SIST EN 14705:2005

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2005
Prenosniki toplote – Merilna metoda in ocenjevanje toplotnih lastnosti mokrih
hladilnih stolpov
Heat exchangers - Method of measurement and evaluation of thermal performances of
wet cooling towers
Wärmeaustauscher - Verfahren zur Messung und Bewertung der wärmetechnischen
Leistungskenndaten von Nasskühltürmen
Echangeurs de chaleur - Méthode de mesure et évaluation des performances
thermiques des aéroréfrigérants humides
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14705:2005
ICS:
27.060.30 Grelniki vode in prenosniki Boilers and heat exchangers
toplote
27.200 Hladilna tehnologija Refrigerating technology
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 14705
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2005
ICS 27.060.30; 27.200
English version
Heat exchangers - Method of measurement and evaluation of
thermal performances of wet cooling towers
Echangeurs de chaleur - Méthode de mesure et évaluation Wärmeaustauscher - Verfahren zur Messung und
des performances thermiques des aéroréfrigérants Bewertung der wärmetechnischen Leistungskenndaten von
humides Nasskühltürmen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 March 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14705:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents page
Foreword .3
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms, definitions and symbols .5
3.1 Terms and definitions.5

3.2 Symbols.7
4 Performance tests – General.11
5 Guarantee .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Guarantee documents .12
5.3 Validity conditions for measurements .13
6 Test procedure .15
6.1 Test parameters .15
6.2 Quantities to be measured .15
6.3 Quantities to be determined.17
6.4 Measurements and calculation of the mean quantities .17
6.5 Arrangement of measuring devices .24
6.6 Measuring apparatus .29
7 Conducting the performance tests.30
7.1 Definition of a test.30
7.2 Duration of the test .31
8 Calculation methods.34
8.1 General .34

8.2 Methods .34
9 Evaluation of thermal performances .38
9.1 General .38
9.2 Basic thermal performance test evaluation .38
9.3 Extended thermal performance test evaluation.39
10 Test tolerance.47
10.1 General .47
10.2 Error created by non-measurable systematic deviations of operating parameters.47
Annex A (informative) Performance curves.50
Annex B (normative) Requirements concerning the measuring apparatus used for the tests .54
Annex C (normative) Calculation of the evaporated water flow rate .56
Annex D (normative) Reminders on error calculations .59
Annex E (normative) Cold water temperature correction for heat added by pump.61
Bibliography.62

Foreword
This European Standard (EN 14705:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 110 “Heat
exchangers”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2005.
This document includes a Bibliography.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies requirements, test methods and acceptance tests for thermal performances
pumping head verification of wet cooling towers and plume abatement for wet/dry cooling towers.
This European Standard is applicable to natural draught wet cooling towers (see in 3.1.2.2) fan assisted
natural draught cooling tower (see 3.1.2.3), wet/dry cooling towers (see 3.1.2.4) and "Mechanical draught
cooling towers", except series ones.
It specifies the test methods, the apparatus required, the limitation of errors and the method for results
examination.
The acceptance testing covers the verification of the thermal performance data and pumping head of the
cooling tower as specified in the contract between the supplier and the purchaser. If these tests are required
then this should be recognized at the time of the contract, as additional fittings, and preparations for the test
may be required.
Deviations from the rules laid down below as well as additions need special agreement between purchaser
and supplier and should be documented.
This standard does not apply to mechanical draught series wet cooling towers which are dealt with in
EN 13741.
NOTE Terms like "design", "values", "guarantee" and "acceptance" used in this standard should be understood in a
technical but not in a legal or commercial sense.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 306, Heat exchangers - Methods of measuring the parameters necessary for establishing the performance
EN 872, Water quality - Determination of suspended solids - Method by filtration through glass fibre filters
EN 60751, Industrial platinum resistance thermometer sensors (IEC 60751:1983 + A1:1986)
EN ISO 5167-1, Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in circular cross-
section conduits running full - Part 1: General principles and requirements (ISO 5167-1:2003)
ISO 1438-1, Water flow measurement in open channels using weirs and Venturi flumes - Part 1: Thin-plate
weirs
ISO 2975-3, Measurement of water flow in closed conduits - Tracer methods - Part 3: Constant rate injection
method using radioactive tracers
ISO/TR 3313, Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits - Guidelines on the effects of flow pulsations on
flow-measurement instruments
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
cooling tower
apparatus in which water is cooled down by heat exchange with ambient air
3.1.2
wet cooling tower
cooling tower in which the heat exchange between the water and the air is achieved by a direct contact
3.1.2.1
mechanical draught wet cooling tower
wet cooling tower where the air circulation is produced by a fan
3.1.2.1.1
series type mechanical draught wet cooling tower
mechanical draught wet cooling tower, the design of which is fixed and described in the manufacturer's
catalogue and for which the performance data are available, which allows tests evaluation over the defined
range of operating conditions
3.1.2.1.2
non series type mechanical draught wet cooling tower
mechanical draught wet cooling tower, the design of which is project dependent and for which the
performance data and test evaluation at specific operating conditions may be subject to agreement
3.1.2.2
natural draught cooling tower
wet cooling tower where the air circulation is produced only by a density difference between the cold air
outside the cooling tower and the hot air inside
3.1.2.3
fan assisted natural draught cooling tower
natural draught cooling tower with the addition of fan to boost the draught
3.1.2.4
wet/dry cooling tower (reduced plume cooling tower)
cooling tower comprising two parts. In the first part, the heat exchange between the water and the air is
achieved by direct contact and through a tight wall in the second part
3.1.2.4.1
reduced plume wet/dry cooling tower
wet/dry cooling tower designed for plume abatement
3.1.2.4.2
water conservation wet/dry cooling tower
wet/dry cooling tower designed for water conservation
3.1.3
air flow
total quantity of air, including associated water vapour flowing through the tower
3.1.3.1
counterflow
where air and water flows are in opposite direction in the filling
3.1.3.2
cross flow
where air flows perpendicular to the water in the filling
3.1.4
ambient wet (dry) bulb temperature
wet (dry) bulb temperature of air measured windward of the tower and free from the influence of the tower
3.1.5
approach
difference between recooled water temperature and inlet air wet bulb temperature
3.1.6
inlet water flow
quantity of hot water flowing into the tower
3.1.7
cold water basin
device underlying the tower to receive the recooled water from the tower and direct its flow to the suction line
or sump
3.1.8
cooling range
difference between the hot water temperature and the recooled water temperature
NOTE The term "range" is also applied to this definition, but is regarded as a non-preferred term.
3.1.9
drift loss
water lost from the tower as liquid droplets with the same chemical characteristics as the circulating water,
entrained in the outlet air
3.1.10
heat load
rate of heat to be removed from the water within the tower
3.1.11
hot water temperature
temperature of inlet water
3.1.12
inlet air wet (dry) bulb temperatures
average wet (dry) bulb temperatures of the inlet air; including any recirculation effect
3.1.13
make-up
water added to the circulating water system to compensate for water loss from the system by evaporation, drift,
purge and leakage
3.1.14
purge (blow down)
water discharged from the system to control concentration of salts or other impurities in the circulating water
3.1.15
recooled water temperature
average temperature of the water at the cold water basin discharge excluding the effect of any make-up
entering the basin or at the exhaust of the exchanger for wet/dry cooling tower
3.1.16
recirculation
portion of the outlet air that re-enters the tower
3.1.17
interference
intake of outlet air of adjacent cooling towers
3.1.18
tower pumping head
total head of water required at the inlet to the tower, to deliver the inlet water through the distribution system
3.1.19
surfacic flow
inlet water flow expressed in quantity per unit of plan packing area of the tower
3.1.20
wet (dry) bulb temperature
the temperature indicated by an adequately ventilated and wetted (non-wetted) thermometer in the shade and
(where applicable) protected from any radiation effect
3.1.21
atmospheric gradient
air dry bulb temperature variation with altitude expressed in degree Celsius per 100 m
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this European Standard, the symbols of Table 1 shall apply.
Table 1
Symbols Designated parameters Units
-1
A Transfer surface per unit of volume m
a Angle of an elbow degree
ap Approach (t - t ) K
c w
C Heat coefficient -
-2 -1
CEV Evaporation coefficient related to the difference in water content
kg⋅m ⋅s
C Load loss coefficient -
F
-2 -1
CFV Evaporation coefficient related to the difference in water content
kg⋅m ⋅s
-1
C Specific water consumption
kg⋅J
S
-1 -1
c Mass heat capacity of the air at constant pressure
J⋅kg ⋅K
pa
-1 -1
c
Mass heat capacity of the water J⋅kg ⋅K
pe
-1 -1
c Mass heat capacity of the vapour at constant pressure
J⋅kg ⋅K
pv
D Direction of the reference wind in relation to the north degree
d Hydraulic diameter m
F Fan motor power kW
p
F Guaranteed fan motor power kW
pG
-2
g Gravity acceleration m⋅s
H Draught height m
-1
h Mass enthalpy of the air
J⋅kg
-1
h
1 Mass enthalpy of the air at the air inlet calculated from p , t and ϕ J⋅kg
a s
-1
h Mass enthalpy of the saturated hot air at the air outlet downstream
2 J⋅kg
from the drift eliminators
-1
h Mass enthalpy of the saturated moist air at the water temperature
J⋅kg
s
-1
h , h Mass enthalpy of the saturated moist air at the water temperature
J⋅kg
s1 s2
with 1 = inlet, 2 = outlet
k Number of tests
Merkel number -
KAV
q
me
-1
L Water vaporization latent heat at temperature t
vt J⋅kg
3 -1
m Circulating water volume flow rate at the cooling tower inlet
m ⋅s
3 -1
m Calculated blow-down water volume flow rate
m ⋅s
b
3 -1
m Measured blow-down water volume flow rate
m ⋅s
bm
(to be continued)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbols Designated parameters Units
3 -1
m Evaporated water volume flow rate
m ⋅s
E
3 -1
m
Make-up water volume flow rate m ⋅s
m
m Number of a wind velocity class
3 -1
m Volume flow rate of water entrained by drift losses m ⋅s
p
N Characteristic index of nominal pattern
n Constant exponent of the exchange law
b
n 0
Number of tests per m class
b
n m
Number of recorded values for each test
P Thermal load kW
p Atmospheric pressure Pa
a
p
Saturating vapour pressure Pa
vs
p Static pressure Pa
s
p Partial pressure of vapour in the air Pa
v
-1
q Dry air mass flow rate
kg⋅s
mas
-1
q
Circulating water mass flow rate at cooling tower inlet kg⋅s
me
-1
q
Recooled water recuperation system leaking water volume flow rate 3
VF
m ⋅s
-1
q Local volume flow rate 3
Vi
m ⋅s
3 -1
q Volume flow rate of circulating pumps
VPC m ⋅s
S Flow section corresponding to the measurement point i m
i
S , S Cross sections perpendicular to the pressure taps on the water m
1 2
circuit
S Exchange body front surface m
F
T Test starting time h, min
t Temperature °C
t Dry temperature of the ambient air °C
a
t Blow-down water temperature °C
b
t Mean temperature of the recooled water immediately above the °C
c
plane of the cold water basin (rain water cooling tower) or
immediately above the plane of the water in the troughs (water
recuperator cooling tower)
t Mean temperature of the recooled water for the test i °C
c,i
(to be continued)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbols Designated parameters Units
T Guaranteed mean temperature of the recooled water for the test i °C
cG,i
t Mean temperature of the cold water at the cooling tower outlet °C
e
(mixture of cooled water and make-up water)
t Mean temperature of the hot water in the cooling tower inlet °C
h
t' , t'' Mean temperatures of the hot water in the inflows °C
h h
t Local temperature °C
k
t Make-up water temperature °C
m
t Wet bulb temperature at the air inlet °C
w
t Wet bulb temperature of ambient air °C
wa
t Dry bulb mean temperature at the air inlet °C
s
T Basin cold water renewal time min
V
V Total volume of the exchange body m
-1
v
Mean frontal velocity of the air at the exchange body inlet m⋅s
D
-1
v
Local flow velocity m⋅s
i
-1
v , v
Water velocities perpendicular to the measurement sections m⋅s
1 2
-1
v Reference wind velocity 10 m above ground level m⋅s
W10
x
Difference in level between the spray hole nozzle outlet and the m
water plane of the cold water basin
γ Coefficient of correction in the Merkel integral -
τ Student coefficient -
xϕ Absolute humidity of the ambient air
kg water
kg dryair
Absolute humidity of the air at air inlet
xϕ
kg water
kg dryair
xϕ Absolute humidity of the air at cooling tower outlet
kg water
kg dryair
ϕ Relative humidity of the ambient air %
ϕ Relative humidity of the ambient air at air inlet %
ϕ Relative humidity of the ambient air at cooling tower outlet %
Φ Fan power influence factor K/%
-3
ρ Density of the air kg⋅m
(to be continued)
Table 1 (concluded)
Symbols Designated parameters Units
-3
ρ (t) Density of the water of the circulating water circuit at temperature t kg⋅m
e
-3
ρ Density of the air entering the cooling tower kg⋅m
-3
ρ Density of the hot air at the outlet, downstream from the drift kg⋅m
eliminators
-1
σ Standard deviation of the wind velocity at 10 m (V ) during the m⋅s
w10
test
α Weighting coefficient of the class r reference wind velocity
r
∆p Circulating water pressure loss Pa
∆p Differential static pressure measured on the water circuit between Pa
s
sections s and s
1 2
∆t Weighted difference on the recooled water temperature K
z Difference in temperature on the water between the cooling tower K
inlet and outlet (Cooling range)
t - t Difference to the guarantee on the recooled water temperature for a K
cK cG
test
∆t Recooled water temperature difference for the class r reference K
r
wind velocity
θ Instantaneous temperature of the recooled water °C
λ Universal load loss coefficient for water conduits
µ
h − h
2 1
Coefficient µ =
h − h
s1 1
ν
h − h
s1 s2
Coefficient ν =
h − h
2 1
4 Performance tests – General
The performance tests forming the subject of this standard shall be carried out, unless otherwise specified, in
the contract at least after three months of continuous operation and definitely after commissioning. It concerns
the following performances:
 pumping head - flow rates and pressure loss (see 6.4.5);
 thermal performances - determination of the recooled water temperature at measured conditions
(see 6.4.4.4);
 emission performances (drift losses);
 plume characteristics at the outlet (only for wet/dry cooling towers).
The method described in this standard for the verification of thermal performances apply to all cooling towers
defined in the scope.
5 Guarantee
5.1 General
Prior to the contract the supplier shall have submitted performance documents available setting out the
guaranteed properties as a function of the admissible influence parameters in order to document the
guaranteed properties of the cooling tower supplied.
5.2 Guarantee documents
The supplier of a cooling tower shall guarantee:
a) the cooling tower pumping head;
b) the mean recooled water temperature (t ) as a function of;
c
. dry bulb temperature, t
s
. relative humidity, ϕ or wet bulb temperature t
w
. cooling range (z), or hot water temperature t
h
. water flow rate (m or q )
me
and where applicable as a function of other parameters such as
. fan power consumption, F
p
. interference factor
. recirculation factor
. ambient (atmospheric) pressure, P
a
. atmospheric (vertical) temperature gradient, G
However for natural draft cooling towers extended tests checking wind effect at site on tower performance
may be performed subject to the contract. If so, the supplier shall guarantee the average temperature of the
recooled water t as function of
c
. wind velocity, V
. wind direction, D
The guarantee documents can be in the form of spread sheets, curves, analytical expressions, computer
program etc.
Performance curves should be presented in the format shown in Annex A, however other formats or
appropriate formulas as acceptable provided they give the same information.
Curves shall have reading accuracy of 0,1 K. The area in which acceptance tests are permitted shall be
indicated as per 5.3.2.
If correction curves are provided for the effect of other parameters (e.g. wind speed, atmospheric gradient,
plume abatement, atmospheric pressure, interference factor, recirculation factor), they shall be used subject to
contract.
c) For hybrid cooling towers the outlet air status has to be predicted for all specified boundary conditions:
. dry bulb temperature, t
s
. relative humidity, ϕ or wet bulb temperature t
w
Other parameters may be guaranteed subject to the contract.
5.3 Validity conditions for measurements
5.3.1 General
The measurement results obtained during the course of the tests shall only be taken into account if the
requirements mentioned below are met.
5.3.2 Acceptable operating conditions
a) During the tests:
The values of the following quantities may differ from the design values of the percentages shown below:
 circulating water volume flow rate m: ± 10 % of the design volume flow rate m ,
N
 cooling range t - t : ± 20 % of the design temperature rise t - t ,
h c h cN
 thermal load P: ± 20 % of the design thermal load P ,
N
b) During the hour finishing at the end of the measuring period, the following gradient conditions shall be
fulfilled:
 water flow rate ≤ ± 2 % per hour;
 heat load ≤ ± 5 % per hour;
 ambient wet bulb temperature ≤ 1 K/hour.
5.3.3 Water conditions
The quality of the circulating water flow as well as that of the make-up water shall be within the range of the
specification defined in the contract.
In particular dissolved and suspended solids, oil and organic components concentration shall be checked.
The total dissolved solid shall not exceed the greater of the following:
a) 5000 ppm;
b) 1,1 time the design concentration.
The circulating water shall contain not more than 10 ppm of oil, tar or fatty substances.
For measuring methods, see EN 872 for solids.
5.3.4 Other conditions
5.3.4.1 Equipment-related requirements
The whole cooling tower shall be in proper operating condition. In particular, the water distribution system, the
drift eliminators and the exchange body shall not contain a quantity of foreign bodies likely to interfere with the
normal flow of the water and air.
In order to establish that the cooling tower operates well, it shall be visited by both parts of the contract
together before testing.
5.3.4.2 Climatic conditions-related requirements
The climatic conditions shall be within the normal operating ranges, these being defined by agreement
between the customer and the manufacturer.
If the wind conditions are agreed by contract, the average wind velocity and peak wind velocity shall lie within
the design limits specified in the contract. In that case, wind effect shall be provided by the cooling tower
manufacturer, as mentioned in 9.3.2 or as shown in Annex A.
-1
If no limits are defined in the contract, the average wind velocity shall not exceed 3 m.s . The wind stability
-1
condition shall be that the standard deviation σ of the wind speed (m.s ) of the reference wind shall not
exceed a limit value during the half hour (30 min) preceding and during the measurements, whatever the
duration of the test period may be.
σ < 0,5 + 0,2 V for all cases
mean
Furthermore, during the test, the atmospheric conditions shall comply with the following conditions:
 no rain, snow or hail;
 no fog, the difference between the dry temperature t and the wet temperature t shall be greater than
a w
0,1 K;
 in the event of high obstacles (other cooling tower, machine room, .) being in the vicinity of the cooling
tower, only those tests for which the wind does not come from the direction of these obstacles are taken
into account.
 the wet bulb temperature of the ambient air averaged at the air inlet t shall be greater than or equal to
w
2 °C:
t ≥ 2 °C
w
Mainly for natural draught cooling towers it is essential to control the atmospheric gradient during the test
since it affects the inlet air density which is part of the driving force that makes the cooling tower perform. If
the atmospheric gradient is agreed by contract, the average gradient measured up to twice the cooling tower
height shall be in the range of specification. If the atmospheric gradient is not defined in the contract the
average gradient shall be negative and over -1 K per 100 m.
An indicator of the gradient may be the absolute difference between the dry mean temperature in the cooling
tower air inlet t and the dry temperature of the ambient air t . Between -1 K and 0 K corresponds in most
s a
cases to an atmospheric gradient between + 0 K per 100 m and -1 K per 100 m.
The difference between the dry temperature of the ambient air t and the dry mean temperature in the cooling
a
tower air inlet t shall be such that:
s
-1 < t – t < 0 K
s a
Another indicator of the cooling tower vertical dry bulb gradient shall be the difference in dry bulb between
ground level and the top of the air inlet. For an acceptable test, the average dry bulb at or near the top of the
air inlet shall be at least 0,15 °C less than the average dry bulb measured 1,5 m above grade level.
In suspicion of inversion (positive atmospheric gradient), whatever the indicator may be, performance tests
can only be continued by agreement between all parties involved.
5.3.4.3 Operating configuration-related requirements
The cooling tower shall be in its normal configuration, anti-freeze system out of service, by-passes closed.
5.3.4.4 Conditions concerning the instrumentation
Prior to conducting the tests, the measuring probes employed and the measuring devices in the case of the
use of an indirect method for determining a flow rate, shall be calibrated.
6 Test procedure
6.1 Test parameters
Table 2 summarises the parameters influencing the thermal test for each type of cooling tower within the
scope of this European Standard.
Table 2 — Parameters influencing the thermal test for each type of cooling tower
Type of cooling tower Air temperature Atmospheric Wind Fan Other
gradient effect power
Natural draught Dry bulb (inlet)
X X -
Wet bulb (ambient)
Fan assisted natural Dry bulb (inlet)
X X X
draught
Wet bulb (ambient)
Mechanical draught Wet bulb (inlet)
a
- X X X
(except series)
Wet/dry plume
Extra-plume
abatement
verification
Natural draught Wet bulb (ambient or inlet)
X X
Dry bulb (inlet)
Mechanical draught Wet bulb (ambient or inlet)
X X
Dry bulb (inlet)
a
Recirculation is not part of the guarantee.

6.2 Quantities to be measured
The quantities to be measured for each of these performances shall be as follows:
a) Thermal performances:
 reference wind velocity measured 10 m above the floor;
 direction of the reference wind measured 10 m above the floor (only if certain sectors are to be taken
into account);
 pluviometry (if necessary);
 atmospheric pressure, p ;
a
 wet bulb temperature of the ambient air, t , measured 10 m above the floor or alternatively relative
wa
humidity of the ambient air ϕ
;
 dry bulb temperature of the ambient air, t , measured 10 m above the floor;
a
 dry bulb mean temperature of the air in the cooling tower inlet, t ;
s1
 wet bulb mean temperature of the air at tower inlet, t , or alternatively relative humidity of the air at
w
tower inlet ϕ ;
 cold water temperature, t ;
e
 hot water mean temperature of the circulating water (if applicable), t ;
h
1)
 make-up water temperature, t
m (if necessary) ;
1)
blow-down water temperature, t
 b (if necessary) ;
volume flow rate of the circulating water entering the cooling tower m
 ;
1)
 volume flow rate of the make-up water, m (if necessary) ;
m
1)
 volume flow rate of the blow-down water, m (if necessary) .
b
b) Cooling tower pumping head:
 pressure in water intake of the refrigerant inlet (or the limit of supply).
c) Drift loss performance:
 Volume flow rate of water with the same chemical characteristics as the circulating water entrained
by drift losses, m .
p
d) Plume abatement:
 Wet bulb temperature at tower outlet t or relative humidity ϕ
w2 2;
dry bulb temperature at tower outlet t .
 s2
e) Atmospheric vertical gradient G;

1) These temperatures and flow are only necessary if the corresponding auxiliary water flow rate enters or exits between
the hot and cold water temperature measurement section.
f) Fan power consumption.
6.3 Quantities to be determined
The quantities to be determined by calculation are as follows:
 water mass flow rate in the cooling tower inlet;
 cooling range t - t ;
h c
 transferred thermal load P;
 evaporated water volume flow rate m (can be measured);
E
 recooled water mean temperature, t ,
c
6.4 Measurements and calculation of the mean quantities
Measurements of atmospheric parameters
6.4.1
6.4.1.1 Measurements of the reference wind velocity and direction
The measurements of the wind velocity v and wind direction D shall be conducted by means of cup-type
W10 10
anemometers and weather vanes or by means of anemometer/vane assemblies.
One measuring device is sufficient. However three measuring devices are required when extended tests
checking wind effect at site on tower performance are performed.
For open field the measuring device shall be at a height of 10 m above the mean level of the ground and the
location of the measurement support mast shall be defined as a function of wind sectors selected for the test
and shall be if possible in an open spot at a minimum distance of 300 m from any sizeable obstacle (cooling
tower, machine room relief, etc.). Should this be impossible an agreement shall be made between the
manufacturer and the customer.
6.4.1.2 Measurement of the dry bulb temperature of the ambient air t and wet bulb temperature t
w
a
or relative humidity and atmospheric pressure
If necessary, the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature or relative humidity of the ambient air and the
atmospheric pressure shall be measured at 10 m above the ground, in the vicinity of the location where the
wind velocity and direction measurements were made using temperature probes and barometer.
Where necessary, the average vertical ambient dry bulb temperature gradient shall be measured in the
surrounding of the cooling tower between the elevation of the centre of air inlet and up to twice the height of
the cooling tower.
The probe(s) shall be protected from the sun's rays and from the rain.
6.4.1.3 Detection of rain
It may be carried out using a bucket-type pluviometer or indicate presence or rain (e.g. rain detector) or by
visual examination.
6.4.1.4 Measurements of the air inlet dry bulb temperature t and wet bulb temperature or relative
s
humidity
For undisturbed cooling tower's environment, air inlet dry bulb temperature t and air inlet wet bulb
s
temperature t (or relative humidity) shall be measured close to the air inlet, at a maximum distance of 1,5 m
w
of the air inlet.
The minimum number of probes shall be n × n , where n = number of probes around the circumference, n =
c v c v
number of probes along the height of air inlet (see Table 4).
Where several probes are used they shall be spread out at regulars intervals both in circumferential and
vertical directions.
If the probes are located at only one level, they shall be preferably installed at the middle of the air inlet.
The probes shall be protected from possible projections of water and from the sun's rays.
The undisturbed cooling tower is identified by the fact that there are no obstructing elements protruding in the
area limited by a circle the radius of which is the height of the air inlet and a line inclined at 45°, as shown on
Figure 1.
Key
1 Higher level of the air outlet
2 Zone without obstructing element
Figure 1 — Zone without obstructing element at the air inlet
If these conditions are not fulfilled special boundaries conditions are necessary and shall be agreed by the
parties involved. Where additional measuring points are used the results shall be weighted by the surface they
represent.
6.4.2 Measurement and calculation of the absolute and relative humidities of the ambient air (xϕϕ and
ϕϕ
ϕϕ)
ϕϕ
Measurements
The measurement of the ambient humidity shall be conducted either using three suction psychrometers or
three hygrometers (for example dew point). This apparatus, protected from the sun's rays and the rain, is
placed at a height of 10 m above ground level in the vicinity of the wind velocity and direction measurement
points.
The psychrometer measurements of the dry and moist temperatures allow to determine the relative humidity
of the ambient air as well as the absolute humidity for which one uses the formulae given in 8.2.3.
In the case of the use of hygrometers, the combined measurements of the relative humidity and dry
temperature allow to calculate the wet bulb temperature, then the value of the absolute humidity of the
ambient air using these same formulae.
6.4.3 Measurement of the atmospheric pressure (P )
a
The atmospheric pressure shall be measured using an absolute pressure sensor protected against the effects
of the wind.
6.4.4 Water temperature
6.4.4.1 Determination of the hot water temperature t
h
Where possible the test shall be conducted with make-up and blow-down water circuits shut off.
If it is not possible temperatures shall be measured as in 6.4.4.2 and 6.4.4.3.
a) Measurement of the circulating water temperature on reaching the cooling tower:
 the hot water temperature shall be measured in the riser or in the water distribution of the cooling
tower;
 in the case of two water inlets, the temperature shall be measured in each riser or in the water
distribution;
 the measuring device shall comprise at least 3 probes per riser or water distribution.
b) Calculation of the mean temperature of the hot water:
 hot water intake: the mean temperature t is equal to the arithmetical mean of the temperatures
h
measured at each point;
 two hot water intakes: the mean temperature of the hot water shall be calculated by weighing the
temperatures by the corresponding flows

6.4.4.2 Determination of the make-up water temperature t
m
The make-up water temperature shall be measured at the entry into the cooling water circle.
The measuring device comprises three probes.
The mean temperature of the make-up water is equal to the arithmetical mean of the measured temperatures.
6.4.4.3 Determination of the blow-down water temperature t
b
The blow-down water temperature shall be measured in the blow-down discharge structure, at the boundary
of the cooling tower.
The measuring device shall comprise three probes.
The mean temperature of the blow down water is equal to the arithmetical mean of the measured
temperatures.
6.4.4.4 Determination of the recooled water temperature t
c
6.4.4.4.1 Measurement of the temperature of the circulating water leaving the cold water basin
6.4.4.4.1.1 General
The circulating water temperature shall preferably be measured inside the pipes, at cooling tower outlet
structure and upstream the (cold water) pump (s) or directly in the water discharge structure. Measurements
may also be performed down stream the pump but in that case correction of recooled water measured
temperature shall be made to take account of heat input from the pump and precautions are needed to
prevent damage (e.g. thermometer break).
6.4.4.4.1.2 Measurements inside the pipes
In the case of several outflows, the temperature shall be measured in each of them.
-1
1/2
-3
The minimum number of probes at one outflow shall be 2,5 (q .10 ) where q is expressed in kg⋅s . They
me me
shall be located as indicated in EN 306.

6.4.4.4.1.3 Measurements in the water discharge structure
-3 1/2 -1
The minimum number of probes shall be 2,5 (q .10 ) , where q is expressed in kg⋅s .
me me
Where the depth of water exceeds 1,5 m, two levels of probes shall be used.
NOTE If the temperature at at one or more measuring points differs by more than 1 K from the average, a first step to
reduce the uncertainty should be to double the number of sensors installed.
In the case the uncertainty remains unacceptable, it should be necessary to weight the temperature by local velocity (to be
measured).
In this case, it is necessary to draw up velocity charts for the water perpendicular to the measurement section
if the average temperature at one or more measuring point varies by more than 1 K during measuring period
per outlet. These charts enable one on the one hand to define the minimum number of probes to be installed
and their location and furthermore to carry out, if necessary, on the basis of the conditions described, the
weighting of the temperatures by the velocities.
Where make-up circuit is not shut off precautions shall be taken e.g. measures of the velocity field to prevent
heterogeneous flows to be undetected.
6.4.5 Water flow rates
6.4.5.1 General
There exist two types of water flow rates which enter and leave the cooling tower:
a) Time-invariant flow rates (flow rates produced by pumps, without adjusting mechanisms on the circuit).
NOTE 1 Precautions should be taken to ensure that pressure losses are constant during the test (clean lines).
b) Flow rates which are variable as a function of the settings (water level, valves, thresholds,.).
NOTE 2 The measurements of such flow rates are conducted on a continuous basis during the performance tests.
6.4.5.2 Measurement of the circulating water volume flow rate at the cooling tower inlet m
Depending on the type of cooling circuit, this flow rate is invariant or variable.
In the first case, the measurement shall be conducted for each configuration of the pumps to be tested in
operation using the velocity area method, the constant flow injection method using radioactive tracers
(ISO 2975-3), or any other equivalent method.
When conducting thermal performance tests, the configuration of the pumps in operation shall be checked in
order to determine the total flow rate.
In the second case, one shall use either an absolute method by standardized pressure-reducing appliances
(see EN ISO 5167-1 and ISO/TR 3313) or by a standardised overflow (see ISO 1438-1), or an indirect method
which requires preliminary calibration.
6.4.5.3 Measurements of the make-up water volume flow rate m
m
If the make-up circuit is not shut off during the test, m shall be measured.
m
The measurement shall be conducted either by an absolute method by standardised pressure-reducing
appliances (EN ISO 5167-1 and ISO/TR 3313) or by a standardised overflow (see ISO 1438-1), or an indirect
method which requires preliminary calibration.
6.4.5.4 Measurement of the blow-down water volume flow rate m
...