CEN/TC 155/WG 8 - Systems for water supply and pressure drainage and sewerage - PVC-U (solid wall)
Preparation of system standards for PVC systems (solid wall) for water supply and underground drainage and sewerage under pressure and associated test methods.
Systems for water supply and pressure drainage and sewerage - PVC-U (solid wall)
Preparation of system standards for PVC systems (solid wall) for water supply and underground drainage and sewerage under pressure and associated test methods.
General Information
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies the characteristics of solid-wall pipes made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried drainage, sewerage, treated waste water and irrigation under pressure or above-ground where protected from direct sunlight. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this document.
In conjunction with FprEN 17176-1 and FprEN 17176-5, it is applicable to oriented PVC-O pipes with or without integral socket intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage, sewerage and treated waste water under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water with a maximum allowable operating pressure (PFA) up to and including 25 bar . The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to and including 45 °C and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as impact loads and pressure fluctuations.
For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, Figure C.1 of this document applies.
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies a range of pipe sizes and pressure classes and gives a requirement and recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for testing the leak tightness under negative pressure, angular deflection and deformation of assembled joints between elastomeric-sealing-ring-type sockets made of plastic or metal and plastic pressure pipes.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the characteristics of solid-wall oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) fittings for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried drainage, sewerage, treated waste water and irrigation under pressure or above-ground where protected from direct sunlight. The scope of this document is limited to double sockets, repair couplings, reducers and to non-end load bearing elbows.
NOTE 1 The scope of this document is restricted to fittings on the market during the preparation of this document. Therefore, tees, flange adaptors, etc., are excluded from this version of the standard.
NOTE 2 For double sockets, repair couplings and reducers there are no special fittings designs for end-load bearing applications. However, restrained gaskets can be used for end-load bearing applications. In that case, the requirements of EN 17176-5 are applicable.
It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this document.
In conjunction with EN 17176-1 and EN 17176-5, this document is applicable to oriented PVC-O fittings intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage, sewerage and treated waste water under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
This document is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water with a maximum allowable operating pressure (PFA) up to and including 25 bar . The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to and including 45 °C and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as impact loads and pressure fluctuations. For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, EN 17176-2:2019, Figure C.1 applies.
This document specifies a range of fittings sizes and pressure classes and gives a requirement and recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 3 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Technical specification24 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document gives requirements and guidance for the assessment of conformity of compounds/formulations, products, joints and assemblies in accordance with the applicable parts of EN 17176 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of certification procedures.
NOTE 1 The quality management system is expected to conform to or is no less stringent than the relevant requirements to EN ISO 9001 [1].
NOTE 2 If third-party certification is involved, the certification body is expected be accredited to EN ISO/IEC 17065 [2] or EN ISO/IEC 17021 [3], as applicable.
NOTE 3 In order to help the reader, a basic test matrix is given in Annex A.
In conjunction with EN 17176 1, EN 17176 2, CEN/TS 17176 3 and EN 17176 5, this document is applicable to oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage, sewerage and irrigation under pressure.
- Technical specification29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies the material characteristics of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) solid wall piping systems intended for water supply and for buried drainage, sewerage and irrigation under pressure or above-ground where protected from direct sunlight.
In conjunction with FprEN 17176-2, FprCEN/TS 17176-3 and EN ISO 1452-3, it is applicable to PVC-O pipes, PVC-O fittings, their joints and to joints with components of other plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage, sewerage and treated waste water under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
Joints constructed of other materials shall meet their own standards in addition to the fitness of purpose requirements specified in FprEN 17176-5.
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water with a maximum allowable operating pressure (PFA) up to and including 25 bar . The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to and including 45 °C and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as impact loads and pressure fluctuations.
For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, FprEN 17176-2:2018, Figure C.1 applies.
NOTE It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies the characteristics of the fitness for purpose of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) solid wall piping systems intended for water supply and for buried drainage, sewerage, treated waste water and irrigation under pressure or above-ground where protected from direct sunlight. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this document.
NOTE 1 This document is not intended for on-site testing of pipe systems.
In conjunction with FprEN 17176-1, FprEN 17176-2, FprCEN/TS 17176-3 and EN ISO 1452-3, it is applicable to PVC-O pipes, PVC-O fittings, their joints and to joints with components of other plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage and sewerage under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
Joints constructed of other materials shall meet their own standards in addition to the fitness of purpose requirements specified in this document.
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water with a maximum allowable operating pressure (PFA) up to and including 25 bar . The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to and including 45 °C and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as impact loads and pressure fluctuations.
For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, FprEN 17176-2:2018, Figure C.1 applies.
NOTE 2 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 13845:2015 specifies a method for testing the leak tightness under internal pressure with angular deflection of assembled joints between elastomeric-sealing-ring-type sockets made of plastic or metal and plastic pressure pipes.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of EN ISO 1452 gives guidance for the assessment of conformity of compounds/formulations, products, joints and assemblies in accordance with the applicable parts of EN ISO 1452 intended to be included in the manufacturer’s quality plan as part of the quality management system and for the establishment of certification procedures.
It is recommended that the quality management system conforms to or is no less stringent than the relevant requirements to EN ISO 9001 [1].
NOTE If certification is involved, the certification body and inspection body is preferably compliant with EN 45011 [2], EN 45012 [3] or EN ISO/IEC 17021 [4], as applicable.
In conjunction with Parts 1 to 5 of EN ISO 1452 (see Foreword) this document is applicable to unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure.
- Technical specification26 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 1452-3:2009 specifies the characteristics of fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC‑U) for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried and above ground drainage and sewerage under pressure. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to.
In conjunction with ISO 1452-1, ISO 1452-2 and ISO 1452-5, it is applicable to PVC‑U fittings and to joints with components of PVC‑U, other plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following:
- water mains and services buried in the ground;
- conveyance of water above ground for both outside and inside buildings;
- buried and above ground drainage and sewerage under pressure.
It is applicable to fittings in piping systems intended for the supply of water under pressure up to and including 25 °C (cold water), intended for human consumption and for general purposes as well as for waste water under pressure. It is also applicable to components for the conveyance of water and waste water up to and including 45 °C.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 1452-5:2009 specifies the characteristics for the fitness for purpose of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC‑U) piping systems intended for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to.
In conjunction with ISO 1452-1, ISO 1452-2, ISO 1452-3 and ISO 1452-4, it is applicable to joints and assemblies with components of PVC‑U, other plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following:
- water mains and services buried in ground;
- conveyance of water above ground for both outside and inside buildings;
- buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure;
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water under pressure up to and including 25 °C (cold water) intended for human consumption and for general purposes as well as for waste water under pressure. It is also applicable to components for the conveyance of water and waste water up to and including 45 °C.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 1452-2:2009 specifies the characteristics of solid-wall pipes made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC‑U) for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried and above ground drainage and sewerage under pressure. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to.
In conjunction with ISO 1452-1 and ISO 1452-5, it is applicable to extruded PVC‑U pipes without a socket and pipes with a socket (integral or not), intended to be used for the following:
- water mains and services buried in the ground;
- conveyance of water above ground for both outside and inside buildings;
- buried and above ground drainage and sewerage under pressure.
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water under pressure up to and including 25 °C (cold water) intended for human consumption and for general purposes as well as for waste water under pressure. It is also applicable to pipes for the conveyance of water and waste water up to and including 45 °C and to a range of pipe sizes and pressure classes. It gives requirements concerning colours.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 1452-1:2009 specifies the general aspects of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC‑U) solid-wall piping systems intended for water supply and for buried and above ground drainage and sewerage under pressure.
In conjunction with ISO 1452-2, ISO 1452-3, ISO 1452-4 and ISO 1452-5, it is applicable to PVC‑U pipes, fittings, valves and ancillary equipment, their joints and to joints with components of other plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following:
- water mains and services buried in the ground;
- conveyance of water above ground for both outside and inside buildings;
- buried and above ground drainage and sewerage under pressure.
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water under pressure up to and including 25 °C (cold water), intended for human consumption and for general purposes as well as for waste water under pressure. It is also applicable to components for the conveyance of water and waste water up to and including 45 °C.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies a test method for the long-term leaktightness of end-load-bearing and non-end-load-bearing mechanically jointed assemblies and joints between fittings, ancillaries, valves and thermoplastics pressure pipes, including integral pipe joints. This method is applicable to joints where similar or different materials are connected, where sealing mechanisms include elastomeric sealing rings or adhesives.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies the characteristics of solid-wall pipes made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried drainage, sewerage, treated waste water and irrigation under pressure or above-ground where protected from direct sunlight. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this document.
In conjunction with FprEN 17176-1 and FprEN 17176-5, it is applicable to oriented PVC-O pipes with or without integral socket intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage, sewerage and treated waste water under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water with a maximum allowable operating pressure (PFA) up to and including 25 bar . The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to and including 45 °C and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as impact loads and pressure fluctuations.
For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, Figure C.1 of this document applies.
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies a range of pipe sizes and pressure classes and gives a requirement and recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Draft10 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies the characteristics of solid-wall pipes made of oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried drainage, sewerage, treated waste water and irrigation under pressure or above-ground where protected from direct sunlight. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this document.
In conjunction with FprEN 17176-1 and FprEN 17176-5, it is applicable to oriented PVC-O pipes with or without integral socket intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage, sewerage and treated waste water under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water with a maximum allowable operating pressure (PFA) up to and including 25 bar . The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to and including 45 °C and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as impact loads and pressure fluctuations.
For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, Figure C.1 of this document applies.
This part of FprEN 17176 specifies a range of pipe sizes and pressure classes and gives a requirement and recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the characteristics of solid-wall oriented unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-O) fittings for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried drainage, sewerage, treated waste water and irrigation under pressure or above-ground where protected from direct sunlight. The scope of this document is limited to double sockets, repair couplings, reducers and to non-end load bearing elbows.
NOTE 1 The scope of this document is restricted to fittings on the market during the preparation of this document. Therefore, tees, flange adaptors, etc., are excluded from this version of the standard.
NOTE 2 For double sockets, repair couplings and reducers there are no special fittings designs for end-load bearing applications. However, restrained gaskets can be used for end-load bearing applications. In that case, the requirements of EN 17176-5 are applicable.
It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this document.
In conjunction with EN 17176-1 and EN 17176-5, this document is applicable to oriented PVC-O fittings intended to be used for the following:
a) water mains and services lines;
b) conveyance of water for both outside and inside buildings;
c) drainage, sewerage and treated waste water under pressure;
d) irrigation under pressure.
This document is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water with a maximum allowable operating pressure (PFA) up to and including 25 bar ). The piping system according to this document is intended for the conveyance of cold water up to and including 45 °C and especially in those applications where special performance requirements are needed, such as impact loads and pressure fluctuations. For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, EN 17176-2:2019, Figure C.1 applies.
This document specifies a range of fittings sizes and pressure classes and gives a requirement and recommendations concerning colours.
NOTE 3 It is the responsibility of the purchaser or specifier to make the appropriate selections from these aspects, taking into account their particular requirements and any relevant national regulations and installation practices or codes.
- Technical specification23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
ISO 13844:2015 specifies a method for testing the leak tightness under negative pressure, angular deflection, and deformation of assembled joints between elastomeric-sealing-ring-type sockets made of plastic or metal and plastic pressure pipes.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies a method for testing the leaktightness of: - single sockets of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U); - double sockets of PVC-U; - sockets of PVC-U fittings; with elastomeric sealing rings. It is applicable to elastomeric-sealing-ring-type socket joints conforming to EN 1452-2 or ISO 4422-2, intended for use with PVC-U pressure pipes.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies a method for testing the leaktightness of assemblies of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) pipes with elastomeric sealing ring-type socket joints including single sockets of pipes, double sockets and sockets of fittings. It is also applicable to elastomeric-sealing-ring-type sockets made of ductile cast iron for use with PVC-U pressure piping.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Technical Specification gives guidance for the assessment of conformity intended to be included in the manufacturer's quality plan as part of the quality management system.
It includes:
a) requirements for materials, components, joints and assemblies given in EN 1456-1;
b) requirements for the manufacturer's quality management system;
NOTE 1 It is recommended that the quality management system conforms to EN ISO 9001 [1];
c) definitions and procedures to be applied if third party certification is involved.
NOTE 2 If third party certification is involved, it is recommended that the certification body is accredited to EN 45011[2] or EN 45012[3], as applicable.
In conjunction with EN 1456-1 it is applicable to PVC-U piping systems intended to be used for the conveyance of sewage and drainage under pressure at approximately 20 °C:
a) buried in the ground;
b) sea outfalls;
c) laid in inland waters and/or in ducts;
d) suspended below bridges.
This specification is also applicable to PVC-U piping systems for the continuous conveyance of sewage and drainage up to and including 45 °C as required in EN 773 [4].
NOTE 3 In this case the pressure derating factors given in Figure A.1 of EN 1452-2:1999 apply.
NOTE 4 No pressure reduction is necessary for the drainage of waste waters at short-term peak temperatures up to 45 °C (cumulated for 2 years during a service life of 50 years).
- Technical specification20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Prestandard gives guidance for the assessment of conformity intended to be included in the manufacturer's quality plan as part of the quality system. This prestandard includes: a) requirements for materials, components, joints and assemblies given in Parts 1 to 5 of EN 1452:1999; b) requirements for the manufacturer's quality system; NOTE 1: It is recommended that the quality system conforms to EN ISO 9001 or EN ISO 9002, as applicable; c) definitions and procedures to be applied if third party certification is involved;...
- Standardization document20 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of ISO 1452 specifies the characteristics for the fitness for purpose of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) piping systems intended for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this part of ISO 1452. In conjunction with ISO 1452-1, ISO 1452-2, ISO 1452-3 and ISO 1452-4, it is applicable to joints and assemblies with components of PVC-U, other plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following: a) water mains and services buried in ground; b) conveyance of water above ground for both outside and inside buildings; c) buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure; It is applicable to piping systems intended for the supply of water under pressure up to and including 25 °C (cold water) intended for human consumption and for general purposes as well as for waste water under pressure. This part of ISO 1452 is also applicable to components for the conveyance of water and waste water up to and including 45 °C. For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, Figure A.1 of ISO 1452-2:2009 applies.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of ISO 1452 specifies the characteristics of fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for piping systems intended for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this part of ISO 1452. In conjunction with ISO 1452-1, ISO 1452-2 and ISO 1452-5, it is applicable to PVC-U fittings and to joints with components of PVC-U, other plastics and non-plastics materials intended to be used for the following: a) water mains and services buried in the ground; b) conveyance of water above ground for both outside and inside buildings; c) buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure. It is applicable to fittings in piping systems intended for the supply of water under pressure up to and including 25 °C (cold water), intended for human consumption and for general purposes as well as for waste water under pressure. This part of ISO 1452 is also applicable to components for the conveyance of water and waste water up to and including 45 °C. For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C, Figure A.1 of ISO 1452-2:2009 applies. Depending on the jointing method, this part of ISO 1452 is applicable to the following types of fittings: - fittings for solvent cementing; - elastomeric ring seal fittings. PVC-U fittings can be manufactured by injection-moulding and/or be fabricated from pipe. This part of ISO 1452 is also applicable to PVC-U flange adapters and to the corresponding flanges made from various materials. This part of ISO 1452 covers a range of fitting sizes and pressure classes and gives requirements concerning colours.
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European prestandard gives recommended practices for installation of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) pipes, fittings, valves and ancillaries when used in piping systems conveying water under pressure.
The recommendations are intended to give practical guidance for the best methods of design and installation of piping systems incorporating pipes, fittings, valves and ancillary equipment made from PVC-U materials and used for the following purposes:
a) water mains and services buried in ground;
b) conveyance of water above ground for both outside and inside buildings,
for the supply of water under pressure at approximately 20 °C (cold water) intended for human consumption and for general purposes.
This prestandard is also applicable to components for the conveyance of water up to and including 45 °C. For temperatures between 25 °C and 45 °C Figure A.1 of EN 1452-2:1999 applies.
In addition, recommendations are given for the connection to fittings, valves and ancillary equipment made from materials other than PVC-U.
- Standardization document37 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Part of prEN 1452 specifies the general aspects of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) piping systems in the field of water supply.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of prEN 1452 specifies the characteristics for the fitness for purpose of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) piping systems in the field of water supply. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this standard.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Part of prEN 1452 specifies the characteristics of fittings made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for piping systems in the field of water supply. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this standard.
- Standard46 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This Part of prEn 1452 specifies the characteristics of valves and ancillary equipment made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for piping systems in the field of water supply. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this standard.
- Standard30 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of prEN 1452 specifies the characteristics of pipes made from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for piping systems in the field of water supply. It also specifies the test parameters for the test methods referred to in this standard.
- Standard32 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies methods for preparing tubular test pieces for testing thermoplastics materials used for injection moulding to evaluate the long-term resistance to constant internal water pressure at constant temperature and to check the material hydrostatic strength.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day