ASTM D2783-21

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2783 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating
1
Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2783; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2.2 ANSI/ABMA/ISO Standard:
3
3290-1-2014 Rolling Bearings – Balls – Part 1: Steel Balls
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
carrying properties of lubricating fluids. The following two
3. Terminology
determinations are made:
1.1.1 Load-wear index (formerly Mean-Hertz load). 3.1 Definitions:
1.1.2 Weldpointbymeansofthefour-ballextreme-pressure
3.1.1 compensation line, n—a line of plot on logarithmic
(EP) tester. paper, as shown in Fig. 1, where the coordinates are scar
diameter in millimetres and applied load in kilograms-force (or
1.2 For the determination of the load-carrying properties of
newtons), obtained under dynamic conditions.
lubricating greases, see Test Method D2596.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Coordinates for the compensation line
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
are found in Table 1, Columns 1 and 3.
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Some lubricants give coordinates
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
which are above the compensation line. Known examples of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
such fluids are methyl phenyl silicone, chlorinated methyl
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
phenyl silicone, silphenylene, phenyl ether, and some mixtures
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of petroleum oil and chlorinated paraffins.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.2 compensation scar diameter, n—the average diameter,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in millimetres, of the wear scar on the stationary balls caused
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
by the rotating ball under an applied load in the presence of a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
lubricant, but without causing either seizure or welding.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The wear scar obtained shall be within
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5 % of the values noted in Table 1, Column 3.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.3 corrected load, n—the load in kilograms-force (or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
newtons) for each run obtained by multiplying the applied load
by the ratio of the Hertz scar diameter to the measured scar
2. Referenced Documents
diameter at that load.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 extreme pressure (EP) additives, n—tribologically re-
D2596 Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure
active species that prevent mating metallic surfaces from
Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
adhering to each other under concentrated contact conditions
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
with high PV values [PV product, G40].
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The PV value is the product of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
contact pressure (MPa) and sliding velocity (m/s).
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
3.1.5 extreme pressure (EP) lubricants, n—formulations
Subcommittee D02.L0.11 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and
whose effects may become observable at different operating
Lubricates.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
conditions, preventing adhesive wear under mixed or boundary
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D2783 – 19. DOI:
lubrication regimes and are characterized by an increased load
10.1520/D2783-21.
carrying capacity or increased tribolfilm strength.
This method was prepared under the joint sponsorship of the American Society
of Lubrication Engineers. Accepted by ASLE January 1969.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org
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