SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
01-junij-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 704:1999+A1:2009
Kmetijski stroji - Varnost - 11. del: Pobiralne naprave pri balirkah (ISO 4254-
11:2010)
Agricultural machinery - Safety - Part 11: Pick-up balers (ISO 4254-11:2010)
Landmaschinen - Sicherheit - Teil 11: Sammelpressen (ISO 4254-11:2010)
Matériel agricole - Sécurité - Partie 11: Ramasseuses-presses (ISO 4254-11:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4254-11:2010
ICS:
65.060.50 Oprema za spravilo pridelkov Harvesting equipment
SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011


EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 4254-11

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2010
ICS 65.060.50 Supersedes EN 704:1999+A1:2009
English Version
Agricultural machinery - Safety - Part 11: Pick-up balers
(ISO 4254-11:2010)
Matériel agricole - Sécurité - Partie 11: Ramasseuses- Landmaschinen - Sicherheit - Teil 11: Sammelpressen ISO
presses (ISO 4254-11:2010) 4254-11:2010)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 December 2010.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4254-11:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
EN ISO 4254-11:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Annex ZA .5

2

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
EN ISO 4254-11:2010 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 4254-11:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23 “Tractors and
machinery for agriculture and forestry” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 144 “Tractors and
machinery for agriculture and forestry” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by June 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 704:1999+A1:2009.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of the Machinery Directive
2006/42/EC. It is intended to be used together with EN ISO 4254-1:2009, Agricultural machinery  Safety 
Part 1: General requirements (ISO 4254-1:2008), and EN 15811:2009, Agricultural machinery  Guards for
moving parts of power transmission  Guard opening with tool (ISO/TS 28923:2007 modified).
For relationship with EU Directive, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
The following major changes were introduced:
 deletion of the reference to prEN 1553:1998, Agricultural machinery  Agricultural self-propelled,
mounted, semi-mounted and trailed machines  Common safety requirements, and replacement with
EN ISO 4254-1:2009, Agricultural machinery  Safety  Part 1: General requirements
(ISO 4254-1:2008);
 deletion of the requirements related to the guarding of moving parts for power transmission dealt with in
EN 15811:2009, Agricultural machinery  Guards for moving parts of power transmission  Guard
opening with tool (ISO/TS 28923:2007 modified);
 inclusion in the Scope of combination of pick-up balers with wrappers (and new requirements from 5.2.7
to 5.2.7.2.4);
 new requirements for feeding elements designed as augers (5.2.3.1, second sentence, and new 5.2.3.2);
 new requirements on automatic starting systems (5.2.4);
 new requirements on manual feeding of twine (5.2.5);
 new requirements on changing of knives (5.2.6);
 modification on requirements against hazards related to clearing blockages (5.4.1.1 and 5.4.1.2);
 new requirements on bale ejection door (5.4.2.1 second sentence and 5.4.2.2).
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
3

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
EN ISO 4254-11:2010 (E)
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4254-11:2010 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 4254-11:2010 without any
modification.
4

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
EN ISO 4254-11:2010 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)

Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of
this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the
relevant Essential Requirements, except Essential Requirements 1.1.4, 1.1.7, 1.1.8 (self-propelled machines
only), 1.2.1, 1.2.4, 1.2.6, 1.3.2, 1.3.8.1, 1.4.2.1 (2nd paragraph), 1.5.5 (self-propelled machines only), 1.5.8,
1.5.9, 1.7.4.2 u), 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.4.3 and 3.6.3.1 of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling
within the scope of this standard.
5

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4254-11
First edition
2010-12-15


Agricultural machinery — Safety —
Part 11:
Pick-up balers
Matériel agricole — Sécurité —
Partie 11: Ramasseuses-presses





Reference number
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
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Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 List of significant hazards .2
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures.4
5.1 General .4
5.2 Requirements for all types of balers .4
5.3 Requirements for rectangular balers .8
5.4 Requirements for round balers.12
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures .13
7 Information for use.13
7.1 Operator's manual.13
7.2 Marking.14
Bibliography.15

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4254-11 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and
forestry, Subcommittee SC 7, Equipment for harvesting and conservation.
For the purposes of global relevance, the requirements related to the guarding of moving parts for power
transmission have been transferred and published as two separate Technical Specifications:
ISO/TS 28923:2007 (Guard opening with tool) and ISO/TS 28924:2007, which include the requirements taken
from both 4.6 and Annex C of ISO 4254-1:2008.
ISO 4254 consists of the following parts, under the general title Agricultural machinery — Safety:
⎯ Part 1: General requirements
⎯ Part 5: Power-driven soil-working machines
⎯ Part 6: Sprayers and liquid fertilizer distributors
⎯ Part 7: Combine harvesters, forage harvesters and cotton harvesters
⎯ Part 8: Solid fertilizer distributors
⎯ Part 9: Seed drills
⎯ Part 10: Rotary tedders and rakes
⎯ Part 11: Pick-up balers
⎯ Part 12: Rotary disc and drum mowers and flail mowers
1)
⎯ Part 13: Large rotary mowers
Part 2, Anhydrous ammonia applicators, has been withdrawn; Part 3, Tractors, has been cancelled and is to
be replaced by ISO 26322 (all parts), Tractors for agriculture and forestry — Safety; and Part 4, Forestry
winches, has been cancelled and replaced by ISO 19472, Machinery for forestry — Winches — Dimensions,
performance and safety.

1) Under preparation.
iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
Introduction
The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows:
a) type-A standards (basic standards) giving basic concepts, principles for design, and general aspects that
can be applied to machinery;
b) type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one or more safety aspects or one or more
types of safeguards that can be used across a wide range of machinery:
⎯ type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature, noise);
⎯ type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hand controls, interlocking devices, pressure-sensitive
devices, guards);
c) Type-C standards (machinery safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a particular
machine or group of machines.
This document is a type-C standard as stated in ISO 12100.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events are
covered are indicated in the Scope of this part of ISO 4254. These hazards are specific to self-propelled and
trailed pick-up balers, including the combination of pick-up balers with wrappers.
Significant hazards that are common to all the agricultural machines (self-propelled ride-on, mounted, semi-
mounted and trailed) are dealt with in ISO 4254-1.
When requirements of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or type-B
standards, the requirements of this type-C standard take precedence over the requirements of the other
standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type-C standard.

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved v

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4254-11:2010(E)

Agricultural machinery — Safety —
Part 11:
Pick-up balers
1 Scope
This part of ISO 4254, intended to be used together with ISO 4254-1, specifies the safety requirements and
their verification for the design and construction of self-propelled and trailed pick-up balers, including the
combination of pick-up balers with wrappers, independent of the shape or size of the bales formed. It
describes methods for the elimination or reduction of hazards arising from the intended use and reasonably
foreseeable misuse of these machines by one person (the operator) in the course of normal operation and
service. In addition, it specifies the type of information on safe working practices to be provided by the
manufacturer.
When requirements of this part of ISO 4254 are different from those which are stated in ISO 4254-1, the
requirements of this part of ISO 4254 take precedence over the requirements of ISO 4254-1 for machines that
have been designed and built according to the requirements of this part of ISO 4254.
This part of ISO 4254, taken together with ISO 4254-1, deals with all the significant hazards (as listed in
Table 1), hazardous situations and events relevant to self-propelled and trailed pick-up balers, including the
combination of pick-up balers with wrappers, when they are used as intended and under the conditions of
misuse that are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This part of ISO 4254 is not applicable to pedestrian-controlled round balers, environmental hazards, road
safety, vibration and hazards related to moving parts for power transmission. It is not applicable to hazards
related to maintenance or repairs carried out by professional service personnel.
NOTE Specific requirements related to road traffic regulations are not taken into account in this part of ISO 4254.
This part of ISO 4254 is not applicable to machines manufactured before the date of its publication.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3600:1996, Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment —
Operator's manuals — Content and presentation
ISO 4254-1:2008, Agricultural machinery — Safety — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 11684:1995, Tractors, machinery for agricultural and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment —
Safety signs and hazard pictorials — General principles
2)
ISO 12100:—, Safety of machinery —General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction

2) To be published.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 1

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
ISO 13857:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper
and lower limbs
ISO 14982:1998, Agricultural and forestry machinery — Electromagnetic compatibility — Test methods and
acceptance criteria
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100 and ISO 4254-1 apply.
4 List of significant hazards
Table 1 specifies the significant hazards, the significant hazardous situations and significant hazardous events
that have been identified by risk assessment as being significant for this type of machine, covered by this part
of ISO 4254, and which may require specific action by the designer or manufacturer to eliminate or reduce the
risk.
Attention is drawn to the necessity to verify that the safety requirements specified in this part of ISO 4254
apply to each significant hazard presented by a given machine and to validate that the risk assessment is
complete.
Table 1 — List of significant hazards associated with self-propelled and trailed pick-up balers,
including the combination of pick-up balers with wrappers
Clause/subclause Clause/subclause of
a
Hazard Hazardous situation and event
No.
of ISO 4254-1:2008 this part of ISO 4254
A.1 Mechanical hazards
A.1.1 Crushing Manual feeding; uncontrolled movements of the 4.7; 4.8; 4.14.1; 5.1; 5.2; 5.3; 5.4; 7.1;
drawbar; contact with pick-up device; contact 4.14.3; 4.14.5; 7.2
with feeding elements; contact with the flywheel 4.14.6; 5.2; 6.4
or other moving parts, ejection of the bale
A.1.2 Shearing Manual feeding; uncontrolled movements of the 4.7; 4.8; 4.14.1; 5.1; 5.2; 5.3; 5.4; 7.1;
drawbar; contact with pick-up device; contact 4.14.3; 4.14.5; 7.2
with feeding elements; contact with the 4.14.6; 5.2; 6.4
flywheel, knotting mechanism or other moving
parts
A.1.3 Cutting or Manual feeding; contact with pick-up device; 4.7 5.1; 5.2; 5.3; 5.4; 7.1;
severing contact with feeding elements; contact with the 7.2
flywheel, knotting mechanism or other moving
parts
A.1.4 Entanglement Manual feeding; contact with pick-up device; 6.4; 4.7 5.1; 5.2; 5.3; 5.4; 7.1;
contact with feeding elements; contact with the 7.2
flywheel, knotting mechanism or other moving
parts
A.1.5 Drawing-in or Manual feeding; contact with pick-up device; 6.4; 4.7 5.1; 5.2; 5.3; 5.4; 7.1;
trapping contact with feeding elements; contact with the 7.2
flywheel, knotting mechanism or other moving
parts
A.1.6 Impact Manual feeding; uncontrolled movements of the 4.14.5; 4.14.6; 5.1; 5.2; 5.3; 5.4; 7.1;
drawbar; contact with pick-up device; contact 5.1.3.1 7.2
with feeding elements; contact with the
flywheel, knotting mechanism or other moving
parts
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Clause/subclause Clause/subclause of
a
No. Hazard Hazardous situation and event
of ISO 4254-1:2008 this part of ISO 4254
A.1.7 Stabbing or Manual feeding; contact with pick-up device; 4.7 5.1; 5.3.4; 7.1; 7.2
puncture contact with feeding elements; contact with the
flywheel, knotting mechanism or other moving
parts
A.1.8 Friction or Manual feeding; contact with pick-up device; 4.4.3; 5.1.3.2; 4.9.1; 5.1; 5.3.1; 7.1; 7.2
abrasion contact with feeding elements; contact with the 4.5.1.1.2
flywheel, knotting mechanism or other moving
parts
A.1.9 High-pressure Ejection due to excessive pressure in the hoses 4.10; 6.5 7.1
fluid injection
A.1.10 Ejection of parts Ejection of the bales — 5.3.6; 5.4.2
A.5 Hazards generated by materials and substances
A.5.2 Fire or explosion  4.12; 5.1.6; 5.5 7.1
A.6 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in machinery design
A.6.6 Human error, 4.4; 8.1; 8.2 7.1; 7.2.3
human behaviour
A.6.7 Inadequate
4.4; 5.1.3; 6.1; 8.1; 5.2.4.2; 5.2.7.1;
design, location or 8.2 5.3.4.6; 5.4.1.2; 6;
identification 7.2.3.3
manual controls
A.7 Combination of hazards
A.7.1 Manual operation 8.1.3 7.1
of individual
assemblies;
Missing or 7.2
insufficient
information about
manual operation
of individual
assemblies and, if
required, use of
special tools in
the operator's
manual
A.7.2 Safety signs and 8.2 7.2.3
signals
A.7.3 Essential 4.8; 4.14; 8.1.3 7.1; 7.2
equipment and
accessories for
safe adjusting
and/or
maintaining
A.8 Unexpected start-up, unexpected overrun/overspeed
A.8.1 Failure/disorder 4.8.2; 5.1.8; 6.1.1 5.2.7.1; 5.2.7.2;
of the control 5.3.1; 5.3.3; 5.3.4.6
system
A.11 Failure of power Starting and stopping devices 4.8.2; 5.1.8; 6.1.1 5.2.4; 5.4.1; 5.4.2
supply
A.13 Errors of fitting 6.2; 6.3; 8.1; 8.2 7.1; 7.2
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 3

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Clause/subclause Clause/subclause of
a
No. Hazard Hazardous situation and event
of ISO 4254-1:2008 this part of ISO 4254
A.14 Guards and 4.7 7.1
barriers
Supports 4.8 7.2
A.21 Lack of stability 6.2; 8.1.3 7.1.4
A.22 Due to the power source and to the transmission of power
A.22.3 Hazards from 6.3; 8.1.3 —
coupling and
towing
a
With reference to ISO 4254-1:2008, Table A.1.

5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
5.1.1 Machinery shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause. In
addition, the machine shall be designed in accordance with the principles of ISO 12100:—, Clause 4, for
hazards relevant, but not significant, which are not dealt with by this part of ISO 4254.
5.1.2 Except where otherwise specified in this part of ISO 4254, the machine shall comply with the
requirements of ISO 4254-1 and with Tables 1, 3, 4 and 6 of ISO 13857:2008 as appropriate.
5.1.3 Machinery shall comply with ISO 14982 for evaluating the electromagnetic compatibility.
5.2 Requirements for all types of balers
5.2.1 Drawbar
When the drawbar has separate positions, for transport and for working, it shall be provided with a mechanical
or hydraulic locking device that requires an intentional action to change from transport to working position and
from working to transport position (e.g. pin, latch or hydraulic cylinder). When a hydraulic device is used, the
drawbar shall remain locked in position if the hydraulic circuit fails or else the requirements of 4.8.3 of
ISO 4254-1:2008 shall apply.
5.2.2 Pick-up device
Protection against inadvertent contact with the pick-up device shall be provided by parts of the machine,
guards, barriers or a combination of these. The position of parts which may be adjustable shall always remain
within the limits specified in 5.2.2.1. The projection on a horizontal plane of these protective devices shall be
continuous.
NOTE Requirements for the strength of barriers and guards are given in ISO 4254-1:2008, Annex C.
5.2.2.1 When the pick-up device is in the working position as defined in the operator's manual, these
barriers shall be:
⎯ a minimum of 230 mm in front of the most forward point of the tine path and at a height, h, as low as
practicable between 300 mm and 1 000 mm above the ground, as defined in Figure 1;
⎯ a minimum of 150 mm from the sides of the tine path at a maximum height above the ground of 500 mm
(see Figure 1). If the tine path is totally covered by a part of the machine when viewed from the side, as
defined and shown in Figure 2, this barrier is not required.
4 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
5.2.2.2 When the pick-up device is in the working position, side guards, if fitted, shall be located in
accordance with Figure 2.
Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 barrier
a
Tine path.
NOTE This figure illustrates an example of protective devices complying with 5.2.2.
Figure 1 — Guarding of the pick-up device definable by a combination of barriers
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 5

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 fixed guard or part of the machine
2 barrier
a
Tine path.
NOTE This figure illustrates an example of protective devices complying with 5.2.2.
Figure 2 — Guarding of the pick-up device definable by a combination of barriers and fixed guards or
parts of the machine

5.2.3 Feeding elements
5.2.3.1 Crushing and shearing points located at a distance of less than 550 mm from the outer limit of the
machine or from the extreme edges of the feeding channel shall be guarded against inadvertent contact and
shall meet the requirements as defined in ISO 13857. In case the elements to convey the crop laterally are
designed as augers, the guard above the auger shall extend forward from the rear of the auger to at least the
longitudinal axis of the auger as shown in Figure 3. Devices other than augers shall be guarded on top in a
comparable manner to meet the requirements as specified in ISO 13857.
5.2.3.2 A lateral fixed guard partially covering the auger and a distance barrier, in combination with
barriers as defined in 5.2.2.1, are deemed to meet the requirements of 5.2.3.1 when the dimensions of
Figure 3 are respected.
6 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 4254-11:2011
ISO 4254-11:2010(E)
Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 barrier
2 barrier, as defined in 5.2.2.1
3 lateral rigid fixed guard
4 rear covering above the auger
5 feeding auger
6 pick-up
Figure 3 — Guarding of the feeding elements
5.2.4 Automatic starting systems
5.2.4.1 Systems with moving components that are engaged b
...