SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018
(Amendment)Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Leuchten - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen und Prüfungen (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Luminaires - Partie 1: Exigences générales et essais (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Svetilke - 1. del: Splošne zahteve in preskusi - Dopolnilo A1 (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
General Information
- Status
- Withdrawn
- Publication Date
- 07-Mar-2018
- Withdrawal Date
- 10-Apr-2024
- Technical Committee
- IESV - Lamps and related equipment
- Current Stage
- 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
- Start Date
- 09-Apr-2024
- Due Date
- 02-May-2024
- Completion Date
- 11-Apr-2024
Relations
- Replaced By
SIST EN IEC 60598-1:2021 - Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 60598-1:2020) - Effective Date
- 07-Jun-2022
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2015
Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 is a amendment published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)". This standard covers: Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 29.140.40 - Luminaires. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST EN IEC 60598-1:2021, SIST EN 60598-1:2015. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2006/95/EC, 2014/35/EU; Standardization Mandates: M/511. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2018
Svetilke - 1. del: Splošne zahteve in preskusi - Dopolnilo A1 (IEC 60598-
1:2014/A1:2017)
Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Leuchten - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen und Prüfungen (IEC 60598-
1:2014/A1:2017)
Luminaires - Partie 1: Exigences générales et essais (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018
ICS:
29.140.40 Svetila Luminaires
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60598-1:2015/A1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2018
ICS 29.140.40
English Version
Luminaires - Part 1: General requirements and tests
(IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
Luminaires - Partie 1: Exigences générales et essais Leuchten - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen und
(IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017) Prüfungen
(IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017)
This amendment A1 modifies the European Standard EN 60598-1:2015; it was approved by CENELEC on 2017-10-20. CENELEC
members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this amendment the
status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This amendment exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as
the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 E
European foreword
The text of document 34D/1292/FDIS, future IEC 60598-1:2014/A1, prepared by SC 34D "Luminaires"
of IEC/TC 34 "Lamps and related equipment" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and
approved by CENELEC as EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at (dop) 2018-08-23
national level by publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with (dow) 2021-02-23
the document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For the relationship with EU Directive(s) see informative Annex ZZ, which is an integral part of this
document.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
In the Bibliography of EN 60598-1:2015, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 60664 Series NOTE Harmonized as EN 60664 Series.
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is
available here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
In Annex ZA of EN 60598-1:2015 add the following new references:
IEC 60228 2004 Conductors of insulated cables EN 60228 2005
IEC 60664-4 2005 Insulation coordination for EN 60664-4 2006
equipment within low-voltage systems
-- Part 4: Consideration of high-
frequency voltage stress
IEC 60998-2-1 (mod) - Connecting devices for low-voltage EN 60998-2-1 2004
circuits for household and similar
purposes - Part 2-1: Particular
requirements for connecting devices
as separate entities with screw-type
clamping units
IEC 60998-2-2 (mod) - Connecting devices for low-voltage EN 60998-2-2 2004
circuits for household and similar
purposes - Part 2-2: Particular
requirements for connecting devices
as separate entities with screwless-
type clamping units
Annex ZZ
(informative)
Relationship between this European standard and the safety objectives of
Directive 2014/35/EU [2014 OJ L96] aimed to be covered
This European Standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request relating to
harmonized standards in the field of the Low Voltage Directive, M/511, to provide one voluntary means
of conforming to safety objectives of Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonization of the laws of the Member States relating to the
making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits
[2014 OJ L96].
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive,
compliance with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZZ.1 confers, within the limits of
the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding safety objectives of
that Directive, and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZZ.1 – Correspondence between this European standard and Annex I of Directive
2014/35/EU [2014 OJ L96]
Clause(s) / sub-clause(s)
Safety objectives of Directive
Remarks / Notes
2014/35/EU
of this EN
1. General conditions
To be used in conjunction with
a) the essential characteristics, Section 3
relevant part 2
the recognition and observance
of which will ensure that
electrical equipment will be used
safely and in applications for
which it was made, shall be
marked on the electrical
equipment, or, if this is not
possible, on an accompanying
document;
b) the electrical equipment, Section 4 To be used in conjunction with
together with its component relevant part 2
parts, shall be made in such a
way as to ensure that it can be
safely and properly assembled
and connected;
c) the electrical equipment shall See item 2 and 3 of this table
be so designed and
manufactured as to ensure that
protection against the hazards
set out in points 2 and 3 is
assured, providing that the
equipment is used in
applications for which it was
made and is adequately
maintained.
2. Protection against hazards
arising from the electrical
equipment
Measures of a technical nature
shall be laid down in accordance
with point 1, in order to ensure
that:
All to be used in conjunction
a) persons and domestic Section 4
with relevant part 2
animals are adequately
Section 7
protected against the danger of
Section 14 and 15
physical injury or other harm
Section 5
which might be caused by direct
Section 8
or indirect contact;
EMF is not covered
b) temperatures, arcs or Section 4
All to be used in conjunction
radiation which would cause a
Section 11
with relevant part 2
danger, are not produced;
Section 12
Section 10
All to be used in conjunction
c) persons, domestic animals Section 4
with relevant part 2
and property are adequately
Section 10
protected against non-electrical
Section 11
dangers caused by the electrical
equipment which are revealed
by experience;
All to be used in conjunction
d) the insulation is suitable for Section 9
with relevant part 2
foreseeable conditions.
Section 10
3. Protection against hazards
which may be caused by
external influences on the
electrical equipment
Technical measures shall be
laid down in accordance with
point 1, in order to ensure that
the electrical equipment:
All to be used in conjunction
a) meets the expected Section 3
with relevant part 2
mechanical requirements in
Section 4
such a way that persons,
domestic animals and property
are not endangered;
b) is resistant to non-mechanical Section 9 All to be used in conjunction
influences in expected with relevant part 2
Section 13
environmental conditions, in
such a way that persons,
domestic animals and property
are not endangered;
All to be used in conjunction
c) does not endanger persons, Section 4
with relevant part 2
domestic animals and property
in foreseeable conditions of Section 12
overload.
WARNING 1 — Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this European
standard is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this
standard should consult frequently the latest list published in the Official Journal of the European
Union.
WARNING 2 — Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of
this standard.
IEC 60598-1 ®
Edition 8.0 2017-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
A MENDMENT 1
AM ENDEMENT 1
Luminaires –
Part 1: General requirements and tests
Luminaires –
Partie 1: Exigences générales et essais
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.140.40 ISBN 978-2-8322-4746-4
– 2 – IEC 60598-1:2014/AMD1:2017
© IEC 2017
FOREWORD
This amendment has been prepared by subcommittee 34D: Luminaires, of IEC technical
committee 34: Lamps and related equipment.
The text of this amendment is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
34D/1292/FDIS 34D/1298/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this amendment can be found in the report
on voting indicated in the above table.
The committee has decided that the contents of this amendment and the base publication will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
_____________
0.1 Scope
Delete the existing 12th paragraph starting with "Attention is drawn .".
0.2 Normative references
Add the following new references:
IEC 60228:2004, Conductors of insulated cables
IEC 60664-4:2005, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 4:
Consideration of high-frequency voltage stress
IEC 60998-2-1, Connecting devices for low-voltage circuits for household and similar
purposes – Part 2-1: Particular requirements for connecting devices as separate entities with
screw-type clamping units
IEC 60598-1:2014/AMD1:2017 – 3 –
© IEC 2017
IEC 60998-2-2, Connecting devices for low-voltage circuits for household and similar
purposes – Part 2-2: Particular requirements for connecting devices as separate entities with
screwless-type clamping units
0.4 General test requirements and verification
0.4.2
Delete the existing fourth paragraph starting with "In accordance with IEC guidelines ."
0.6 List of parts of IEC 60598-2
Add, after the existing Clause 0.6, a new Clause 0.7 as follows:
0.7 Information for luminaire design in light sources standards
0.7.1 In accordance with IEC guidelines, IEC standards are divided into those covering
either safety or performance.
0.7.2 In light source safety standards, “information for luminaire design” is given for the safe
operation of light sources; this shall be regarded as normative when testing luminaires to this
standard.
0.7.3 In light source performance standards, “information for luminaire design” is given for
the correct performance of light sources; this shall be regarded as informative when testing
luminaires to this standard. Testing of light source performance is not required as part of the
type test approval for luminaires.
1.2 Terms and definitions
Add, after 1.2.11, the following new entry:
1.2.11.1
rated constant input voltage
input voltage or voltages assigned by the manufacturer for luminaires not equipped with
controlgear
Note 1 to entry: The rated constant input voltage of the luminaire corresponds to the rated output voltage of the
constant voltage controlgear.
Add, after 1.2.12, the following new entry:
1.2.12.1
rated constant input current
input current or currents assigned by the manufacturer for luminaires not equipped with
controlgear
Note 1 to entry: The rated constant input current of the luminaire corresponds to the rated output current for
constant current controlgear.
Add, after 1.2.43, the following new entries:
1.2.43.1
maximum working peak output voltage
Û
out
maximum repetitive occurring peak working voltage between the output terminals or between
the output terminals and earth, during normal or abnormal operating condition and with
transients neglected
[SOURCE: IEC 61347-1:2015, 3.45]
– 4 – IEC 60598-1:2014/AMD1:2017
© IEC 2017
1.2.43.2
ignition voltage
peak voltage applied to ignite a discharge lamp
[SOURCE: IEC 61347-1:2015, 3.46]
1.2.43.3
ignition pulse voltage
peak ignition voltage with a total duration of ≤ 750 µs (summation of all pulses durations)
within 10 ms with the duration time (width) of each pulse being measured at the level of 50 %
of the maximum absolute peak value
Note 1 to entry: Ignition pulse waveforms, which are considered as ignition pulse voltage, should not contain any
dominant frequency above 30 kHz or should be usually highly damped (after 20 μs the peak voltage level should be
less than one half of the maximum peak voltage). For the assessment of the dominant frequency
IEC 60664-4:2005, Annex E should be consulted.
[SOURCE: IEC 61347-1:2015, 3.46.1]
1.2.43.4
equivalent transformed peak voltage
U
p
transformed output peak voltage, which is converted for the worst case peak voltage with its
related frequency into an ignition pulse voltage
Note 1 to entry: The value of the declared equivalent transformed output peak voltage is the essential parameter
for selecting the associated components.
Note 2 to entry: See 1.2.43.3.
[SOURCE: IEC 61347-1:2015, 3.47 , modified – notes 3 and 4 have been deleted.]
1.2.88.1
replaceable light source
In the definition, delete the words "according to IEC 60061"
Add, at the end of Clause 1.2, the following new entries:
1.2.92
connecting leads
tails
Internal wiring of luminaires intended to be connected to fixed wiring through separate
terminals which are to be enclosed inside the luminaire or connecting box
1.2.93
rated value
value of a quantity used for specification purposes, established under standard test conditions
as declared by the manufacturer or responsible vendor
[SOURCE: IEC 62504:2014, 3.33, modified – the note has been deleted.]
1.2.94
input power
electrical power consumed by the luminaire
3.2 Marking on luminaires
Table 3.1 – Marking
Add, in the second column, after marking 3.2.21, the following new markings:
IEC 60598-1:2014/AMD1:2017 – 5 –
© IEC 2017
f
3.2.25 Rated input constant voltage
g
3.2.26 Rated input constant current and value of U
out
Add, after table footnote "e", the following new table footnotes:
f
3.2.25 for constant voltage operation of the luminaire.
g
3.2.26 for constant current operation of the luminaire.
Insert, in the second column, between markings 3.2.7 and 3.2.9, the following new marking:
3.2.8.2 Rated input power
3.2.2
Add, at the end of 3.2.2, the following new text:
Where marking is provided in accordance with 3.2.25 or 3.2.26, additional marking of the
rated voltage is not required.
3.2.8
Replace 3.2.8 with the following new Subclause 3.2.8:
3.2.8 Luminaires shall be marked with information for the maximum rated light source power
or maximum input power according to 3.2.8.1, 3.2.8.2 and 3.2.8.3.
3.2.8.1 Luminaires for tungsten filament lamps shall be marked with the maximum rated
wattage and number of lamps.
Marking of maximum rated wattage for luminaires for tungsten filament lamps with more than
one lampholder may be in the form:
"n × MAX. W", n being the number of lampholders.
3.2.8.2 Luminaires designed for non-replaceable or non-user replaceable light sources shall
be marked with the rated input power of the luminaire.
NOTE The intention of the marking with the rated input power is to give guidance to installers. This standard does
not specify a test for the input power.
3.2.8.3 For all other luminaires, the rated wattage of the lamp or the designation as indicated
on the lamp data sheet of the type or types of lamp for which the luminaire is designed.
Where the lamp wattage alone is insufficient, the number of lamps and the type shall also be
given.
3.2.12
Replace the existing paragraph between NOTE 2 and NOTE 3 with the following new text:
Leads (tails) and terminations used for the connection to extra low voltage d.c. supplies shall
indicate their intended connection choosing one of the below mentioned combination:
– 6 – IEC 60598-1:2014/AMD1:2017
© IEC 2017
Table 3.2 – Identification of extra low voltage d.c. leads and terminations
Positive Negative
“+” “-“
a a
Colour coded red Colour coded black
a
Use of labels or sleeving fixed to the leads to give one of the above identification is acceptable.
3.2.23
Replace the last paragraph with the following new text:
In addition, luminaires incorporating replaceable or non-user replaceable light sources that
have been classified as having a threshold illuminance E condition in accordance with
thr
IEC/TR 62778 and which are directly visible during luminaire maintenance shall be marked
with the warning symbol “Do not stare at the operating light source” (see Figure 1). This
marking shall be visible as detailed by condition ‘a’ of Clause 3.2 and Table 3.1.
Add, at the end of Clause 3.2 the following new subclauses:
3.2.25 Rated constant input voltage when a luminaire is operated from a constant voltage
controlgear not provided with the luminaire.
3.2.26 Rated constant input current when the luminaire is operated from a constant current
controlgear not provided with the luminaire. Luminaires supplied with constant current shall
also be marked with the highest allowed U value of the controlgear.
out
3.3 Additional information
3.3.4
Delete the text of 3.3.4 and replace it with:
Not used
3.3.21
Delete, in the second dashed list item, the symbol IEC 60417-6042 and its associated text
Add, at the end of Clause 3.3, the following new subclauses:
3.3.23 Luminaires delivered without controlgear shall be provided with the necessary
information for the selection of the appropriate component (in particular the maximum wiring
distance and size between controlgear and luminaire), together with the highest allowed U
out
value of the controlgear and the maximum U or equivalent peak voltage U where pulse
p p
voltages are used. In addition, the classification of insulation of the external controlgear that
has been maintained between LV supply and secondary output shall be provided if there is a
need for at least basic insulation.
– For luminaires that require no insulation between LV supply and output of the external
controlgear no additional information is required.
– For luminaires that require basic insulation between the primary and secondary part of the
controlgear the substance of the following information is required:
External controlgear shall provide at least basic insulation between LV supply and output
– For luminaires that are not classified as Class III but require double or reinforced
insulation between the primary and secondary part of the controlgear the substance of the
following information is required:
IEC 60598-1:2014/AMD1:2017 – 7 –
© IEC 2017
External controlgear shall provide at least double or reinforced insulation between LV
supply and output
– For luminaires that are classified as Class III, an indication that the controlgear shall be
SELV is required.
3.3.24 Where the terminal block is not supplied with the luminaire, the packaging shall
contain the following wording:
"Terminal block not included. Installation must be performed by a qualified person.”
4.7 Terminals and supply connections
4.7.3
Replace the second paragraph with the following new text:
Connecting leads (tails) shall comply with the requirements of Clause 5.3.
4.14 Suspensions, fixings and means of adjustment
4.14.1
Replace the eighth paragraph ("Test E: For clip-mounted luminaires") with the following new
text:
Test E: For clip-mounted luminaires: A pull is applied to the cable without jerk for 1 min in the
most unfavourable direction in normal use. During the test, the clip is mounted on standard
test “shelves” made of ordinary window glass, one with a nominal thickness of 10 mm and one
with the maximum thickness onto which the clip can be mounted. For this test, the thickness
of the test shelf is increased by multiples of 10 mm. The clip shall not fall off the glass at a
pull of 20 N.
4.16 Luminaires for mounting on normally flammable surfaces
Add, at the end of Clause 4.16, the following new text:
Because of their application, luminaires which are provided with an adaptor for mounting on a
track shall meet the requirements for direct mounting on normally flammable surfaces.
5.2 Supply connection and other external wiring
5.2.1
Replace, in the first paragraph, the four dashed list items with the following new text:
a) fixed luminaires:
– devices for the connection of luminaires
...
The article discusses a standard, SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018, which focuses on luminaires. Luminaires are lighting fixtures used in homes, offices, and other settings. The standard provides general requirements and tests for these luminaires, ensuring their safety and functionality. It is based on the international standard, IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017. The standard covers various aspects such as construction, electrical and thermal safety, rating, performance, and energy efficiency. Adhering to this standard helps manufacturers produce high-quality and safe luminaires that meet customer expectations.
기사 제목: SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 - 조명기구 - 제 1부: 일반 요구 사항과 시험 (IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017) 기사 내용: 이 기사는 조명기구에 관한 표준 인 SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018에 대해 논의하고 있습니다. 조명기구는 가정, 사무실 및 기타 장소에서 사용되는 조명 장치입니다. 이 표준은 조명기구의 안전성과 기능성을 보장하기 위해 일반 요구 사항과 시험을 제공합니다. 이 표준은 국제 표준인 IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017을 기반으로 합니다. 이 표준은 구조, 전기 및 열 안전성, 등급, 성능 및 에너지 효율성과 같은 다양한 측면을 다룹니다. 이 표준을 준수함으로써 제조업체는 고객의 기대에 부응하는 고품질이고 안전한 조명기구를 생산할 수 있습니다.
記事タイトル:SIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018 - 照明器具 - 第1部:一般要件と試験(IEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017) 記事の内容:この記事は、照明器具に関する標準であるSIST EN 60598-1:2015/A1:2018について説明しています。照明器具は、家庭、オフィス、その他の場所で使用される照明器具です。この標準は、照明器具の安全性と機能性を確保するための一般要件と試験を提供しています。国際標準であるIEC 60598-1:2014/A1:2017に基づいています。この標準は、構造、電気および熱の安全性、評価、性能、エネルギー効率など、さまざまな側面をカバーしています。この標準に準拠することで、製造業者は顧客の期待に応える高品質で安全な照明器具を製造することができます。










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