SIST-TP CEN/TR 15310-2:2007

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2007
.DUDNWHUL]DFLMDRGSDGNRY9]RUþHQMHRGSDGNRYGHO1DYRGLORRWHKQLNDK
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Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 2: Guidance on sampling
techniques
Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 2: Anwendung von
Probenahmetechniken
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélevement des déchets - Partie 2 : Guide relatif aux
techniques d'échantillonnage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15310-2:2006
ICS:
13.030.10 Trdni odpadki Solid wastes
13.030.20 7HNRþLRGSDGNL%ODWR Liquid wastes. Sludge
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15310-2
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
November 2006
ICS 13.030.10; 13.030.20
English Version
Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 2:
Guidance on sampling techniques
Caractérisation des déchets - Prélèvement des déchets - Charakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 2:
Partie 2 : Guide relatif aux techniques d'échantillonnage Anwendung von Probenahmetechniken
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 21 February 2006. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 292.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15310-2:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword. 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope. 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions. 5
4 Principle of sampling technique selection. 8
5 Route maps for the selection of sampling techniques . 9
6 Sampling of mobile liquid waste . 22
6.1 Sampling from a drum or a cask . 22
6.2 Sampling from a small container or flexible walled container. 25
6.3 Sampling from a vertical uniform tank or irregular tank. 25
6.4 Sampling from a horizontal cylindrical tank . 27
6.5 Sampling a moving liquid within a pipeline . 28
6.6 Sampling from a lagoon or pit . 29
7 Sampling liquids and solids rendered mobile by heat. 30
7.1 Sampling from a container. 30
7.2 Sampling from a pipeline . 31
8 Sampling viscous liquids. 31
9 Sampling sludges . 31
9.1 Sampling from a drum or cask . 31
9.2 Sampling from a small container (less than 20 l capacity). 31
9.3 Sampling from a vertical uniform tank . 32
9.4 Sampling from a horizontal cylindrical tank . 32
9.5 Sampling from a pipeline . 32
9.6 Sampling from a large container, pit or lagoon . 32
10 Sampling paste-like substances . 33
10.1 Sampling static material from drum or block up to 500 kg . 33
10.2 Taking samples in motion. 34
11 Sampling powders, granules and small crystals. 35
11.1 Sampling small static volumes from hoppers, heaps and silos . 35
11.2 Sampling large static volumes from hoppers, heaps and silos. 35
11.3 Sampling from a falling stream . 36
11.4 Sampling from a band conveyor . 37
11.5 Sampling from a screw conveyor. 38
12 Sampling coarse or lumpy solid materials. 39
12.1 Sampling small volumes from a bag, keg or drum. 39
12.2 Sampling large volumes from hoppers or silos . 40
12.3 Sampling a large stockpile. 40
12.4 Sampling coarse or lumpy materials in motion. 41
12.5 Sampling a small amount from a massive piece . 41
12.6 Sampling from a pile of large pieces . 41
12.7 Sampling large pieces in motion. 42
12.8 Incorporation in the Sampling Plan . 42
Annex A (informative) Support on the selection of equipment and apparatus. 43
A.1 General. 43
A.2 Common issues for all sampling equipment and apparatus. 43
Bibliography . 64
Foreword
This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15310-2:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee
CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This Technical Report has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
This Technical Report is one of a series of five, dealing with sampling techniques and procedures,
which provide essential information for the application of the EN-standard:
EN 14899, Characterisation of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation
and application of a Sampling Plan.
The principal component of the EN Standard is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling
Plan. This EN 14899 standard can be used to:
 produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the
elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
 incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation;
 design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis.
The Technical Reports display a range of potential approaches and tools to enable the project
manager to tailor his sampling plan to a specific testing scenario (i.e. a ‘shop shelf’ approach to
sampling plan development for waste testing). This approach allows flexibility in the selection of the
sampling approach, sampling point, method of sampling and equipment used.
This Technical Report describes a range of techniques that could be used to sample a range of waste
types from a variety of locations and arisings. Information is also provided on the selection and
preparation of equipment and apparatus needed to complete the sampling exercise.
This report does not attempt to provide a definitive procedure for each and every situation that may
arise from sampling a given waste type or specific analytical requirement, rather it aims to expose the
factors that influence the selection of these practical field activities to ensure the most appropriate
procedure is selected for any given sampling scenario. The most appropriate approach, tools, and
methodology, in the absence of an existing recognised Sampling Plan should be chosen on a
scenario-specific basis. However, this does not present a barrier to technical innovation, and there is
no reason why methodologies other than those detailed in this Technical Report cannot be substituted.
Introduction
Wastes are materials, which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard, and which may
be sent for final disposal, reuse or recovery. Such materials are generally heterogeneous and it will be
necessary therefore to specify in the testing programme the amount of material for which the
characteristics of interest need to be defined. The testing of wastes allows informed decisions to be
made on how they should be treated (or not), recovered or disposed. In order to undertake valid tests,
some sampling of the waste is required.
The principal component of the standard EN 14899 is the mandatory requirement to prepare a
Sampling Plan, within the framework of an overall testing programme as illustrated in Figure 1 of EN
14899:2005. This standard can be used to:
 produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the
elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios);
 incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation;
 design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis.
The development of a Sampling Plan within this framework involves the progression through three
steps or activities.
1) Define the Sampling Plan
2) Take a field sample in accordance with the Sampling Plan
3) Transport the laboratory sample to the laboratory
This Technical Report provides information to support Key Step 2 of the Sampling Plan process map
and describes a selection of sampling techniques that can be used in the recovery of a sample for a
wide variety of waste types and arisings. The sampling technique is the physical procedure employed
by the sampler to collect part or parts of a discarded or secondary material for subsequent
investigations. Specifically this Technical Report provides information to support 4.2.8.1 (Identify the
sampling technique) of the Framework Standard.
This Technical Report should be read in conjunction with the Framework Standard for the preparation
and application of a Sampling Plan as well as the other Technical Reports that contain essential
information to support the Framework Standard. The full series comprises:
 EN 14899, Characterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the
preparation and application of a Sampling Plan;
 CEN/TR 15310-1, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 1: Guidance on
selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions;
 CEN/TR 15310-2, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 2: Guidance on
sampling techniques;
 CEN/TR 15310-3, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 3: Guidance on
procedures for sub-sampling in the field;
 CEN/TR 15310-4, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 4: Guidance on
procedures for sample packaging, storage, preservation, transport and delivery;
 CEN/TR 15310-5, Characterization of waste – Sampling of waste materials – Part 5: Guidance on
the process of defining the Sampling Plan.
The Technical Reports contain procedural options (as detailed in Figure 2 of EN 14899:2005) that can
be selected to match the sampling requirements of any testing programme.
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes techniques for sampling liquid and granular waste material, including
paste-like materials and sludges, found in a variety of locations. The Technical Report provides
information to allow the selection and preparation of equipment and apparatus to be used in the
sampling activity.
NOTE 1 This Technical Report provides a shop shelf of example sampling techniques that can be selected to
meet a wide range of sampling situations. For a specific situation one of the presented procedures may be
appropriate.
NOTE 2 The procedures listed in this Technical Report reflect current best practice, but these are not
exhaustive and other procedures may be equally relevant.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 13965-1:2004, Characterization of waste - Terminology - Part 1: Material related terms and
definitions
EN 13965-2:2004, Characterization of waste - Terminology - Part 2: Management related terms and
definitions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms and definitions given in EN 13965-1:2004 and
EN 13965-2:2004 and the following apply.
3.1
bottom sediment
solid layer of material on the bottom of liquid storage tanks
3.2
characteristic
property, which helps to identify or differentiate between items of a given population
[ISO 3534-1]
NOTE The characteristic may be either quantitative (by variables) or qualitative (by attributes).
3.3
composite sample
two or more increments/sub-samples mixed together in appropriate proportions, either discretely or
continuously (blended composite sample), from which the average value of a desired characteristic
may be obtained
[ISO 11074]
3.4
column sample
type of sample, more specifically related to the sampling of liquids where column samplers are used
NOTE A column of material is of equal length to the depth of the sub-population at that sampling point.
3.5
core sample
type of sample, more specifically related to the sampling of solids where augers and other core
samplers are used
NOTE A vertical or direction sample is taken through the material whereby the integrity of the sub-
population is maintained.
3.6
directional sample
geometric sample, usually in only one dimension, which is related to the single principal axis of
variability of material in the sampling unit/lot
3.7
laboratory sample
sample sent to or received by the laboratory (IUPAC)
3.8
geometric sample
type of sample of specific shape, whose dimensions are related to the axes of variability of material in
a sampling unit/lot
3.9
heterogeneity
degree to which a property or a constituent is not uniformly distributed throughout a quantity of
material
NOTE 1 A material may be homogeneous with respect to one analyte or property but heterogeneous with
respect to another.
NOTE 2 The degree of heterogeneity (the inverse of homogeneity) is the determining factor in sampling error.
3.10
homogeneity
degree to which a property or a constituent is uniformly distributed throughout a quantity of material.
[ISO 11074]
3.11
increment
individual portion of material collected by a single operation of a sampling device
NOTE 1 Increments may be reduced and tested individually or combined with other increments, with the
resulting composite reduced in size and tested as a single unit.
NOTE 2 Increments are created by the sampling operation and are usually taken from parts of a lot separated
in time or space.
3.12
judgemental sampling
sampling undertaken from a practically convenient (perhaps relatively small) sub-population, not
conducted fully in accordance with the statistical principles of sampling
3.13
laboratory sample
sample(s) or sub-sample(s) sent to or received by the laboratory
NOTE 1 When the laboratory sample is further prepared (reduced) by subdividing, mixing, grinding, or by
combinations of these operations, the result is the test sample. When no preparation of the laboratory sample is
required, the laboratory sample is the test sample.
NOTE 2 The laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection but it is the initial
sample from the point of view of the laboratory.
NOTE 3 Several laboratory samples may be prepared and sent to different laboratories or to the same
laboratory for different purposes. When sent to the same laboratory, the set is generally considered as a single
laboratory sample and is documented as a single sample.
3.14
population
totality of items under consideration
[ISO 3534-1]
3.15
probabilistic sampling
sampling conducted according to the statistical principles of sampling
3.16
representative
sample resulting from a sampling plan that can be expected to reflect adequately the properties of
interest in the parent population
[ISO 11074]
3.17
sample
an amount of material taken from a population and intended to provide information on the population
3.18
sampling plan
predetermined procedure for the selection, withdrawal, preservation, transportation and preparation of
the portions to be removed from a population as a sample
[ISO 11074]
3.19
sampler
person carrying out the sampling procedures at the sampling locality
[ISO 11074]
NOTE Tools and other devices to obtain samples are sometimes also designated ‘samplers’. In this case it
is recommended to write ‘sampling devices’ or ‘sampling equipment’.
3.20
stratified sampling
in a population which can be divided into mutually exclusive and exhaustive strata (i.e. sub-
populations), sampling carried out in such a way that specified proportions of the sample are drawn
from the different strata and each stratum is sampled with at least one sampling unit
[ISO 3534-1]
NOTE The objective of taking stratified samples is to obtain a more representative sample than that which
might otherwise be obtained by random sampling.
3.21
sub-population
defined part of the population that will be targeted for the purposes of sampling
3.22
sub-sample
sample taken from a sample of a population
[ISO 3534-1]
3.23
test sample/analytical sample
sample, prepared from the laboratory sample, from which test portions are removed for testing or for
analysis
3.24
viscous liquid
liquid with high viscosity, resulting in slow flow and adhering to containers and sampling equipment
3.25
sludge
mixture of solid particles within a liquid, either in suspension or as a colloidal mixture, resulting in
physical characteristics which are different to the parent liquid, particularly increased viscosity
4 Principle of sampling technique selection
This Technical Report details a wide range of sampling techniques that can be used to take a sample.
The procedures identified in this document target two fundamental objectives of sampling, as outlined
in the Framework Standard EN 14899:
 probabilistic sampling - the preferred method of sampling or recovering material where a
quantifiable level of reliability is required in the results for the population being tested. The basis
for probabilistic sampling is that each element within the population being sampled has an equal
chance of being sampled. This means that the Sampler has access to the whole population and
can collect a sample that is representative of that population;
 judgemental sampling – this is used where representative sampling from the whole population is
practically impossible, given available resources (time or money) or when sampling is required to
target a specific item or point within the population.
The sampling techniques identified in this Technical Report form only part of the approach required to
achieve probabilistic sampling, reference should be made to the remaining Technical Reports in this
series to ensure all requirements have been fulfilled. For example, key advice on the design of an
appropriate Sampling Plan and selection of an appropriate sampling pattern, numbers samples and
sample size needed to meet the requirements of probabilistic sampling can be found in CEN/TR
15310-5 and CEN/TR 15310-1 respectively.
Sampling procedures are provided from a wide range of process streams and common storage
conditions. The preferred sampling technique will depend on a combination of different characteristics
of the material and circumstances encountered at the sampling location. Relevant determining factors
include:
 the type of material / the physical state of the material (e.g. solid, liquid, paste, sludge);
 the situation at the sampling location / the way in which the material occurs (e.g. in a tank, a
stockpile, on a conveyer belt);
 the (expected) degree of heterogeneity (e.g. homogeneous liquids, layered liquids, segregated
sludges, mixtures of solid materials);
 the level of testing, which may influence the approach to the selection of composite or individual
samples as detailed in CEN/TR 15310-1.
A series of process maps or flow charts provide route maps to the user to relevant clauses in the
document for a wide range of potential sampling situations that arise when the range of different
waste types, locations and storage vessels are considered. This approach allows the tools, and
methodology to be chosen on a scenario-specific basis. The procedures listed in this Technical
Report reflect current best practice, but these are not exhaustive and other procedures may be
equally relevant.
5 Route maps for the selection of sampling techniques
This Technical Report has been structured to address the selection of sampling techniques and
equipment by physical form (e.g. liquid, sludge or solid) and nature of the arising (e.g. drum, hopper,
pile). This Technical Report does not present a definitive process, but reflects current practice for
commonly occurring scenarios, this, however, does not mean that other solutions are not available.
The selection of an appropriate sampling technique should be related to the objectives for sampling
and the physical form and chemical characteristic to be sampled. The route maps presented in this
document supports the guidance provided in EN 14899 - A Framework for the preparation and
application of a Sampling Plan. The following flow diagrams guide the reader to the appropriate
clauses within the Technical Report.

Figure 1 — Generic process map for sampling

Sampling of liquids
How is the waste arising?
6.4
6.2
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.6
Horizontal
Small or flexible
Drum or Cask Vertical tank Pipeline Lagoon or pit
cylindrical tank
walled container
6.2.3
Proceed to Proceed to Proceed to Proceed to Proceed to
Probabilistic
Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7
sampling
Figure 2 — Sampling of liquids
Sampling of liquid from
drum or cask
Probabilistic
Surface or
Bottom 6.1.4.2
Probabilistic sampling or Judgemental
bottom sample?
sampling judgemental sampling Bottom sample
sampling?
Surface
N
6.1.3.2 6.1.4.1
Homogeneity
Homogeneity Surface sample
known?
unknown?
Y
6.1.3.1
Y
Homogeneous
Homogeneous
liquid?
liquids
N
6.1.3.4
Y
Stratified? Stratified
liquids
N
6.1.3.3
Heterogeneous
liquids
Figure 3 — Sampling of a liquid from a drum or cask

Sampling of liquid from
vertical tank
Probabilistic
Large 6.3.4.3
Probabilistic sampling or Judgemental
Small or large
sampling judgemental sampling tank Bottom sample
tank?
sampling?
Small
tank
N Surface or Bottom
6.3.3.3 6.3.4.2
Homogeneity
bottom sample?
Homogeneity Bottom sample
known?
unknown?
Y
6.3.3.2
6.3.4.1
Y
Homogeneous
Homogeneous
Surface sample
liquid?
liquids
N
6.1.3.1
Heterogeneous
liquids
Figure 4 — Sampling of a liquid from a vertical tank

Sampling of liquid from
horizontal cylindrical tank
Judgemental
Probabilistic
Probabilistic
6.4.4.2.1
sampling Bottom Hatch/
sampling
Surface or
Hatch or
sampling or
Surface sample
manhole or
bottom sample?
manhole
judgemental
from hatch or
bottom outlet?
sampling?
manhole
Bottom
Surface
outlet
6.4.4.2.2
N
6.4.3.2 6.4.4.1
Homogeneity Surface sample
Homogeneity Surface sample
known? from bottom
unknown?
outlet
Y
6.1.3.1
Y
Homogeneous
Homogeneous
liquid?
liquids
N
6.4.3.1
Stratified or
heterogeneous
liquids
Figure 5 — Sampling liquids in a horizontal cylindrical tank

Sampling of liquid from
a pipeline
Sampling
Y
6.5.3.1
possible at the
Sampling at
end of the
end of pipeline
pipeline?
N
Tap or valve Y
6.5.3.2
available for
Sampling from
sampling?
tap or valve
N
Y
6.5.3.3
Can the flow
Sampling the
be diverted?
diverted flow
N
Alternative
method of
sampling
needed: go
back to Figure
Figure 6 — Sampling liquids from a pipeline

Sampling of liquid from
a lagoon or pit
Probabilistic
Sampling from the
Probabilistic sampling or Judgemental
perimeter of the
sampling judgemental sampling
lagoon
sampling?
6.6.3.1
Sampling when
emtying the
Using a pond
6.6.4.2
Pond
lagoon by
sampler or a
Using a pond
sampler
pumping
weighted bottle
sampler
sampler?
Weighted bottle
sampler?
6.6.4.1
Using a
weighted bottle
sampler
Figure 7 — Sampling a liquid from a lagoon or pit
Figure 8 — Sampling of liquids and solids rendered mobile by heat
Sampling of sludges
YNWaste present
in a container?
Sample from a Sample from a
container lagoon or pit
Select the type
of container
9.2 9.4 9.6
9.1 9.3
Small or flexible Horizontal Lagoon or pit
Drum or cask Vertical tank
walled container cylindrical tank
9.2.3
Proceed to Proceed to Proceed to Proceed to
Probibilistic
Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 7
sampling
Figure 9 — Sampling of sludges
Sampling of past-like
substances
How is the waste arising?
10.1 10.2
From drum or Material in
block < 500 kg motion
Proceed to Proceed to
Figure 11 Figure 12
Figure 10 — Sampling of paste-like substances

Sampling of paste-like substance
from drum or block < 500 kg
Probabilistic
10.1.4
Probabilistic sampling or Judgemental
Judgemental
sampling judgemental sampling
sampling
sampling?
Taking a
Directional directional
or geometric
sample?
Geometric
10.1.3.2
10.1.3.1
Taking a
Directional
geometric
sampling
sample
Figure 11 — Sampling of paste-like substances from a drum or block< 500kg
Figure 12 — Sampling of paste like substances in motion
Figure 13 — Sampling of fine grained solids

Sampling of coarse or lumpy materials
How is the waste arising?
12.5 12.6
12.7
12.1 12.3
Small static Large static
Large pieces
Small static Large stockpile
amount of amount of
in motion
volumes
massive pieces massive pieces
Y 12.5.3 12.6.3 Proceed to
Probabilistic
Judgemental Judgemental Figure 13
sampling?
sampling sampling 11.3 -11.5
N
12.1.3
12.2
Probabilistic 12.4 12.6.3.1
Large static
sampling In motion Selection of
volumes
a piece
12.1.4 12.1.4
Judgemental Judgemental
Directional Geometric
Proceed to
sampling Directional or
sampling
Figure 13
geometric sample?
11.3 - 11.5
12.6.3.2 12.6.3.3
Y
Probabilistic
Directional Geometric
sampling?
sample sample
N
12.3.3
Probabilistic
sampling
12.3.4
Judgemental
sampling
Figure 14 — Sampling of coarse or lumpy materials

6 Sampling of mobile liquid waste
6.1 Sampling from a drum or a cask
6.1.1 Apparatus
Descriptions of commonly used equipment are provided in Annex A.
Prior to use all apparatus and tools should be cleaned in order to reduce the risk of cross-
contamination. Where it is not possible to clean any sampling equipment between samples this should
be recorded in the sampling record.
6.1.2 Preparation for sampling
 position the drum with the bung uppermost;
 where the drum is sampled on its side, secure the drum e.g. using a wedge;
 allow the contents of the drum to settle for 20 min to 30 min;
 if the properties of contents are unknown, or known or suspected of being flammable, place an
earthing strap on metal containers either on or near the cap;
 wipe the exterior of the bung and the area around the bunghole e.g. by using a disposable paper
wipe;
 slowly remove the bung e.g. by using a bung wrench.
NOTE Where the bung has seized it will be necessary to remove the whole of the top.
6.1.3 Probabilistic sampling
6.1.3.1 Procedure for taking a probabilistic sample of homogenous liquid
 lower the open sampling tube into the drum sufficiently slowly to ensure that the liquid level in the
tube does not fall below that of the outside liquid;
 close the tube, withdraw it from the drum and allow any liquid adhering to it to drain from it.
NOTE 1 The tube may be wiped dry before transferring the tube into the sampling container.
 transfer the liquid (sample) into the transparent sample container;
 repeat the procedure until sufficient quantity of sample is collected;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan.
NOTE 2 It is not recommended to use a pumping action to increase the size of the sample taken in any one
procedure.
Follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan;
6.1.3.2 Procedure for taking a probabilistic sample where homogeneity of liquid is unknown
 take a surface sample as in 6.1.4.1;
 transfer the liquid collected to the bottle, using a funnel if necessary;
 take a bottom sample as in 6.1.4.2;
 transfer to the bottle with the surface sample;
 cap the bottle and invert to mix the samples, then allow to stand for a minimum of 2 min;
 if no layering is observed proceed as described in 6.1.3.1;
 if layering is observed, estimate and record the volume of each layer in the drum and collect a
separate sample from each layer using procedure described in 6.1.3.4;
 procedure for taking a probabilistic sample from heterogeneous liquids;
 insert the sampling tube and lower it to the bottom of the drum;
 place the flow restrictor over the tube opening and slowly withdraw the tube from the liquid;
 place the lower end of the tube in the sample container and remove the flow restrictor, allowing
the liquid to drain into the sample container;
 repeat the procedure until the specified quantity of liquid is collected;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
6.1.3.3 Procedure for taking a probabilistic sample from heterogeneous liquids
 insert the sampling tube and lower it to the bottom of the drum;
 place the flow restrictor over the tube opening and slowly withdraw the tube from the liquid;
 place the lower end of the tube in the sample container and remove the flow restrictor, allowing
the liquid to drain into the sample container;
 repeat the procedure until the specified quantity of liquid is collected;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
6.1.3.4 Procedure for taking a probabilistic sample from heterogeneous (stratified) liquids
 establish the volume per layer (to allow calculation at a later stage of the average concentrations
within the storage unit and the volumes of the various layers) e.g. using a transparent sampling
tube take a sample of the entire depth as in the first two steps of 6.1.3.1. Using the stratification
identified in the sampling tube, calculate volume per layer in the drum. Discard the liquid and
store for disposal according to national waste disposal requirements;
 take samples from the estimated centre of each layer;
 start sampling from the bottom layer;
 insert the sampling tube to the required depth;
 place the flow restrictor over the tube opening and slowly withdraw the tube from the liquid;
 place the lower end of the tube in the sample container and remove the flow restrictor, allowing
the liquid to drain into the sample container;
 wipe or rinse the outside of the sampling apparatus before transferring the sample into the
container. Store the samples separately in the sample containers;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
NOTE 1 If on-site homogenisation (e.g. circulation) is possible, sampling may be performed as for
homogeneous liquids.
NOTE 2 Where a selective sample of limited depth is required, it is recommended to take increments at
depths of every 300 mm from top to bottom until the layer of interest is reached. In this layer it is recommended to
take increments at approximately 100 mm intervals. Also it is recommended to take a bottom increment.
6.1.4 Judgemental sampling
6.1.4.1 Procedure for taking a surface sample
 lower a bailer, or weighted can into the drum to just below the surface of the liquid;
 remove the bailer/can before it fills completely;
 transfer the sample to the transparent sample container and examine for contaminant;
 record the probable nature and approximate quantity of any contaminant and repeat the
procedure until sufficient quantity of sample is obtained, as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
NOTE Where the sample is not required for further investigation it may be returned to the drum or cast.
6.1.4.2 Procedure for taking a bottom sample
 insert a closed sampling tube, into the liquid until it touches the bottom of the drum;
NOTE The viscosity of the liquid can affect the choice of the sampling tube (see Sampling Plan).
 open the sampling tube and move quickly allowing the mouth of the tube to transverse the bottom
of the drum while the tube is filling;
 close the tube and withdraw from the container;
 transfer the sample to the transparent sample container and examine for contaminant;
 record the probable nature and approximate quantity of any contaminant and repeat the
procedure until sufficient quantity of sample is obtained as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
6.2 Sampling from a small container or flexible walled container
6.2.1 Apparatus
Descriptions of commonly used equipment are provided in Annex A.
Prior to use all apparatus and tools should be cleaned in order to reduce the risk of cross-
contamination. Where it is not possible to clean any sampling equipment between samples this should
be recorded in the sampling record.
6.2.2 Preparation for sampling
 use a transparent sampling tube to determine whether stratification has occurred.
 following visual inspection, wipe the outside of the sample containers and apply a label recording
information required in Sampling Plan and other observations.
6.2.3 Probabilistic sampling
 if stratified samples are required, take individual samples from the depths specified in the
Sampling Plan;
 if stratification has not occurred, thoroughly shake the container and pour the quantity of liquid
specified in the Sampling Plan into a sample container;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
6.2.4 Judgemental sampling
 thoroughly shake the container and pour the quantity of liquid specified in the Sampling Plan into
a sample container;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
6.3 Sampling from a vertical uniform tank or irregular tank
6.3.1 Apparatus
Descriptions of commonly used equipment are provided in Annex A.
Prior to use all apparatus and tools should be cleaned in order to reduce the risk of cross-
contamination. Where it is not possible to clean any sampling equipment between samples this should
be recorded in the sampling record.
6.3.2 Preparation for sampling
Descriptions of commonly used equipment are provided in Annex A.
Use a transparent sampling tube to determine whether stratification has occurred.
6.3.3 Probabilistic sampling
6.3.3.1 Procedure for taking a probabilistic sample where contents are not mixed or are
heterogeneous
 take increments at evenly spaced intervals, measured from the surface of the liquid, either using
a tube as in 6.1.3.2 or using a can or cage;
 close the can or cage and lower to the specified depth;
 open the can or cage by pulling sharply on the chain;
 when air bubbles cease to rise, lift the can or cage out;
 carefully pour off the liquid contained in the neck of the bottle or can;
 either transfer the liquid from the can into the transparent sample container; or tightly close the
bottle and remove from the cage;
 examine the increments obtained either individually or combined, in the proportions specified in
the Sampling Plan, to give a representative sample;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan;
 alternatively as 6.5: Sampling from a pipeline, if the tank is to be emptied.
6.3.3.2 Procedure for taking a probabilistic sample where contents are known to be mixed
or are homogenous
 as 6.1.3.1;
 alternatively as 6.5.
6.3.3.3 Procedure for taking a probabilistic sample where homogeneity of liquid is unknown
 lower the bailer into the drum or cask and allow to fill slowly from the liquid surface;
 transfer the liquid collected to the bottle, using a funnel if necessary;
 lower the bailer into the drum and collect a sample from the bottom of the drum and transfer to
the bottle with the surface sample;
 cap the bottle and invert to mix the samples, then allow to stand for a minimum of 2 min;
 if no layering is observed proceed as described in 6.4.3.1. If layering is observed, estimate and
record the volume of each layer in the drum and collect a separate sample from each layer using
procedure described in 6.3.3.1;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan;
 alternatively, if the tank is being emptied as 6.5.
6.3.4 Judgemental sampling
6.3.4.1 Procedure for taking a surface sample from a tank
As 6.1.4.1.
6.3.4.2 Procedure for taking a bottom sample from a tank
 as 6.1.4.2;
 alternatively, if bottom outlet exists as 6.4.4.2.2.
6.3.4.3 Procedure for taking a judgemental sample from within a tank > 2 m deep
 use a weighted sampling can or cage (as specified in the Sampling Plan). Follow the procedure
described in 6.3.3.1, completing only one iteration at the sampling depth identified in the
Sampling Plan;
 wipe the outside of the sample container and label as specified in the Sampling Plan;
 follow the sample preservation and handling procedures specified in the Sampling Plan.
6.4 Sampling from a horizontal cylindrical tank
6.4.1 Apparatus
Descriptions of commonly used equipment are provided in Annex A.
Prior to use all apparatus and tools should be cleaned in order to reduce the risk of cross-
contamination. Where it is not possible to clean any sampling equipment between samples this should
be recorded in the sampling record.
6.4.2 Preparation for sampling
Using the transparent sampling tube determine whether stratification of the liquid has occurred.
6.4.3 Probabilistic sampling
6.4.3.1 General
 procedure for taking a probabilistic sample where contents are not mixed or are heterogeneous;
 lower a closed sampling tube to the specified depth into the liquid and open for a short period;
 close the tube, withdraw from the liquid and allow any adhering liquid to drain off;
 discharge the liquid into the sample container;
 repeat the procedure at the same depth until the speci
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