SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022
(Main)Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 4: Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 4: Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing
The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies.
The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts.
A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8.
The parts are as follows:
Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications Clauses 1 ‐ 9
Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects Clauses 10 ‐ 22
Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures Clauses 23 ‐ 32
Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing Clauses 33 ‐ 45
Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints Clauses 46 ‐ 63
Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection Clauses 64 ‐ 81
Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies Clauses 82 ‐ 107
Part 8 Glossary
NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 4: Integritätskontrolle, Verifizierungsrichtlinien und Herstellung
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 4 : Contrôle de l’intégrité, directives de vérification et fabrication
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 4. del: Nadzor integritete, smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih, SMH, združuje informacije o materialih in oblikovanju uveljavljenih polimernih matričnih kompozitov z začasnimi informacijami o nastajajočih skupinah novejših naprednih materialov in njihovih kompozitov. Opisani so vidiki oblikovanja, skupaj z dejavniki združevanja in proizvodnje. Kjer je mogoče, so podani primeri ali študije primerov.
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih vsebuje 8 delov.
Slovar izrazov, opredelitve in okrajšave izrazov za te priročnike so v 8. delu.
Deli so:
1. del: Pregled in lastnosti materialov ter aplikacije Točke 1–9
2. del: Metode za izračun zasnove in splošni vidiki zasnove Točke 10–22
3. del: Prenos obremenitve ter projektiranje spojev in konstrukcij Točke 23–32
4. del: Nadzor integritete, smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja Točke 33–45
5. del: Novi napredni materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov Točke 46–63
6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov, načrtovanje in nadzor integritete ter inšpekcijski pregled Točke 64–81
7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije Točke 82–107
8. del: Slovar
OPOMBA: Teh 8 delov je označenih s številkami od TR17603-32-01 do TR 17603-32-08.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022
01-marec-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 4. del: Nadzor integritete,
smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 4: Integrity control, verification
guidelines and manufacturing
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 4: Integritätskontrolle,
Verifizierungsrichtlinien und Herstellung
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 4 : Contrôle de l’intégrité,
directives de vérification et fabrication
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022
TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-04
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
January 2022
ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
4: Integrity control, verification guidelines and
manufacturing
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe -
- Partie 4 : Contrôle de l'intégrité, directives de Teil 4: Integritätskontrolle, Verifizierungsrichtlinien
vérification et fabrication und Herstellung
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 22 November 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
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CEN/TR 17603-32-04:2022 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 26
Introduction . 27
33 Aspects of damage tolerance . 28
33.1 Introduction . 28
33.1.1 Damage tolerance . 28
33.1.2 Damage events . 28
33.1.3 Damage tolerance criteria . 28
33.2 General guidelines . 29
33.2.1 Fracture control . 29
33.2.2 Durability . 29
33.2.3 Damage . 29
33.2.4 Defects in composites . 29
33.2.5 Impact damage . 32
33.3 Damage tolerance criteria . 33
33.3.1 General . 33
33.3.2 Load paths . 34
33.3.3 Environment . 34
33.3.4 Damage . 34
33.3.5 Residual strength . 35
33.3.6 Safe-life . 35
33.3.7 Fail-safe . 35
33.3.8 Stiffness . 35
33.3.9 Loads . 35
33.3.10 Environmental factors . 35
33.3.11 Inspection . 35
33.3.12 Summary . 36
33.4 Defect standardisation . 36
33.4.1 General . 36
33.4.2 Types of defects . 37
33.5 Effect of macroscopic defects on static load . 39
2
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33.5.1 Composite failure . 39
33.5.2 Use of fracture mechanics . 39
33.5.3 Multi-angle laminates . 39
33.6 Test and analysis . 40
33.6.1 General . 40
33.6.2 Constituent tests . 42
33.6.3 Lamina tests. 43
33.6.4 Laminate tests . 43
33.6.5 Structural element and component tests . 43
33.6.6 Structural sub-component or full-scale tests . 43
33.6.7 Delamination . 43
33.7 Other features of damage-tolerance design . 45
33.7.1 Acoustic fatigue . 45
33.7.2 Proof testing . 45
33.7.3 Metallic parts . 45
33.7.4 Thermal and meteoroid protection system . 45
33.7.5 Impact dynamics – crashworthiness . 45
33.7.6 Flammability, toxicity and off-gassing . 45
33.7.7 Lightning protection . 46
33.8 Improving damage tolerance with higher toughness laminates . 46
33.8.1 General . 46
33.8.2 Material-related aspects . 46
33.8.3 Lay-up aspects . 47
33.9 References . 47
33.9.1 General . 47
33.9.2 ECSS documents . 48
33.9.3 MIL standards . 48
34 Inspection and quality assurance . 49
34.1 Introduction . 49
34.2 Fabrication and quality assurance . 49
34.2.1 Quality assurance . 49
34.3 Inspection, maintenance and repair . 50
34.3.1 Inspection and maintenance . 50
34.3.2 Repairs . 51
34.4 Inspection . 51
34.4.1 Basic considerations . 51
34.5 Definition of inspection procedures . 52
3
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34.5.1 Procedures . 52
34.5.2 Thin composite laminates. 53
34.5.3 Thick composite laminates . 53
34.6 Non-destructive inspection techniques . 54
34.6.1 Introduction . 54
34.6.2 Damage tolerant designs . 54
34.6.3 Advances in NDT . 54
34.6.4 Techniques . 55
34.6.5 Smart technologies for condition monitoring . 56
34.7 Defects and anomalies for detection . 56
34.7.1 General . 56
34.7.2 Emphasis of NDT development . 57
34.8 Overview of NDT techniques . 57
34.8.1 Selection of NDT technique . 57
34.8.2 Detection of defects . 58
34.9 Traditional contact NDT techniques . 64
34.9.1 General . 64
34.9.2 Visual inspection . 64
34.9.3 Dye penetrant . 64
34.9.4 Magnetic particle . 64
34.9.5 Mechanical resonance or impedance . 64
34.10 Ultrasonic techniques . 65
34.10.1 Introduction . 65
34.10.2 Modes of examination . 66
34.10.3 Ultrasonic signal presentation . 66
34.10.4 Data and image processing . 66
34.10.5 Equipment calibration . 67
34.10.6 Large area scanning . 67
34.10.7 Acousto-ultrasonics . 68
34.10.8 Lamb wave (guided wave) . 69
34.10.9 Rayleigh wave techniques . 70
34.10.10 Backscattering techniques . 70
34.10.11 Transducer technology . 71
34.10.12 Air-coupled techniques (non-contact) . 74
34.11 Acoustic emission . 77
34.12 Laser ultrasonics . 78
34.12.1 General . 78
4
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34.12.2 Basic principles . 79
34.13 Holography . 80
34.13.1 Introduction . 80
34.13.2 Laser interferometric techniques . 81
34.13.3 Vibration, pressure and thermal loading . 82
34.13.4 Electronic imaging . 82
34.13.5 Examination of space structures . 83
34.14 Laser shearography . 84
34.14.1 Introduction . 84
34.14.2 Basic technique . 84
34.14.3 Characteristics of shearography . 85
34.15 Thermography . 86
34.15.1 Introduction . 86
34.15.2 Techniques . 87
34.15.3 Heat sources and pulse duration . 91
34.15.4 Detection capabilities . 91
34.15.5 Limitations of thermography . 92
34.16 X-ray radiography . 93
34.16.1 Introduction . 93
34.16.2 X-ray techniques . 94
34.16.3 Digital radiographic system developments . 95
34.16.4 Defect resolution . 98
34.17 Computer tomography . 98
34.17.1 Introduction . 98
34.17.2 Basic technique . 98
34.17.3 Attributes of CT scanning . 99
34.17.4 Micro-tomography . 100
34.18 Eddy currents . 100
34.18.1 Introduction . 100
34.18.2 Developments in eddy current techniques . 101
34.19 Other NDT techniques . 102
34.19.1 General . 102
34.19.2 Microwave . 103
34.19.3 Heat and photosensitive agents . 103
34.19.4 Electrical impedance . 103
34.19.5 Acoustic microscopy . 103
34.19.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) . 104
5
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34.19.7 Neutron radiography . 104
34.19.8 Gamma radiography . 104
34.19.9 D sight - Diffracto sight . 104
34.20 NDT for adhesive bond defects. 105
34.20.1 General . 105
34.20.2 Disbonds, voids and porosity . 105
34.20.3 Cohesion and adhesion . 106
34.21 NDT for space applications . 106
34.21.1 Introduction . 106
34.21.2 Developments in inspection . 107
34.21.3 Summary of NDT techniques . 107
34.22 Rupture tests . 109
34.22.1 Application . 109
34.23 Test related items . 110
34.23.1 General . 110
34.23.2 Major items . 110
34.23.3 Qualification tests . 111
34.24 Structural test reports . 122
34.25 Analysis and test documents . 123
34.26 References . 125
34.26.1 General . 125
34.26.2 ECSS documents . 137
35 Objective of verification . 138
35.1 Introduction . 138
35.1.1 General . 138
35.1.2 Composite structures . 138
35.1.3 Composite materials . 138
36 Procurement specifications for raw materials . 140
36.1 Introduction . 140
36.1.1 Guidelines . 140
36.2 Specification methods . 140
36.2.1 Fiche sheet principle . 140
36.2.2 Specific material specification . 141
36.3 Guidelines on resin procurement . 141
36.3.1 Scope. 141
36.3.2 Basic information to be provided by the supplier . 142
36.4 Guidelines on carbon and other fibre prepreg procurement . 146
6
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36.4.1 Scope. 146
36.4.2 Description and classification of prepreg . 146
36.4.3 Prepreg charachteristics for qualification and batch testing . 147
36.4.4 Laminate Characteristics . 150
36.4.5 Test methods . 151
36.5 References . 152
36.5.1 ECSS documents . 152
36.5.2 ESA publications . 152
37 Philosophy of assessment of design allowables . 153
37.1 Introduction . 153
37.2 Carbon fibre reinforced plastics . 153
37.2.1 Design values . 153
37.3 Definition of design allowables . 154
37.3.1 'A' basis allowable . 154
37.3.2 'B' basis allowable . 154
37.4 Development procedure. 154
37.5 Test data . 154
37.5.1 Material . 154
37.5.2 Data . 155
37.6 References . 159
37.6.1 General . 159
38 Manufacturing techniques . 160
38.1 Introduction . 160
38.1.1 Processing techniques . 160
38.1.2 Process selection . 160
38.2 Process selection criteria . 161
38.3 Hand lay-up . 161
38.3.1 General . 161
38.3.2 Wet lamination . 162
38.3.3 Prepreg lay-up . 165
38.4 Autoclave moulding . 169
38.4.1 Use . 169
38.4.2 Basic process . 169
38.4.3 Bag moulding methods . 170
38.4.4 Features of bag moulding. 173
38.4.5 Bagging techniques . 174
38.4.6 Tool materials . 175
7
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38.4.7 Cure schedules . 177
38.5 Filament winding . 178
38.5.1 Basic process . 178
38.5.2 Applications. 178
38.5.3 Winding process . 179
38.5.4 Mandrels . 180
38.5.5 Sandwich constructions . 180
38.5.6 Tape winding . 181
38.6 Filament-winding machines . 181
38.6.1 General . 181
38.6.2 Polar winding . 181
38.6.3 Helical winding . 183
38.7 Resin transfer moulding . 184
38.7.1 General .
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021
01-oktober-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 4. del: Nadzor integritete,
smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 4: Integrity control, verification
guidelines and manufacturing
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe - Teil 4: Integritätskontrolle,
Verifizierungsrichtlinien und Herstellung
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 4 : Contrôle de l’intégrité,
directives de vérification et fabrication
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021
TECHNICAL REPORT
FINAL DRAFT
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
July 2021
ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
4: Integrity control, verification guidelines and
manufacturing
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Strukturwerkstoffe -
- Partie 4 : Contrôle de l'intégrité, directives de Teil 4: Integritätskontrolle, Verifizierungsrichtlinien
vérification et fabrication und Herstellung
This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021 (E)
Table of contents
33.1.1 Damage tolerance . 24
33.1.2 Damage events . 24
33.1.3 Damage tolerance criteria . 24
33.2.1 Fracture control . 25
33.2.2 Durability . 25
33.2.3 Damage . 25
33.2.4 Defects in composites . 25
33.2.5 Impact damage . 28
33.3.1 General . 29
33.3.2 Load paths . 30
33.3.3 Environment . 30
33.3.4 Damage . 30
33.3.5 Residual strength . 31
33.3.6 Safe-life . 31
33.3.7 Fail-safe . 31
33.3.8 Stiffness . 31
33.3.9 Loads . 31
33.3.10 Environmental factors . 31
33.3.11 Inspection . 31
33.3.12 Summary . 32
33.4.1 General . 32
33.4.2 Types of defects . 33
33.5.1 Composite failure . 35
33.5.2 Use of fracture mechanics . 35
33.5.3 Multi-angle laminates . 35
33.6.1 General . 36
33.6.2 Constituent tests . 38
33.6.3 Lamina tests. 39
33.6.4 Laminate tests . 39
33.6.5 Structural element and component tests . 39
33.6.6 Structural sub-component or full-scale tests . 39
2
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33.6.7 Delamination . 39
33.7.1 Acoustic fatigue . 41
33.7.2 Proof testing . 41
33.7.3 Metallic parts . 41
33.7.4 Thermal and meteoroid protection system . 41
33.7.5 Impact dynamics – crashworthiness . 41
33.7.6 Flammability, toxicity and off-gassing . 41
33.7.7 Lightning protection . 42
33.8.1 General . 42
33.8.2 Material-related aspects . 42
33.8.3 Lay-up aspects . 43
33.9.1 General . 43
33.9.2 ECSS documents . 44
33.9.3 MIL standards . 44
34.2.1 Quality assurance . 45
34.3.1 Inspection and maintenance . 46
34.3.2 Repairs . 47
34.4.1 Basic considerations . 47
34.5.1 Procedures . 48
34.5.2 Thin composite laminates. 49
34.5.3 Thick composite laminates . 49
34.6.1 Introduction . 50
34.6.2 Damage tolerant designs . 50
34.6.3 Advances in NDT . 50
34.6.4 Techniques . 51
34.6.5 Smart technologies for condition monitoring . 52
34.7.1 General . 52
34.7.2 Emphasis of NDT development . 53
34.8.1 Selection of NDT technique . 53
34.8.2 Detection of defects . 54
34.9.1 General . 60
34.9.2 Visual inspection . 60
34.9.3 Dye penetrant . 60
34.9.4 Magnetic particle . 60
34.9.5 Mechanical resonance or impedance . 60
34.10.1 Introduction . 61
34.10.2 Modes of examination . 62
3
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34.10.3 Ultrasonic signal presentation . 62
34.10.4 Data and image processing . 62
34.10.5 Equipment calibration . 63
34.10.6 Large area scanning . 63
34.10.7 Acousto-ultrasonics . 64
34.10.8 Lamb wave (guided wave) . 65
34.10.9 Rayleigh wave techniques . 66
34.10.10 Backscattering techniques . 66
34.10.11 Transducer technology . 67
34.10.12 Air-coupled techniques (non-contact) . 70
34.12.1 General . 74
34.12.2 Basic principles . 75
34.13.1 Introduction . 76
34.13.2 Laser interferometric techniques . 77
34.13.3 Vibration, pressure and thermal loading . 78
34.13.4 Electronic imaging . 78
34.13.5 Examination of space structures . 79
34.14.1 Introduction . 80
34.14.2 Basic technique . 80
34.14.3 Characteristics of shearography . 81
34.15.1 Introduction . 82
34.15.2 Techniques . 83
34.15.3 Heat sources and pulse duration . 87
34.15.4 Detection capabilities . 87
34.15.5 Limitations of thermography . 88
34.16.1 Introduction . 89
34.16.2 X-ray techniques . 90
34.16.3 Digital radiographic system developments . 91
34.16.4 Defect resolution . 94
34.17.1 Introduction . 94
34.17.2 Basic technique . 94
34.17.3 Attributes of CT scanning . 95
34.17.4 Micro-tomography . 96
34.18.1 Introduction . 96
34.18.2 Developments in eddy current techniques . 97
34.19.1 General . 98
34.19.2 Microwave . 99
4
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34.19.3 Heat and photosensitive agents . 99
34.19.4 Electrical impedance . 99
34.19.5 Acoustic microscopy . 99
34.19.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) . 100
34.19.7 Neutron radiography . 100
34.19.8 Gamma radiography . 100
34.19.9 D sight - Diffracto sight . 100
34.20.1 General . 101
34.20.2 Disbonds, voids and porosity . 101
34.20.3 Cohesion and adhesion . 102
34.21.1 Introduction . 102
34.21.2 Developments in inspection . 103
34.21.3 Summary of NDT techniques . 103
34.22.1 Application . 105
34.23.1 General . 106
34.23.2 Major items . 106
34.23.3 Qualification tests . 107
34.26.1 General . 121
34.26.2 ECSS documents . 133
35.1.1 General . 134
35.1.2 Composite structures . 134
35.1.3 Composite materials . 134
36.1.1 Guidelines . 136
36.2.1 Fiche sheet principle . 136
36.2.2 Specific material specification . 137
36.3.1 Scope. 137
36.3.2 Basic information to be provided by the supplier . 138
36.4.1 Scope. 142
36.4.2 Description and classification of prepreg . 142
36.4.3 Prepreg charachteristics for qualification and batch testing . 143
36.4.4 Laminate Characteristics . 146
36.4.5 Test methods . 147
36.5.1 ECSS documents . 148
36.5.2 ESA publications . 148
37.2.1 Design values . 149
37.3.1 'A' basis allowable . 150
37.3.2 'B' basis allowable . 150
5
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37.5.1 Material . 150
37.5.2 Data . 151
37.6.1 General . 155
38.1.1 Processing techniques . 156
38.1.2 Process selection . 156
38.3.1 General . 157
38.3.2 Wet lamination . 158
38.3.3 Prepreg lay-up . 161
38.4.1 Use . 165
38.4.2 Basic process . 165
38.4.3 Bag moulding methods . 166
38.4.4 Features of bag moulding. 169
38.4.5 Bagging techniques . 170
38.4.6 Tool materials . 171
38.4.7 Cure schedules . 173
38.5.1 Basic process . 174
38.5.2 Applications. 174
38.5.3 Winding process . 175
38.5.4 Mandrels . 176
38.5.5 Sandwich constructions . 176
38.5.6 Tape winding . 177
38.6.1 General . 177
38.6.2 Polar winding . 177
38.6.3 Helical winding . 179
38.7.1 General . 180
38.7.2 Basic process . 180
38.7.3 Applications. 181
38.7.4 Fibre preforms . 181
38.7.5 Resin injection . 182
38.7.6 Process variables . 183
38.7.7 Process advantages . 183
38.8.1 Use . 184
38.8.2 Basic process . 184
38.8.3 Pull-forming . 185
38.9.1 Tubular sections . 185
38.10.1 General . 186
38.10.2 Fibre metal laminates . 186
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021 (E)
38.10.3 Thermoplastic composites . 186
38.11.1 General . 187
38.11.2 Short fibre composites . 187
38.12.1 Process developments . 188
38.12.2 EB electron beam curing . 189
38.12.3 Microwave . 193
38.12.4 UV curing . 194
38.13.1 General . 194
38.13.2 Braids. 195
38.13.3 Commingled fibre performs . 195
38.14.1 Introduction . 196
38.14.2 Advantages . 199
38.14.3 Repeatability in lay-up and properties . 200
38.14.4 Mixed materials in the same lay-up . 201
38.14.5 Major advantages of fibre placement compared with other
technologies . 202
38.14.6 Examples of European launcher and satellite structures made by
fibre placement . 203
38.15.1 Introduction . 204
38.15.2 Aerospace structural parts . 204
38.15.3 Composite materials . 205
38.15.4 Tooling . 205
38.16.1 General . 206
38.16.2 ECSS standards . 212
39.2.1 General . 213
39.2.2 Equipment . 213
39.3.1 Carbon/epoxy composites . 214
39.3.2 Aramid/epoxy composites . 214
39.3.3 Trimming and bevelling . 215
39.4.1 General . 216
39.4.2 Fit or trim . 216
39.4.3 Bonding . 217
39.4.4 Aramid/epoxy composites . 218
39.5.1 Basic rules . 218
39.5.2 Bandsawing . 218
39.5.3 Circular sawing . 219
39.5.4 Sabre sawing . 220
39.6.1 General . 221
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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-04:2021 (E)
39.6.2 Carbon and glass reinforced epoxy . 221
39.6.3 Aramid/epoxy composites . 221
39.8.1 Basic Rules . 223
39.8.2 Plunge-cut milling . 223
39.9.1 Basic problems . 224
39.9.2 Drill bits for composites . 225
39.10.1 Introduction . 227
39.10.2 Advantages . 228
39.10.3 Drilling parameters . 228
39.10.4 Equipment . 228
39.10.5 Application examples . 229
39.11.1 General . 230
39.11.2 ECSS standards
...
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