SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Ergonomie - Computer-Manikins und Körperumriss-Schablonen - Teil 1:
Allgemeine Anforderungen (ISO 15536-1:2005)Ergonomie - Mannequins informatisés et gabarits humains - Partie 1: Exigences générales (ISO 15536-1:2005)Ergonomics - Computer manikins and body templates - Part 1: General requirements (ISO 15536-1:2005)13.180ErgonomijaErgonomicsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 15536-1:2008SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008en,fr,de01-december-2008SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN ISO 15536-1:20051DGRPHãþD



SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN ISO 15536-1September 2008ICS 13.180Supersedes EN ISO 15536-1:2005
English VersionErgonomics - Computer manikins and body templates - Part 1:General requirements (ISO 15536-1:2005)Ergonomie - Mannequins informatisés et gabarits humains- Partie 1: Exigences générales (ISO 15536-1:2005)Ergonomie - Computer-Manikins undKörperumrissschablonen - Teil 1: AllgemeineAnforderungen (ISO 15536-1:2005)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 August 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2008 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 15536-1:2008: ESIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



EN ISO 15536-1:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.3 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC.4 Annex ZB (informative)
Relationship between this
European
Standard and the Essential Requirements
of EU Directive 2006/42/EC.5
SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



EN ISO 15536-1:2008 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 15536-1:2005 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 15536-1:2008 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN ISO 15536-1:2005. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s). For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral part of this document. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 15536-1:2005 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 15536-1:2008 without any modification. SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



EN ISO 15536-1:2008 (E) 4 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 98/37/EC on machinery, amended by 98/79/EC. Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZA.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations. Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 98/37/EC,
amended by 98/79/EC Clause(s)/sub-clause(s) of this EN Essential Requirements (ERs) of Directive 98/37/EC, amended by 98/79/EC Qualifying remarks/Notes All clauses Annex I: 1.1.2.d, 3.2, 4.2.1.1, 4.2.1.2, 1.6.1, 1.6.2 -
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard.
SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



EN ISO 15536-1:2008 (E) 5 Annex ZB (informative)
Relationship between this
European
Standard and the Essential Requirements
of EU Directive 2006/42/EC This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the New Approach Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery. Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Communities under that Directive and has been implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZB.1 confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZB.1 — Correspondence between this European Standard and Directive 2006/42/EC Clause(s)/sub-clause(s) of this EN Essential Requirements (ERs) of Directive 2006/42/EC Qualifying remarks/Notes All clauses Annex I: 1.1.6, 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 1.1.7, 1.1.8, 3.2 Computer manikins and body templates as described in this standard support a correct design of the operators work space, access openings and manholes.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within the scope of this standard.
SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



Reference numberISO 15536-1:2005(E)© ISO 2005
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO15536-1First edition2005-05-01Ergonomics — Computer manikins and body templates — Part 1: General requirements Ergonomie — Mannequins informatisés et gabarits humains — Partie 1: Exigences générales
SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
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SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 Accuracy.2 5 Usability.3 6 Documentation.4 Annex A (informative)
Factors affecting the anthropometric accuracy of manikins and of the analyses and determinations performed using them.7 Bibliography.12
SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 15536-1 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 122, Ergonomics, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3, Anthropometry and biomechanics, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). ISO 15536 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics — Computer manikins and body templates: — Part 1: General requirements The following parts are under preparation: — Part 2: Structures and dimensions SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v Introduction The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows. a) Type-A standards (basis standards) give basic concepts, principle for design, and general aspects that can be applied to machinery. b) Type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one or more safety aspect(s) or one or more type(s) of safeguards that can be used across a wide range of machinery:  type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature, noise);  type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hand controls, interlocking devices, pressure-sensitive devices, guards). c) Type-C standards (machinery safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a particular machine or group of machines. This part of ISO 15536 is a type-B standard as stated in ISO 12100-1. When provisions of a type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or type-B standards, the provisions of the type-C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of the type-C standard. This part of ISO 15536 concerns requirements which are, to a great extent, independent both of the state of the art in the currently rapidly developing field of computer manikins and body templates, and of the availability of up-to-date, detailed and representative anthropometric data. The physical characteristics of the human body are one of the starting points in the design of spaces, furniture, machines and other equipment. Computer technology is advancing rapidly and allows the construction of computer manikins to model the human body and to simulate human activities. Anthropometrically accurate manikins or body templates can be used, for example, to visualize the geometric relationship between the human body and the physical environment. Various functions of evaluation can also be integrated into the manikin and manikin system, for example, indication of reach zones, visualization of viewing fields, biomechanical calculation of required strength, and simulation of movements. Computer manikins are intended to reduce the need for real test persons and the evaluation of physical models and prototypes. However, real persons provide not only their true physical dimensions but also their differing functional and perceptual capabilities as well as their assessment of the ease of performance, comfort and other properties of the design (see ISO 15537). The computer manikin permits quick, easy and early identification of possible dimensional shortcomings. Critical dimensions restricting operations, such as fitting into a confined space or reaching objects can be quickly assessed in relation to extreme body measurements. The dimensioning would otherwise require tests with a large number of test persons. In the use of manikins, several ergonomic aspects (e.g. anthropometric, postural, visual, strength-related, dynamic) are addressed in one and the same test situation. As a universal design tool, the manikin is particularly useful for entirely novel designs, when no recommendations on the dimensions exist and no reference situations for full-scale evaluation are available. In the design process, the use of computer modelling with a manikin facilitates information exchange and collaboration between different specialists and users. SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) vi © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved When used appropriately, computer manikins accelerate the entire design process and reduce the costs of designing. The ergonomic design process is presented as a whole in EN 614-1. The use of computer manikins does not ensure appropriate design solutions automatically, and they can even be misused. The designer may use them inappropriately, for example, by permitting awkward postures, or by providing too little space for movements. It is possible that he or she is not aware of the inherent limitations of computer manikins, either in anthropometric, postural or biomechanical respects. As the complexity of the manikin systems increases, the links to the data on these human characteristics can also become difficult or impossible to trace. The manikins and manikin systems available so far vary with respect to the functions and features they afford, as well as to their accuracy and usability. At the present developmental stage, the most sophisticated manikin systems may require powerful hardware and specially trained users, and they may be unavailable to many designers. The most simple ones may be easy to use but are of restricted value for designing. The systems may also differently emphasise such components as anthropometric accuracy, biomechanical capabilities, graphical visualisation, geometric design, simulation and animation. The choice of manikin and the associated design system is, to a great extent, a trade-off between these different features. Broad experience of the field and a high level of care are necessary when choosing and using the manikin system, and for controlling the effects of other external parameters, however sophisticated the manikin system may be.
SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15536-1:2005(E) © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 1 Ergonomics — Computer manikins and body templates — Part 1: General requirements IMPORTANT — The application of this part of ISO 15536 should be verified by practical tests with real persons. 1 Scope This part of ISO 15536 establishes the general requirements for the design and development of computer manikins, body templates and manikin systems. It addresses their anthropometric and biomechanical properties, taking into account their usability and restrictions for structural complexity and functional versatility, and is also intended as a guide for the selection of manikins and manikin systems and for the evaluation of their accuracy and usability for the specified use. It specifies the documentation of the characteristics of manikins and manikin systems and their intended use, for the guidance of their users. It provides means for ensuring that computer manikins and body templates for the design of work space are appropriately accurate and reliable in their anthropometric and biomechanical aspects. It aims to ensure that users of manikins are able to choose an appropriate manikin system for particular design tasks and use it in an appropriate way. It sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin, but provides recommendations on the other factors that can influence the accuracy of the analyses and determinations performed using them. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 7250, Basic human body measurements for technological design ISO 9241-11, Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs) — Part 11: Guidance on usability ISO 12100-1, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology EN 614-1, Safety of machinery — Ergonomic design principles — Part 1: Terminology and general principles 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100-1 and the following apply. 3.1 computer manikin two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) graphical computer representation of the human body based on anthropometric measurements, link and joint structure, and movement characteristics SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) 2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 3.2 computer manikin system computer modelling system consisting of a computer manikin, tools for controlling and manipulating the manikin (e.g. posture, anthropometric measurements), functions for mimicking human characteristics and behaviour (e.g. biomechanical, strength, movements), and means to position the manikin in relation to the computer model of the physical environment 3.3 body template physical two-dimensional, usually articulated, contour model of the human body based on anthropometric measurements 4 Accuracy 4.1 General Several factors affect the accuracy of the analysis and determinations performed with the help of a manikin. Some depend on the anthropometric, structural, functional and biomechanical accuracy of the manikin itself; some on the knowledge and experience of the user of the manikin, for example, how appropriately the fine adjustments of the posture are done, or how deep the manikin is set in a cushioned seat surface. The required accuracy depends on the work tasks and the criticality of the dimensions (e.g. access, reach). This part of ISO 15536 sets requirements only on the static accuracy of the manikin (see 4.2 to 4.3), but provides recommendations on the other factors which can influence the accuracy of the analyses and determinations performed with their help. These factors are described and discussed in Annex A. 4.2 Static accuracy of manikins The structure and shape of the manikin shall conform with the shape and anthropometric measurements of the human body (see 6.4). Particular attention should be given to the design of a manikin so that the measurements of a manikin match the measurement of a human being in corresponding postures (e.g. standing and sitting). The conformity of a computer manikin with the available population data on anthropometric measurements shall be checked by measuring the manikin in accordance with ISO 7250. By measuring horizontal or vertical distances between selected points, the measurements of the manikin can be compared with population data (or those presented for the European population in ISO 15534-3), and the accuracy in standard positions can be determined (see 6.5). 4.3 Specific issues of anthropometric accuracy 4.3.1 Effect of slump The standardised postures in which the anthropometric measurements are taken are erect, whereas in natural postures the body is slightly slumped. The variation of the relevant measurements in standing and sitting postures should be considered by allowing the relevant fine adjustment in the posture of the trunk, or by a relevant slump factor (in upright postures this varies normally from 10 mm to 60 mm). 4.3.2 Soft tissue deformation The body consists of both hard tissues such as bones which are rigid, and soft ones such as muscles and fat which deform when the posture is changed, or when subjected to pressure. The manikin should have provisions for taking account of deformable tissue, for example, in the area of the buttocks so that the height of the trunk remains correct when changing from standing to sitting. SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 3 4.3.3 Joint movement Joint mobility affects anthropometric accuracy. For example, the shoulder and the centre of rotation of the shoulder joint are mobile, which greatly affects forward and upward reach. The user of the manikin should be made aware of the type of reach of the manikin (e.g. convenient/maximal reach). Consideration of the shoulder movement should be realized by the appropriate function of the manikin, or by providing the user of the possibility to adjust the location of the joint rotation centre within the range of its movement. For more information on joint movement, see A.3.3. 5 Usability 5.1 General Computer manikin software systems shall be easy to use in order to be accepted and implemented into the design process according to EN 614-1. The usability of the manikin systems also affects the accuracy of the analysis performed with their help. Usability features of manikin systems are described in 5.2 to 5.8. General requirements on the usability of software applications shall be according to ISO 9241-11. 5.2 Clarity The structure and interface of the manikin system shall be clearly understandable to allow quick learning and ease of use. 5.3 Consistency The interface of the software, for example, dialogues and menus, should be as far as possible consistent with other computer programs that are used by the designer, such as the design software (CAD), animation software, and ergonomic/human factors application programs for evaluation. 5.4 Effectiveness The software routines of computer systems should be short and simple. These include access routines needed to move from one software application to another, or to transfer the manikin or the environment from one application to another. Also, the number of steps in the user procedures should be limited and the difficulty of choice in each step should be kept as low as possible. 5.5 Versatility It has to be possible to manipulate the manikin (size, posture) and modify the environment within the same software application. It is necessary that the manikin system also allows the user to specify and illustrate the viewing fields, reach and angular limits, e.g. preferred and maximal working area (see ISO 14738). The versatility of the manikin system is greatly affected by the architecture and design of the software (e.g. modularity and open-system architecture, see A.7). 5.6 Ease of changing anthropometry The anthropometric measurements of the manikin shall be readily changeable, e.g. by selecting the required percentile of the measurement or by changing the measurements directly; in both cases the percentiles shall be indicated to the user. Relevant to the design needs, the combinations of different body segment percentiles shall be available, and be suitably explained. It shall be possible to adjust the anthropometric measurements between the 1st and 99th percentile of the intended population (see A.5.2). SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) 4 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 5.7 Ease of changing posture The posture shall be easy to change for testing certain operations, e.g. for momentary reaching to an object and reverting back to the initial posture. The manikin system shall allow easy selection of, or change to, basic postures, e.g. standing, sitting, stooping and kneeling. The manikin shall also be easy to position, in order that it either is or is not in contact with objects in the environment. 5.8 Ease of visual judgements The adjustments of the measurements or postures shall be easy to perceive by the user and facilitated in appropriate ways in order to achieve the required accuracy. This presupposes sufficient indication of the surface or contour of the body, in addition to indicating the joints to be moved, and the direction and magnitude of the movement. This may require the use of landmarks if the manikin has hair or wears clothing and shoes, or reference lines showing the change of the joint angles. In order to judge whether a posture or object to be reached is within acceptable limits, it should be possible to display viewing fields, reach and comfort zones clearly when needed. The positioning of the manikin in relation to the seating arrangements requires indication of certain reference points, e.g. the seat index point (SIP). 6 Documentation 6.1 General The developer of the manikin and manikin system is responsible for documentation of their characteristics and intended use, as well as for the guidance to the user. Requirements for this documentation are presented in 6.2 to 6.9. 6.2 Intended use The intended use of the manikin shall be documented, e.g. animation, anthropometric and biomechanical evaluations, together with any limitations in its use, particularly from an anthropometric point of view. Also documented shall be the types of analyses and evaluations for the manikin system, for example:  automated evaluation functions or evaluation by visual judgement only;  animation of movements or a still picture presentation only;  analyses of geometric relations such as viewing, reach, access and collision;  evaluation of strength requirements based on biomechanical calculations. In addition, the intended user group shall be documented, e.g. engineers, ergonomics experts. The design domain shall be documented, e.g. machinery design, architectural design. The requirements concerning experience in anthropometry, workplace design and computing techniques to utilise the full power of the software in complex applications shall be documented as well. 6.3 Data sources The sources of anthropometric data used shall be documented. If the data are combined from different sources or pooled gender data, the resulting data shall be specified and tabulated in at least 5th, 50th and 95th percentile values. SIST EN ISO 15536-1:2008



ISO 15536-1:2005(E) © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 5 6.4 Anthropometric accuracy in standard positions For assessing the static accuracy of the computer manikin (see 4.2), at lea
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