ISO/TC 27 - Coal and coke

This document describes the principles and methods for the expression of results of performance tests on sizing equipment used in coal preparation and includes methods for the evaluation of performance parameters. Performance test procedures and size measurement techniques are recommended. This document applies to all types of sizing equipment, categorized as follows: a) screens; b) classifiers; c) others. The procedure described in this document applies to two-product separations. Performance assessment of multiproduct separations can be achieved by consideration of a series of two-product separations.

This document describes a laboratory method for release evaluation of the froth flotation characteristics of hard coal, of particle size less than 0,5 mm. It is applicable to coal in powder form or in the form of a slurry.

This document specifies a method for determining the proportions of the maceral groups (and the minerals, if desired) in coals. It is concerned only with determinations made on polished particulate blocks using incident white light. For lower-rank coals, the additional use of the fluorescence mode is necessary to identify liptinites.

This document specifies a method, using a graticule with 20 crossline intersections, for determining the proportions of microlithotypes, carbominerite and minerite in coals. It applies only to determinations made on polished particulate blocks using reflected white light. Additional blue, blue-violet or UV light excitation for better identification of liptinite in fluorescence can be used especially for low rank coals.

This document specifies methods for preparing a polished particulate block from a sample of crushed coal for analysis by reflected light microscopy. These methods can also be applied to the preparation of a polished, embedded lump of coal.

This document specifies the methods for determining the reflectance of vitrinite of coals microscopically on polished surfaces, immersed in oil. The methods are applicable to coals from single seams or coal blends covering the whole range of low-, medium- and high-rank coal. Vitrinite reflectance measurements can be used to characterize the components within blends. Measures can be taken to correct for the vitrinite percentage within each of the components of the blend or to determine the proportion of components in a blend, particularly when the components have dissimilar vitrinite contents. This method necessitates the identification of vitrinite by the analyst. Reflectance measurements on vitrinite, obtained by interpreting the results from an automated system, are outside the scope of this document.

This document defines terms that are used in connection with both maceral and microlithotype analyses, and with the determination of the reflectance of vitrinite. It applies to the terms used in the examination of coal of all ranks and types. This document is not intended to be a comprehensive glossary of coal petrographic terminology, nor does it attempt to provide sufficient information to allow recognition of all the coal components described.

This document establishes a classification of brown coals and lignites by types on the basis of total moisture mass fraction and tar yield.

This document specifies reference methods for the size analysis of coal by manual sieving (wet or dry), using test sieves of aperture sizes between 90 mm and 45 μm. A guide to sampling is given in Annex A. This document is applicable to all coals. It is not applicable to coke. In the case of pulverized coal which has been ground so that a high proportion passes through the test sieve of the smallest aperture size, the methods of this document determine only the mass fraction oversize expressed as a percent.

This document describes a method for the measurement of the swelling properties of hard coal using a dilatometer.

This document sets out principles and procedures for testing the bias of test samples of coals or cokes, taken according to the ISO 13909 series.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of coal and coke at constant volume and at the reference temperature of 25 °C in a combustion vessel calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the analysis sample at constant volume with all the water of the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, fuel is burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume can also be used; formulae are given for calculating both values. General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the fuel tests are specified in the main text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are described in Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel tests using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples illustrating some of the calculations. Annex F provides guidance around safe use, maintenance and testing of the calorimeter combustion vessel. NOTE Descriptors: solid fuels, coal, coke, tests, determination, calorific value, rules of calculation, calorimetry.

This document specifies a method of determining the amount of mineral matter in all types of coal, including brown coals and lignites.

This document specifies a method of determining the characteristic fusion temperatures of ash from hard coal. NOTE Descriptors: fossil fuels, ash, ashes, tests, high temperature tests, determination, and fusibility.

This document specifies a method of determining the total carbon and the total hydrogen in coal and coke, by the Liebig method.

This document defines methods for estimating overall precision and for deriving values for primary increment variance which can be used to modify the sampling scheme to change the precision. Methods for checking the variance of sample preparation and testing are also described. In this document, formulae are developed which link the variables that contribute to overall sampling precision.

This document describes the preparation of samples of coal from the combination of primary increments to the preparation of samples for specific tests.

This document specifies procedures for the mechanical sampling of coal from stationary lots, for example, from wagons, barges, ships and stockpiles. These procedures are to be used when it is not possible to sample the lots during loading or discharge according to ISO 13909-2. Procedures for sample preparation are given in ISO 13909-4. This document is applicable to mechanical sampling from stationary coal lots, to obtain samples from which test samples for the determination of moisture, and for general analysis including physical and chemical tests, can be prepared in accordance with the requirements and recommendations set out in ISO 13909-4. In this document, the principles and procedures for designing a sampling scheme are given, together with typical examples of applications; in addition, practices for the execution of sampling in different sampling situations are described. The methods described are limited to those on which it is possible to conduct a test for bias.

This document specifies the method for determining the true relative density of coke, in relation to water. NOTE “True relative density” varies according to the displacement liquid used.

This document defines the basic terms used in the sampling of coal and coke, describes the general principles of sampling and details the information to be provided in the documentation and the sampling report. It also lists the other parts of the ISO 13909 series and gives guidance on the selection of the appropriate part. The ISO 13909 series also includes sampling of brown coals and lignites.

This document specifies procedures and requirements for the design and establishment of mechanical samplers for the sampling of coal from moving streams and describes the methods of sampling used. It does not cover mechanical sampling from stationary lots, which is dealt with in ISO 13909-3.

This document specifies procedures and requirements for the design and establishment of sampling schemes for the mechanical sampling of coke from moving streams and the methods of sampling used. The diversity of types of equipment for sampling and the conditions under which mechanical sampling is performed make it inappropriate to specify standard designs for samplers which will be applicable to all situations.

This document describes the preparation of samples of coke from the combination of primary increments to the preparation of samples for specific tests.

This document specifies the method for the determination the porosity of the coke.

This document specifies the method for the determination of the apparent relative density of coke, i.e. the ratio of the mass of a volume of dry coke to the mass of an equal volume of water.

This document specifies a procedure for the determination of the total cadmium mass fraction of coal.

This document describes the extraction from coal by dilute hydrochloric acid and determination of extractable sodium, potassium, calcium, iron and magnesium.

This document specifies a method using Eschka's mixture during ashing, extraction of the ash residue with acid, and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry or hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry, for the determination of arsenic and selenium in solid mineral fuels. The method is also applicable for the determination of the analytes by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.

This document specifies a reduced molybdophosphate photometric method for the determination of the total phosphorus mass fraction of hard coal, lignites and coke. Two methods for taking the phosphorus into solution are specified, namely extraction from the coal or coke ash with acid or by repeated oxidation of the coal or coke, by acid, to remove carbonaceous matter.

This document specifies a method of determining the mass fraction of acetone-soluble material (“resinous substance”) in the benzene-soluble extract from brown coals and lignites. NOTE The acetone extract also contains a mass fraction of wax dissolved simultaneously with the "resinous substance".

This document specifies a method for obtaining a relative measure of the plastic behaviour of hard coal when heated under prescribed conditions. The method is used to obtain values of the plastic properties of coals and blends used in carbonization and in other situations where determination of plastic behaviour of coals is of practical importance. NOTE The empirical nature of this test requires proper equipment calibration to produce fluidity readings which are a true indication of the relative plastic behaviour of the coal.

This document specifies a method of determining the total carbon and the total hydrogen in coal and coke by a high temperature combustion method.

This document specifies methods of determining the sulfate and pyritic sulfur mass fraction of coals, and of calculating the amount of organic sulfur present.

This document specifies the Gray-King coke method of assessing the caking power of hard coal under standard conditions.

This document specifies a procedure for the determination of the total mercury mass fraction of coal.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the moisture in the analysis sample of brown coals and lignites using an indirect gravimetric method.

This document specifies two methods for determination of the total moisture of brown coals and lignites using an indirect gravimetric single-stage method and a two-stage method.

This document specifies a method for determining the swelling properties of hard coal when heated in a covered crucible. NOTE The "crucible swelling number" (CSN) is also known as the "free swelling index" (FSI).

This document specifies an alternative method of determining the total sulfur mass fraction of coal and coke by high-temperature combustion by Coulomb titration.

This document specifies a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in coal and coke by instrumental methods. NOTE This document has been validated for coal only, in accordance with the principles of ISO 5725-1. The suite of samples used in the interlaboratory study (ILS) to determine the precision data did not include coke and therefore there is insufficient data to state precision limits for coke.

This document sets out a laboratory procedure for the dust testing of higher rank coals. The procedure defines a means of evaluating the dust/moisture relationship characteristic of a coal and a dust extinction moisture (DEM). NOTE In this document, an experimental dust number of 10 has been used in the example given in Annex A.

This document sets out a laboratory sequential procedure for the froth flotation testing of fine coal, e.g. coal having a particle size of less than 0,5 mm. The procedure provides a means of evaluating the flotation characteristics for coal (expressed as a yield/ash relationship) that can be expected from the froth flotation process. This document does not apply to pulp samples that cannot be dewatered without the use of heat or chemical additives. This document does not apply to procedures for the investigation of flotation kinetics. The test is not intended to provide plant design data. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO 8858-1.

This document sets out principles and conventions for use in the preparation of basic process and equipment flowsheets for the design of a coal preparation plant.

This document specifies a method of determining the volatile matter of hard coal and of coke. It is not applicable to brown coals and lignites.

This document defines terms commonly employed in the sampling, testing and analysis of coal (3.39) and coke (3.42). Alternative names are given for several terms. In some cases, the use of the alternative name is deprecated (as indicated).

This document specifies a method for the determination of the ash of coal and coke.

This document establishes a practice for the proximate analysis of coal and coke. It is intended for general utilization by the coal industry to provide a basis for comparison of coals and coke and for the determination of fixed carbon.

This document specifies a method for determining the moisture in the general analysis test sample of coke. It can be used for the determination of moisture in blast-furnace coke, foundry-coke and other high-temperature carbonization products.

This document makes reference to ASTM D1412 as a method of determining the moisture-holding capacity of coal.

This document specifies the requirements for testing the performances of coal density separators using density tracers and provides a method for the presentation of test results. This document is partly based on AS 5213. This document is applicable to dense medium cyclones (DMCs) and dense medium baths, as follows: a) for a single separator; b) for a group of separators where the feed is distributed between them at a point downstream of density tracer insertion; c) for density tracers of any size; but rarely used for particles with maximum dimension less than 2 mm. This document also provides guidance for testing the performances of other types of density separators with density tracers.