, n—water with approximate concentration of
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.ast-
m.org. total dissolved solids ranging from 30 000 to 60 000 mg ⁄L.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

----------------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4194 − 03 (Reapproved 2014) D4194 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Operating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis and
1
Nanofiltration Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the operating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices using standard test
conditions and are not necessarily applicable to natural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:
Sections
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis 8 – 13
Devices
Test Method A—Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis De- 8 – 14
vices
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices 14 – 19
Test Method B—Nanofiltration Devices 15 – 21
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 20 – 25
Test Method B—Seawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 22 – 28
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water (Withdrawn 2021)
3
D1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water (Withdrawn 2023)
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and are the direct responsibilities of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion
Exchange Materials.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014Jan. 1, 2023. Published February 2014February 2023. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20082014 as
D4194 – 03 (2008).(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D4194-03R14.10.1520/D4194-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4194 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.
3.1.2 brackish water, n—water that contains dissolved matter at an approximate concentration range from 1000 to 30 000 mg ⁄L.
3.1.3 concentrate, n—stream exiting a crossflow membrane device that has increased concentration of solutes and particles over
the feed stream; portion of the feed steram that does not pass through the membrane; the stream in which dissolved solids or
particulates, or both, are concentrated in a membrane separation process.
3.1.4 hollow-fiber (HF) membrane—self-supporting membrane fibers that have a hollow bore like a cylinder; in reverse osmosis,
the membrane is usually on the outside with the bore conveying the permeate; in ultra and micro filtration, the membrane might
be on the inside or outside of the fiber.
3.1.5 nanofiltration (NF), n—crossflow process with pore sizes designed to remove selected salts and most organics above about
300 molecular weight range, sometimes referred to as loose RO; a pressure-driven membrane separation process in which particles
and dissolved molecules larger than about 2 nm are rejected.
3.1.6 permeate, n—that portion of the feed which passes through the membrane.
3.1.7 reverse osmosi
...

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4.1 PFAS are widely used in commercial and industrial applications worldwide (see Fig. 1). PFAS are of concern due to their documented persistence and their studied impacts on human health and the environmental. While there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual PFAS substances and their functions in different applications, a range of resources are available to the practitioner. This guide provides information to assist the practitioner in navigating these challenges during the initial screening and site characterization process.
FIG. 1 Activity/Industry that may be Sources of PFAS Use and Release
Source: AEI Consultants  
4.2 The user should note that PFAS regulatory management framework at the federal and state level are evolving quickly. Therefore, consultation with legal and technical representatives with knowledge of federal, state, and local PFAS regulations is advised prior to use of this guide. Environmental audit policies or privileges may be applicable to some of the steps described in this guide (see EPA, 2000).  
4.3 Multi-step Risk Management Framework:  
4.3.1 The actions described in this guide are intended to provide a multi-step risk management framework to confirm, with reasonable certainty, that PFAS may have been used at a federally-owned, publicly-owned, or privately-owned property. This standard provides guidance on how to focus limited resources on using a multi-step process, illustrated in Fig. 2, to identify property potentially impacted by on-site or off-site uses and releases of PFAS. Section 4.5 describes the use and occurrence of PFAS. Section 4.6 describes activities at government and federal installations where PFAS use is expected. Section 4.7 broadly outlines the industry sectors where the use of PFAS has been documented (Glüge, 2020 (2), Gaines, 2022 (3)).
FIG. 2 Initial Site Screening and Characterization Flow Diagram  
4.4 PFAs History and Use:  
4.4.1 In the 1940s, industrial processes to co...
SCOPE
1.1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 7,000 manmade compounds consisting of polymeric chains of carbon bonded to fluorine atoms, usually with a polar functional group at the head. This guide recognizes that PFAS can be categorized as polymeric or nonpolymeric, collectively amounting to more than 4,700 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)-registered substances. Environmental concerns pertaining to PFAS are centered primarily on the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), a subclass of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which display extreme persistence and chain-length dependent bioaccumulation and adverse effects in biota.  
1.2 The regulatory framework for PFAS continues to evolve, both domestically and internationally. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proceeding with a wide-ranging set of PFAS regulatory actions (EPA, 2021). While the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) does not currently recognize PFAS as hazardous substances, the statute does require actions to protect public health and the environment from contaminants and pollutants released to the environment. Other federal regulatory programs, such as the Safe Drinking Water Act are being used to address drinking water supplies adversely impacted by releases of PFAS. The Clean Water Act’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program is tool that both federal and state regulators are using to regulate the inflows of PFAS-impacted wastewaters at both publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) and federally-owned wastewater treatment plants and the concentration of PFAS in permitted effluent. EPA continues to add additional per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the list of substances reportable under the federal Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reporting program. International efforts to address per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances include Australia’s PFAS Nation...

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ASTM
ASTM G136-03(2023)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Soluble Residual Contaminants in Materials by Ultrasonic Extraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.  
5.2 Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1: The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.  
5.3 The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.  
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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