SIST ISO 24617-6:2018

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2018
Upravljanje z jezikovnimi viri - Ogrodje za semantično označevanje (SemAF) - 6.
del: Načela semantičnega označevanja (načela SemAF)
Language resource management -- Semantic annotation framework -- Part 6: Principles
of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques -- Cadre d'annotation sémantique -- Partie 6:
Principes d'annotation sémantique (SemAF Principes)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24617-6:2016
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24617-6
First edition
2016-02-01
Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework —
Part 6:
Principles of semantic annotation
(SemAF Principles)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre d’annotation
sémantique —
Partie 6: Principes d’annotation sémantique (SemAF Principes)
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Purpose and motivation . 2
3.1 Purpose . 2
3.2 Motivation . 2
4 Overview . 3
5 Annotation principles and requirements . 4
5.1 Principles inherited from the Linguistic Annotation Framework . 4
5.2 Other general annotation principles . 5
5.3 Principles specific to semantic annotation . 5
6 The methodological basis of SemAF . 7
6.1 Steps in the design of an annotation scheme . 7
6.2 Metamodels . 8
6.3 Abstract syntax, concrete syntax and semantics .10
6.4 Steps forward and feedback in the design process .12
6.5 Optional elements in an annotation scheme .14
7 Overlaps between annotation schemes .15
7.1 Semantic and terminological consistency .15
7.2 Spatial and temporal relations as semantic roles .15
7.3 Events .17
7.4 Discourse relations in dialogue .18
8 Semantic phenomena that cut across annotation schemes .18
8.1 Ubiquitous semantic phenomena .18
8.2 Quantification .18
8.3 Quantities and measures .19
8.4 Negation, modality, factuality, and attribution .20
8.5 Modification and qualification .21
8.5.1 Modification and quantification .21
8.5.2 Qualification .22
8.5.3 Other issues .23
Annex A (informative) An approach to the annotation of quantification in natural language .24
Bibliography .28
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
ISO 24617 consists of the following parts, under the general title Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework (SemAF):
— Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISOTimeML)
— Part 2: Dialogue acts (SemAF-Dacts)
— Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR)
— Part 5: Discourse structures (SemAF-DS) [Technical Specification]
— Part 6: Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
— Part 7: Spatial information (ISOspace)
The following parts are in preparation:
— Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse (SemAF DR-core)
— Part 9: Reference (ISOref)
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24617-6:2016(E)
Language resource management — Semantic annotation
framework —
Part 6:
Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 24617 specifies the approach to semantic annotation characterizing the ISO Semantic
annotation framework (SemAF). It outlines the SemAF strategy for developing separate annotation
schemes for certain classes of semantic phenomena, aiming in the long term to combine these into a
single, coherent scheme for semantic annotation with wide coverage. In particular, it sets out the
notions of both an abstract and a concrete syntax for semantic annotations, mirroring the distinction
between annotations and representations that is made in the ISO Linguistic Annotation Framework.
It describes the role of these notions in relation to the specification of a metamodel and a semantic
interpretation of annotations, with a view to defining a well-founded annotation scheme.
This part of ISO 24617 also provides guidelines for dealing with two issues regarding the annotation
schemes defined in SemAF-parts: a) conceptual and terminological inconsistencies that may arise due
to overlaps between annotation schemes and b) the treatment of semantic phenomena that cut across
SemAF-parts, such as negation, modality and quantification. Instances of both issues are identified, and
in some cases, direction is given as to how they may be tackled.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE In addition, the terms ‘event’ and ‘eventuality’ are used (as synonyms) as defined in ISO 24617-1 as
something that can be said to obtain or hold true, to happen or to occur.
2.1
primary data
electronic representation of text or communicative behaviour
EXAMPLE Digital representations of text, transcriptions of speech, gestures or multimodal dialogue.
Note 1 to entry: ISO 24612 defines primary data as the ‘electronic representation of language data’. This definition
is unsatisfactory for this part of ISO 24617 as semantic annotation may relate to non-verbal or multimodal data,
such as stretches of spoken dialogue with accompanying gestures and facial expressions, and even gestures
and/or facial expressions without any accompanying speech.
2.2
annotation
linguistic information added to primary data (2.1), independent of its representation
[SOURCE: ISO 24612:2012, 2.3]
2.3
semantic annotation
annotation (2.2) which contains information about the meaning of a segment or region of primary data
(2.1)
2.4
metamodel
schematic representation of the concepts that are used in the analysis and description of the phenomena
covered in annotations (2.2) and of the relationships between them
3 Purpose and motivation
3.1 Purpose
The purpose of this part of ISO 24617 is to provide support for the establishment of a consistent and
coherent set of international standards for semantic annotation within the Semantic Annotation
Framework (SemAF). It aims to do so in three ways.
First, by making explicit which basic principles underlie the approach that has been followed in
defining international standards in the SemAF parts that have been published so far (ISO 24617-1 and
ISO 24617-2, ISO 24617-4 and ISO 24617-7), and in parts that are close to publication (ISO 24617-6)
or in preparation (ISO 24617-8). This approach provides the Semantic Annotation Framework with
methodological coherence and helps to ensure mutual consistency between existing, developing, and
future SemAF parts.
Second, by identifying overlaps between SemAF parts and indicating how such overlaps may be dealt
with. Examples are the occurrence of temporal and spatial relations among s
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2018
Upravljanje z jezikovnimi viri - Ogrodje za semantično označevanje (SemAF) - 6.
del: Načela semantičnega označevanja (načela SemAF)
Language resource management -- Semantic annotation framework -- Part 6: Principles
of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques -- Cadre d'annotation sémantique -- Partie 6:
Principes d'annotation sémantique (SemAF Principes)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24617-6:2016
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24617-6
First edition
2016-02-01
Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework —
Part 6:
Principles of semantic annotation
(SemAF Principles)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre d’annotation
sémantique —
Partie 6: Principes d’annotation sémantique (SemAF Principes)
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Purpose and motivation . 2
3.1 Purpose . 2
3.2 Motivation . 2
4 Overview . 3
5 Annotation principles and requirements . 4
5.1 Principles inherited from the Linguistic Annotation Framework . 4
5.2 Other general annotation principles . 5
5.3 Principles specific to semantic annotation . 5
6 The methodological basis of SemAF . 7
6.1 Steps in the design of an annotation scheme . 7
6.2 Metamodels . 8
6.3 Abstract syntax, concrete syntax and semantics .10
6.4 Steps forward and feedback in the design process .12
6.5 Optional elements in an annotation scheme .14
7 Overlaps between annotation schemes .15
7.1 Semantic and terminological consistency .15
7.2 Spatial and temporal relations as semantic roles .15
7.3 Events .17
7.4 Discourse relations in dialogue .18
8 Semantic phenomena that cut across annotation schemes .18
8.1 Ubiquitous semantic phenomena .18
8.2 Quantification .18
8.3 Quantities and measures .19
8.4 Negation, modality, factuality, and attribution .20
8.5 Modification and qualification .21
8.5.1 Modification and quantification .21
8.5.2 Qualification .22
8.5.3 Other issues .23
Annex A (informative) An approach to the annotation of quantification in natural language .24
Bibliography .28
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
ISO 24617 consists of the following parts, under the general title Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework (SemAF):
— Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISOTimeML)
— Part 2: Dialogue acts (SemAF-Dacts)
— Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR)
— Part 5: Discourse structures (SemAF-DS) [Technical Specification]
— Part 6: Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
— Part 7: Spatial information (ISOspace)
The following parts are in preparation:
— Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse (SemAF DR-core)
— Part 9: Reference (ISOref)
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24617-6:2016(E)
Language resource management — Semantic annotation
framework —
Part 6:
Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 24617 specifies the approach to semantic annotation characterizing the ISO Semantic
annotation framework (SemAF). It outlines the SemAF strategy for developing separate annotation
schemes for certain classes of semantic phenomena, aiming in the long term to combine these into a
single, coherent scheme for semantic annotation with wide coverage. In particular, it sets out the
notions of both an abstract and a concrete syntax for semantic annotations, mirroring the distinction
between annotations and representations that is made in the ISO Linguistic Annotation Framework.
It describes the role of these notions in relation to the specification of a metamodel and a semantic
interpretation of annotations, with a view to defining a well-founded annotation scheme.
This part of ISO 24617 also provides guidelines for dealing with two issues regarding the annotation
schemes defined in SemAF-parts: a) conceptual and terminological inconsistencies that may arise due
to overlaps between annotation schemes and b) the treatment of semantic phenomena that cut across
SemAF-parts, such as negation, modality and quantification. Instances of both issues are identified, and
in some cases, direction is given as to how they may be tackled.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE In addition, the terms ‘event’ and ‘eventuality’ are used (as synonyms) as defined in ISO 24617-1 as
something that can be said to obtain or hold true, to happen or to occur.
2.1
primary data
electronic representation of text or communicative behaviour
EXAMPLE Digital representations of text, transcriptions of speech, gestures or multimodal dialogue.
Note 1 to entry: ISO 24612 defines primary data as the ‘electronic representation of language data’. This definition
is unsatisfactory for this part of ISO 24617 as semantic annotation may relate to non-verbal or multimodal data,
such as stretches of spoken dialogue with accompanying gestures and facial expressions, and even gestures
and/or facial expressions without any accompanying speech.
2.2
annotation
linguistic information added to primary data (2.1), independent of its representation
[SOURCE: ISO 24612:2012, 2.3]
2.3
semantic annotation
annotation (2.2) which contains information about the meaning of a segment or region of primary data
(2.1)
2.4
metamodel
schematic representation of the concepts that are used in the analysis and description of the phenomena
covered in annotations (2.2) and of the relationships between them
3 Purpose and motivation
3.1 Purpose
The purpose of this part of ISO 24617 is to provide support for the establishment of a consistent and
coherent set of international standards for semantic annotation within the Semantic Annotation
Framework (SemAF). It aims to do so in three ways.
First, by making explicit which basic principles underlie the approach that has been followed in
defining international standards in the SemAF parts that have been published so far (ISO 24617-1 and
ISO 24617-2, ISO 24617-4 and ISO 24617-7), and in parts that are close to publication (ISO 24617-6)
or in preparation (ISO 24617-8). This approach provides the Semantic Annotation Framework with
methodological coherence and helps to ensure mutual consistency between existing, developing, and
future SemAF parts.
Second, by identifying overlaps between SemAF parts and indicating how such overlaps may be dealt
with. Examples are the oc
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24617-6
First edition
2016-02-01
Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework —
Part 6:
Principles of semantic annotation
(SemAF Principles)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre d’annotation
sémantique —
Partie 6: Principes d’annotation sémantique (SemAF Principes)
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Purpose and motivation . 2
3.1 Purpose . 2
3.2 Motivation . 2
4 Overview . 3
5 Annotation principles and requirements . 4
5.1 Principles inherited from the Linguistic Annotation Framework . 4
5.2 Other general annotation principles . 5
5.3 Principles specific to semantic annotation . 5
6 The methodological basis of SemAF . 7
6.1 Steps in the design of an annotation scheme . 7
6.2 Metamodels . 8
6.3 Abstract syntax, concrete syntax and semantics .10
6.4 Steps forward and feedback in the design process .12
6.5 Optional elements in an annotation scheme .14
7 Overlaps between annotation schemes .15
7.1 Semantic and terminological consistency .15
7.2 Spatial and temporal relations as semantic roles .15
7.3 Events .17
7.4 Discourse relations in dialogue .18
8 Semantic phenomena that cut across annotation schemes .18
8.1 Ubiquitous semantic phenomena .18
8.2 Quantification .18
8.3 Quantities and measures .19
8.4 Negation, modality, factuality, and attribution .20
8.5 Modification and qualification .21
8.5.1 Modification and quantification .21
8.5.2 Qualification .22
8.5.3 Other issues .23
Annex A (informative) An approach to the annotation of quantification in natural language .24
Bibliography .28
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 37, Terminology and other language and content
resources, Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
ISO 24617 consists of the following parts, under the general title Language resource management —
Semantic annotation framework (SemAF):
— Part 1: Time and events (SemAF-Time, ISOTimeML)
— Part 2: Dialogue acts (SemAF-Dacts)
— Part 4: Semantic roles (SemAF-SR)
— Part 5: Discourse structures (SemAF-DS) [Technical Specification]
— Part 6: Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
— Part 7: Spatial information (ISOspace)
The following parts are in preparation:
— Part 8: Semantic relations in discourse (SemAF DR-core)
— Part 9: Reference (ISOref)
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24617-6:2016(E)
Language resource management — Semantic annotation
framework —
Part 6:
Principles of semantic annotation (SemAF Principles)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 24617 specifies the approach to semantic annotation characterizing the ISO Semantic
annotation framework (SemAF). It outlines the SemAF strategy for developing separate annotation
schemes for certain classes of semantic phenomena, aiming in the long term to combine these into a
single, coherent scheme for semantic annotation with wide coverage. In particular, it sets out the
notions of both an abstract and a concrete syntax for semantic annotations, mirroring the distinction
between annotations and representations that is made in the ISO Linguistic Annotation Framework.
It describes the role of these notions in relation to the specification of a metamodel and a semantic
interpretation of annotations, with a view to defining a well-founded annotation scheme.
This part of ISO 24617 also provides guidelines for dealing with two issues regarding the annotation
schemes defined in SemAF-parts: a) conceptual and terminological inconsistencies that may arise due
to overlaps between annotation schemes and b) the treatment of semantic phenomena that cut across
SemAF-parts, such as negation, modality and quantification. Instances of both issues are identified, and
in some cases, direction is given as to how they may be tackled.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE In addition, the terms ‘event’ and ‘eventuality’ are used (as synonyms) as defined in ISO 24617-1 as
something that can be said to obtain or hold true, to happen or to occur.
2.1
primary data
electronic representation of text or communicative behaviour
EXAMPLE Digital representations of text, transcriptions of speech, gestures or multimodal dialogue.
Note 1 to entry: ISO 24612 defines primary data as the ‘electronic representation of language data’. This definition
is unsatisfactory for this part of ISO 24617 as semantic annotation may relate to non-verbal or multimodal data,
such as stretches of spoken dialogue with accompanying gestures and facial expressions, and even gestures
and/or facial expressions without any accompanying speech.
2.2
annotation
linguistic information added to primary data (2.1), independent of its representation
[SOURCE: ISO 24612:2012, 2.3]
2.3
semantic annotation
annotation (2.2) which contains information about the meaning of a segment or region of primary data
(2.1)
2.4
metamodel
schematic representation of the concepts that are used in the analysis and description of the phenomena
covered in annotations (2.2) and of the relationships between them
3 Purpose and motivation
3.1 Purpose
The purpose of this part of ISO 24617 is to provide support for the establishment of a consistent and
coherent set of international standards for semantic annotation within the Semantic Annotation
Framework (SemAF). It aims to do so in three ways.
First, by making explicit which basic principles underlie the approach that has been followed in
defining international standards in the SemAF parts that have been published so far (ISO 24617-1 and
ISO 24617-2, ISO 24617-4 and ISO 24617-7), and in parts that are close to publication (ISO 24617-6)
or in preparation (ISO 24617-8). This approach provides the Semantic Annotation Framework with
methodological coherence and helps to ensure mutual consistency between existing, developing, and
future SemAF parts.
Second, by identifying overlaps between SemAF parts and indicating how such overlaps may be dealt
with. Examples are the occurrence of temporal and spatial relations among semantic roles and of
discourse relations between dialogue acts.
Third, by identifying common issues that arise in various parts of SemAF (they are only partly covered
in these parts, if they are covered at all) and, where possible, by giving directions as to how these issues
may be tackled. Examples of such issues are polarity, modality, quantification, measures, qualification,
veridicity, attribution and non-literal language use.
3.2 Motivation
Semantic annotation enhances primary data with information about their meaning. The state of the art
in computational semantics makes it unlikely that a single existing formalism for annotating semantic
information would receive wide support from researchers and developers. Moreover, semantic
annotation tasks often have the limited aim of annotating certain specific semantic phenomena,
such as semantic roles, discourse relations or coreference relations, rather than annotating the full
meaning of stretches of primary data. A strategy was therefore adopted in ISO TC 37/SC 4 to devise the
SemAF standards in different parts, with separate annotation schemes for those classes of semantic
...