ASTM F3045-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled crude oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities of crude oils and petroleum products in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures that may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3045 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-
oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
1
Mixed with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the
water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities of crude
2. Summary of Test Method
oils and petroleum products in the laboratory. The results of
2.1 Oil is mixed with 33 ‰ (3.3 %) saline water for 12 h in
this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil
a standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixture is charac-
spill models.
terized after this mixing period.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determin-
2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is charac-
ing emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures
terized by visual qualities, by measuring water content and by
that may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
rheological measurements. The mixture is then classified as a
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are
stable, meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water
intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and
mixture. Each of these four types of mixtures has different
petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.
characteristics affecting the behavior of oil in the aquatic
environment.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be
used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as
3. Terminology
input to oil spill models.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on
3.1.1 complex modulus—One of the results of viscoelastic
the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils
measurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelastic
can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their
substance to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combining
chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils
both the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance and
are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
the reversible (elastic) deformation of the test substance.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2 emulsion—Atype of colloid, specifically, a dispersion
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
of small droplets of one immiscible liquid in another.
standard.
3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsions—Emulsions that lack one or
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
more of the compositional factors necessary to form a stable
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
emulsion, but that are sufficiently stable to persist for short
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
periods, typically a few hours to days.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.2.2 stable emulsions—Emulsions that persist
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
indefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid film
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
interface which resists coalescence.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.2.3 unstable emulsions—Mixtures of water and oil that
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a few minutes
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
to hours. There may be residual water remaining in low
percentages.
3.1.2.4 water-in-oil emulsion—An emulsion consisting of a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on
continuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.
Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
3.1.3 entrained water—This is not an emulsion but a me-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2021. Published September 2021. Originally
chanical mixture of oil and water which has not separated due
approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as F3045–20. DOI:
10.1520/F3045–21. to the physical properties of the water and oil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F3045 − 20 F3045 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-
oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
1
Mixed with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities of crude oils and
petroleum products in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures that may
be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum
products at sea and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input
to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form
a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable
with respect to the type formed
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Summary of Test Method
2.1 Oil is mixed with 33 ‰ (3.3 %) saline water for 12 h in a standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixture is characterized
after this shakingmixing period.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020Sept. 1, 2021. Published April 2020September 2021. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 20152020 as
ɛ1
F3045–15–20. . DOI: 10.1520/F3045–20.10.1520/F3045–21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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F3045 − 21
2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is characterized visually, by by visual qualities, by measuring water content and
by rheological measurements. The mixture is then classified as a stable, meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water
mixture. Each of these four types of mixtures has different characteristics affecting the oils behavior once spilled.behavior of oil
in the aquatic environment.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 complex modulus—One of the results of viscoelastic measurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelastic substance
to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combining both the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance and the reversible
(elastic) deformation of the test substance.
3.1.2 emulsion—A type of colloid, specifically, a dispersion of small droplets of one immiscible liquid in another.
3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsions—Emulsions that lack one or more of the compositional factors necessary to form a stable
emulsion, but that are sufficiently stable to persist for short periods, typically a few hours to days.
3.1.2.2 stable emulsions—Emulsions that persist indefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid film interface which resists
coalescence.
3.1.2.3 unstable emulsions—Mixtures of water and oil that resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a few minutes to
hours. There may be res
...
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