ASTM D4871-11(2022)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4871 − 11 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Universal Oxidation/Thermal Stability Test Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
by Potentiometric Titration
1.1 This guide covers an apparatus used to measure the
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
oxidation or thermal stability of liquids by subjecting them to
Indicator Titration
temperatures in the range from 50 °C to 375 °C in the presence
D1500 Test Method forASTM Color of Petroleum Products
of air, oxygen, nitrogen, or other gases at flow rates of 1.5 L⁄h
(ASTM Color Scale)
to 13 L⁄h, or in the absence of gas flow. Stability may be
D3339 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
measured in the presence or absence of water or soluble or
by Semi-Micro Color Indicator Titration
insoluble catalysts. Gases evolved may be allowed to escape,
D5763 Test Method for Oxidation and Thermal Stability
condensed and collected, or condensed and returned to the test
Characteristics of Gear Oils Using Universal Glassware
cell.
D5770 Test Method for Semiquantitative Micro Determina-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
tion of Acid Number of Lubricating Oils During Oxida-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tion Testing
standard.
D5846 Test Method for Universal Oxidation Test for Hy-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
draulic and Turbine Oils Using the Universal Oxidation
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Test Apparatus
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D6514 Test Method for High Temperature Universal Oxida-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- tion Test for Turbine Oils
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Summary of Guide
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 An apparatus is described in which a sample of test
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fluid, typically from 100 mL or 100 g, is subjected to thermal
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
or oxidative degradation or both. Insoluble or soluble catalyst
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
may be added. Gas may be bubbled through the liquid to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
provide agitation or to promote oxidation or both. Water or
water vapor may be added.At the end of the test or at intervals
2. Referenced Documents
throughout the test, the liquid is monitored for change in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
neutralization number, viscosity, weight loss, formation of
D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating
sludge, or for other parameters. The corrosivity of the fluid
Oils
toward any catalyst metals can be determined from the
D156 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
appearance and weight change of the metal test specimens, if
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
present, or by monitoring the oil and any sludge or water for
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
metal content. The test is terminated after a fixed time period
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
or when a selected parameter reaches a condemning value.
ity)
NOTE 1—The volume of liquid at test temperature should be sufficient
to cover the catalysts and should not extend beyond the heated portion of
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum the bath.
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.09.0D on Oxidation of Lubricants.
4. Significance and Use
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published April 2022. Originally
4.1 This standard describes an apparatus that provides the
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4871 – 11 (2016).
DOI: 10.1520/D4871-11R22.
versatility required to conduct oxidation or thermal stability
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tests on liquids using a wide variety of test conditions. It is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
sufficientlyflexiblesothatnewtestconditionscanbechosenin
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. response to the changing demands of the marketplace.
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D4871 − 11 (2022)
FIG. 1 Universal Oxidation Test Apparatus
4.2 Procedures using this apparatus are described in the 5.1.3 The heating system shall be geometrically and ther-
following ASTM standard test methods: D5763, D5846, and mally balanced. For thermal balance, sizes and locations of the
D6514.Otherproceduresmaybeinuse,buttheyhavenotbeen heaters are proportioned against heat losses.
developed as ASTM standard test methods. 5.1.4 The block is cylindrical and constructed from forged
aluminum. The block has a minimum thickness of 38 mm of
5. Apparatus insulation on all sides, top and bottom. An insulation of
thermally efficient ceramic fiber material is suggested.
5.1 Heating Block, as shown at the lower right in Fig. 1,to
5.1.5 The exterior jacket, sides and top are stainless steel or
provide a controlled constant temperature for conducting tests.
equivalent.
5.1.1 Test cells are maintained at constant elevated tempera-
5.1.6 The block is equipped with a well for a temperature
ture by means of a heated aluminum block which surrounds
measuring device and a thermometer.
each test cell.
5.1.2 Holes in the aluminum block to accommodate the test
5.2 Temperature Control System, as shown at lower left in
cells shall provide 1.0 mm max clearance for 38 mm outside Fig. 1, to maintain the heating block at a set temperature.
diameter glass tubes. The glass test cells shall fit into the block
5.2.1 The temperature controller shall be capable of main-
to a depth of 225 mm 6 5 mm.
taining the block temperature within 60.5 °C of the desired
test temperature for the duration of the test. The preferred
NOTE 2—The original test blocks were made with spaces for ten test
controller shall have proportional and integral control modes,
cells. Blocks with different number of holes are acceptable if other
requirements are met. and a heater malfunction alarm.
D4871 − 11 (2022)
5.2.2 The range for operation is from at least 50 °C to
375 °C. (Warning—An adjustable deviation alarm that auto-
matically shuts down the system if temperature varies outside
preset limits is desirable as a safety feature and to avoid
erroneous test results. A separate adjustable high temperature
monitor and shutoff is desirable as a safety device.)
5.2.3 Temperature control and uniformity is the most im-
portant parameter affecting test result precision. Therefore, the
heating system design is critical. Temperature from hole-to-
hole and at all sides of each hole in the block shall be uniform
within the 0.5 °C tolerance of the total system.
5.3 GasFlowControlSystem,asshowninFig.1,toprovide
air or other gases to each test cell.
5.3.1 A gas flow controller is required for each test cell, to
provideairorotherdesiredgases.(Warning—Ifreactivegases
are to be used in th
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