SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
(Main)Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-391:2016)
This part of ISO 9241 establishes guidelines for the reduction of photosensitive seizures, one of three major undesirable biomedical effects, induced by images presented on electronic visual displays. The guidelines address the conditions essentially produced by electronic visual image contents presented at home and in work environments, but not by electronic visual display. The guideline in the document is for the protection of the vulnerable section of the viewing population who are photosensitive, and who are therefore prone to seizures triggered by flickering lights and regular patterns, including certain types of repetitive images.
Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391: Anforderungen, Analysen und Prüfverfahren zur Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle ausgelöst durch photosensitive Reize (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Diese Internationale Norm stellt Anforderungen und Empfehlungen zur Verminderung von Anfällen aufgrund
photosensitiver Reize (PSS) bei der Betrachtung von Bildern auf elektronischen Anzeigegeräten bereit.
Die Anforderungen und Empfehlungen dieser Norm wurden für die Anwendung auf Bildinhalte entwickelt.
Durch den Begriff „Bildinhalte“ wird auf die Bilder selber verwiesen, unabhängig von Anzeigegerät oder
Umgebung, innerhalb derer sie angezeigt werden.
Die Anforderungen und Empfehlungen dieser Norm sind zum Schutz der verletzlichen Personen innerhalb der
Bevölkerung gedacht, die lichtempfindlich sind und die daher anfällig für Anfälle, die durch aufblitzende Lichter
und regelmäßige Muster, einschließlich bestimmter, sich wiederholender Bilder, ausgelöst werden.
ANMERKUNG 1 Die Internationale Fernmeldeunion (ITU) befasst sich mit den Sicherheitsaspekten von Bildern in
Bezug auf deren Ausstrahlung. Einige dieser Aspekte werden in ITU-R BT.1702 [2] beschrieben.
ANMERKUNG 2 In ISO/IEC DIS 40500 [W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0] gibt es einige damit
verbundene Empfehlungen hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu Inhalten des Internets.
ANMERKUNG 3 Anfälle und epileptische Anfälle aufgrund photosensitiver Reize bedeutet, dass die durch die
wiederholten Anfälle gekennzeichneten, chronischen Zustände medizinische Zustände sind. Auf die klinischen Aspekte
der Photosensibilität wird in Anhang B Bezug genommen.
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d'essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles (ISO 9241-391:2016)
ISO 9241-391:2016 spécifie des exigences et fournit des recommandations concernant la réduction des saisies photosensibles (SPS) lors de l'observation d'images sur des afficheurs électroniques.
Les exigences et les recommandations dans la présente partie de l'ISO 9241 sont destinées à être appliquées à des contenus d'images. Le terme «contenus d'images» fait référence aux images elles-mêmes, indépendamment du dispositif ou de l'environnement sur (dans) lequel elles sont affichées.
Les exigences et les recommandations fournies dans la présente partie de l'ISO 9241 sont destinées à la protection de la partie vulnérable de la population, qui risque de faire des crises d'épilepsie photosensible déclenchées par des flashs lumineux et des séquences répétitives, y compris certaines images répétitives.
NOTE 1 L'UIT étudie les problèmes liés à la sécurité des images par rapport à la télédiffusion. Certaines d'entre elles sont décrites dans la Recommandation UIT-R BT.1702.[2]
NOTE 2 Quelques recommandations pertinentes sont fournies dans l'ISO/IEC 40500:2012, Technologies de l'information ? Règles pour l'accessibilité des contenus Web (WCAG) 2.0 du World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) pour l'accessibilité des contenus Web.
NOTE 3 Les saisies photosensibles et l'épilepsie photosensible, c'est-à-dire des troubles chroniques caractérisés par des crises répétées, constituent des états pathologiques. Les aspects cliniques de la photosensibilité sont abordés dans l'Annexe C. Les crises induites par stimulus visuel sont équivalentes aux saisies photosensibles (SPS).
Ergonomija medsebojnega vpliva človek-sistem - 391. del: Zahteve, analize in preskusne metode za ugotavljanje skladnosti za zmanjšanje epileptičnih napadov, sproženih s fotosenzitivnimi dražljaji (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Ta del standarda ISO 9241 podaja smernice za zmanjševanje epileptičnih napadov, sproženih s fotosenzitivnimi dražljaji, enega od treh največjih neželenih biomedicinskih učinkov, ki jih sprožajo slike, predstavljene na elektronskih vizualnih zaslonih. Smernice opisujejo pogoje, ki jih v osnovi ustvarjajo elektronske vizualne slikovne vsebine, predstavljene v domačih in delovnih okoljih, vendar ne na elektronskih vizualnih zaslonih. Smernica v dokumentu je namenjena zaščiti ranljivega dela populacije gledalcev, ki so občutljivi na fotosenzitivne dražljaje ter so zato nagnjeni k epileptičnim napadom, ki jih sprožijo utripajoče lučke in enakomerni vzorci, vključno z določenimi vrstami ponavljajočih slik.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
01-junij-2016
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SUHVNXVQHPHWRGH]DXJRWDYOMDQMHVNODGQRVWL]D]PDQMãDQMHHSLOHSWLþQLKQDSDGRY
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Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and
compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391: Anforderungen, Analysen und
Prüfverfahren zur Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle ausgelöst durch
photosensitive Reize (ISO 9241-391:2016)
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et
méthodes d'essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 9241-391:2016
ICS:
11.020.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
zdravstvom na splošno health care in general
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
EN ISO 9241-391
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.180; 35.180
English Version
Ergonomics of human-system interaction - Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for
the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391:
391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d'essai de Anforderungen, Analysen und Prüfverfahren zur
conformité pour la réduction des saisies Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle
photosensibles (ISO 9241-391:2016) ausgelöst durch photosensitive Reize (ISO 9241-
391:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 December 2015.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 9241-391:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
EN ISO 9241-391:2016 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
EN ISO 9241-391:2016 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 9241-391:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 159 “Ergonomics” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2016, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2016.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 9241-391:2016 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 9241-391:2016 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9241-391
First edition
2016-02-01
Ergonomics of human-system
interaction —
Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and
compliance test methods for the
reduction of photosensitive seizures
Ergonomie de l’interaction homme-système —
Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d’essai de conformité
pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles
Reference number
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
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ISO copyright office
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Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures . 2
5 Ergonomic requirements and recommendations . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Flashes . 3
5.2.1 Potentially harmful flashes . 3
5.2.2 Rapid changes of image sequences . 4
5.2.3 Potentially harmful red flashes . 4
5.2.4 Cumulative risk . 4
5.2.5 Prior warning . 4
5.3 Potentially harmful regular patterns . 4
6 Conformance . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Test methods . 5
6.3 Procedure of conformance. 6
Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241-series . 7
Annex B (informative) Abbreviated terms . 8
Annex C (informative) Clinical aspects of photosensitivity . 9
Annex D (informative) Viewing environments .10
Annex E (informative) Saturated red .11
Annex F (informative) Typical relation between screen luminance and signal voltage .12
Annex G (informative) Sample procedure for assessing applicability and conformance .13
Bibliography .15
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ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Ergonomics
of human-system interaction.
ISO 9241 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomic requirements for office work
with visual display terminals (VDTs):
— Part 1: General introduction
— Part 2: Guidance on task requirements
— Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements
— Part 6: Guidance on the work environment
— Part 11: Guidance on usability
— Part 12: Presentation of information
— Part 13: User guidance
— Part 14: Menu dialogues
— Part 15: Command dialogues
— Part 16: Direct manipulation dialogues
ISO 9241 also consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of human-system
interaction:
— Part 20: Accessibility guidelines for information/communication technology (ICT) equipment and services
— Part 100: Introduction to standards related to software ergonomics [Technical Report]
— Part 110: Dialogue principles
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ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
1)
— Part 112: Principles for the presentation of information
— Part 129: Guidance on software individualization
— Part 143: Forms
— Part 151: Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces
— Part 154: Interactive voice response (IVR) applications
— Part 161: Guidance on visual user-interface elements
— Part 171: Guidance on software accessibility
— Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems
1)
— Part 220: Processes for enabling, executing and assessing human-centred design within organizations
— Part 300: Introduction to electronic visual display requirements
— Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays
— Part 303: Requirements for electronic visual displays
— Part 304: User performance test methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 305: Optical laboratory test methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 307: Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays
— Part 308: Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SED) [Technical Report]
— Part 309: Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays [Technical Report]
— Part 310: Visibility, aesthetics and ergonomics of pixel defects [Technical Report]
— Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays [Technical Report]
— Part 391: Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures
— Part 392: Ergonomic recommendations for the reduction of visual fatigue from stereoscopic images
— Part 400: Principles and requirements for physical input devices
— Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices
— Part 411: Evaluation methods for the design of physical input devices [Technical Specification]
— Part 420: Selection of physical input devices
— Part 910: Framework for tactile and haptic interaction
— Part 920: Guidance on tactile and haptic interactions
1)
— Part 940: Evaluation of tactile and haptic interactions
1)
— Part 960: Framework and guidance for gesture interactions
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 125: Guidance on visual presentation of information
1) To be published.
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— Part 333: Stereoscopic displays using glasses
For the other parts under preparation, see Annex A.
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ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Introduction
Recent progress of technology enables us to watch high-definition images, some of which can be
stereoscopic. When those images are projected onto the retina of both eyes and processed as visual
information, undesirable biomedical effects, such as photosensitive seizures, visually induced motion
sickness, and visual fatigue from stereoscopic images can be induced. These undesirable biomedical
effects need to be reduced where feasible. The prevention of these undesirable biomedical effects on
human health has been referred to as “image safety”.
Image safety was first discussed by the ISO in the ISO/COPOLCO with respect to the users of image
products. Then, in 2004, the ISO/International Workshop on Image Safety was held and resulted
[1]
in the publication of ISO/IWA 3:2005 as the international workshop agreement. Following those
discussions, the study group (ISO/TC 159/SC 4/SG on Image Safety) continued to evaluate strategies
of the international standardizations until 2009. The basic concept of Image Safety is common with
[18]
ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 , in which the idea is that accessibility to and usability of products and
services should be available to all people.
This part of ISO 9241 will help promote the production of safer images by reducing the risk of
photosensitive seizures, and thereby result in the wider distribution of images that are free from
constraints on which consumers can view them. A small proportion of the population is susceptible to
seizures and other neurological effects when watching motion picture and video content with certain
display features. Since these reactions depend on individual susceptibility have been documented with
programming viewed through cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays, there is as yet less experience with
high-definition displays.
This part of ISO 9241 belongs to a family of human-system interaction standards. Readers who need
guidance on other aspects of human-system interaction should refer to the ISO 9241-series.
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SIST EN ISO 9241-391:2016
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9241-391:2016(E)
Ergonomics of human-system interaction —
Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for
the reduction of photosensitive seizures
1 Scope
This part of ISO 9241 provides requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive
seizures (PSS), while viewing images on electronic displays.
The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are designed to be applied to image
contents. By image contents, reference is made to the images independent of the device or environment
in which they are displayed.
The requirements and recommendations in this part of ISO 9241 are for the protection of the vulnerable
individuals in the viewing population who are photosensitive and who are therefore liable to seizures
triggered by flashing lights and regular patterns, including certain repetitive images.
NOTE 1 ITU considers the image safety issues in relation to broadcasting. Some of these are described in
[2]
ITU-R BT.1702.
NOTE 2 There are some related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012, W3C Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0, for web contents accessibility.
NOTE 3 Photosensitive seizures and photosensitive epilepsy, that is, chronic conditions characterized by
those repeated seizures are medical conditions. Clinical aspects of photosensitivity appear in Annex C. Visually
induced seizures are equivalent to PSS.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9241-302, Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9241-302 and the
following apply.
3.1
flash
pair of opposing changes in relative luminance
Note 1 to entry: A “pair of opposing changes” is an increase followed by a decrease or a decrease followed by an
increase.
3.2
electroencephalogram
EEG
record of electrical changes caused by neuronal activities in the brain through electrodes attached to
the scalp
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3.3
photoparoxysmal response
PPR
EEG (3.2) response to flash (3.1) or pattern, consisting of spikes, spike–waves, or intermittent slow
waves, which include spike-waves at around 3 Hz that can be detected bilaterally and simultaneously in
all areas of the scalp
3.4
photosensitivity
human individual sensitivity to flashing or intermittent light stimulation and/or visual patterns,
evidenced by the occurrence of a photoparoxysmal response (3.3) in the EEG (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: Visual sensitivity is a term recently sometimes used as an alternative to the term
“photosensitivity.”
3.5
photosensitive seizure
PSS
[3]
epileptic seizure triggered by visual stimulation as a result of photosensitivity (3.4) in a human individual
3.6
photosensitive epilepsy
chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent photosensitive seizures (3.5), either
convulsive or non-convulsive seizures, such as absence seizures
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures
A photosensitive seizure may be produced in susceptible individuals by flashing lights or certain
[3][16]
regular patterns. A visual stimulus tending to provoke a seizure is bright light flashes of a certain
[4]
number per second. The light must also fill a large part of the visual field. For the light flashes, colour
[5][12]
changes to or from saturated red, instead of luminance changes, also tend to provoke a seizure.
Another potentially provocative visual stimulus for some individuals with photosensitivity is regular
[6]
patterns with a certain number of bright stripes per a certain area. The pattern must also fill a
large part of the visual field, while the provocation depends on whether the patterns are stationary or
[7][16][17]
oscillating (including flashing).
[3][14]
PSS can be reduced, to some extent, by considering factors such as those shown below. These
[13][15]
factors need to be considered at the same time in an appropriate balance.
— Potentially harmful flashes:
— Luminance and contrast
— Area of visual field
— Number of flashes per unit time
— Rapid changes of image sequences
— Potentially harmful red flashes:
— Colour
— Area of visual field
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— Number of flashes per unit time
— Cumulative risk:
— Duration of flashing
— Potentially harmful regular patterns:
— Clearly discernible stripes
— Number of stripes and area of visual field occupied
— Moving/stationary
— Luminance and contrast
— Duration of patterns
5 Ergonomic requirements and recommendations
5.1 General
To obtain the condition that will sufficiently reduce the possibility of PSS, visual content, viewing
environment, and characteristics of viewers need to be considered. However, in this part of ISO 9241,
characteristics of visual content, such as flashing and regular patterns, are the principal concern. For
viewing environment to be considered, Annex D provides the information.
The requirements in 5.2.1 to 5.2.3 are based on a wide range of flash rates and differences in brightness
that have been demonstrated to cause PPRs in almost all photosensitive individuals, although each such
individual is likely to respond to a narrower set of flash rates and brightness changes within that range.
A small number of subjects, however, recorded PPRs at slower flash rates and others may be susceptible
to smaller changes in brightness. A photosensitive individual’s susceptibility to visual stimuli may
vary with environmental factors and changing individual physical conditions. Therefore, even if visual
content complies with the requirements in this part of ISO 9241 that does not preclude the possibility
that some photosensitive individuals may have a PPR or PSS when viewing that content. The purpose
of this part of ISO 9241 is to reduce the incidence of such events substantially through a framework for
producers of the content that is reasonably practical to comply with.
NOTE 1 The following principles in 5.2 and 5.3 are easier to apply in the case of pre-recorded content, which
can be analysed frame-by-frame. Interactive media, such as video games, may afford essentially limitless
sequences through the game, depending upon user actions. In the case of video games, the requirements and
[8]
recommendations apply to typical sequences of play, but cannot cover every eventuality of play.
NOTE 2 The requirements and recommendations are based on the data obtained with the maximum screen
2 [15]
luminance of 200 cd/m and below, and the maximum screen size of 60 in.
5.2 Flashes
5.2.1 Potentially harmful flashes
Potentially harmful flashes shall be avoided. Potentially harmful flashes are defined as those satisfying
all the following conditions.
a) A pair of opposing changes in luminance (i.e. an increase in luminance followed by a decrease or a
2
decrease followed by an increase) of 20 cd/m or more when the luminance of the darker image is
2
below 160 cd/m .
b) The combined area of flashes, satisfying (a) above, occurring concurrently, occupies more than one
quarter of the displayed screen area.
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c) There are more than 3 flashes and fewer than 65 flashes within any one-second period.
Potentially harmful flashes can be produced by playing images at fast speed. Therefore, it is useful for
viewers to be informed of this possibility.
5.2.2 Rapid changes of image sequences
Rapidly changing image sequences (for example, “fast cuts”, see Note below), shall be avoided if they
result in areas of the screen that produce a potentially harmful flash.
NOTE “Fast cuts” denote switching briefly and abruptly from one scene to another in movies, videos, and
other image products.
5.2.3 Potentially harmful red flashes
Potentially harmful red flashes shall be avoided, irrespective of luminance change. Potentially harmful
red flashes are defined as those satisfying all the following conditions.
a) A transition between a saturated red and a colour differing more than 0,2 in CIE 1976 UCS
chromaticity diagram.
b) The combined area of red flashes, satisfying (a) above, occurring concurrently, occupies more than
one quarter of the displayed screen area.
c) There are more than 3 red flashes and fewer than 65 red flashes, those satisfying (a) above, within
any one-second period.
NOTE 1 Saturated red can be defined in the CIE chromaticity diagram (see Annex E).
[22][23]
NOTE 2 Increment of colour difference can increase incidence of PPR.
5.2.4 Cumulative risk
It should be noted that the level of any cumulative risk arising from successive sequences of “potentially
harmful” flashes over a prolonged period is unknown. If, as medical opinion suggests, the risk of
seizures increases with the duration of flashing, it should be noted that a sequence of flashing images
lasting more than 5 s might constitute a risk, even when it complies with 5.2.1 to 5.2.3.
5.2.5 Prior warning
If it is not possible to correct the image or to check all possible image sequences to meet the requirements
in 5.2.1 to 5.2.3, then a prior warning shall be given.
5.3 Potentially harmful regular patterns
Potentially harmful regular patterns should be avoided. Potentially harmful regular patterns are
[15]
defined as those satisfying all the following conditions.
a) Clearly discernible stripes, which may be parallel or radial, curved or straight, in any orientation.
b) If the patterns are stationary, the stripes are more than eight light-dark pairs occupying more
than 40 % of the displayed screen area, or if the pattern changes direction, oscill
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
01-februar-2013
(UJRQRPLMDPHGVHERMQHJDYSOLYDþORYHNVLVWHP GHO =DKWHYHDQDOL]HLQ
SUHVNXVQHPHWRGH]DXJRWDYOMDQMHVNODGQRVWL]D]PDQMãDQMH
HSLOHSWLþQLKERåMDVWQLKQDSDGRYVSURåHQLKVIRWRVHQ]LWLYQLPLGUDåOMDML ,62',6
Ergonomics of Human System Interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and
compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO/DIS 9241-
391:2012)
Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391: Anforderungen, Analysen und
Prüfverfahren zur Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle ausgelöst durch
photosensitive Reize (ISO/DIS 9241-391:2012)
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et
méthodes d'essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles (ISO/DIS
9241-391:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 9241-391
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN ISO 9241-391
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2012
ICS 13.180; 35.180
English Version
Ergonomics of Human System Interaction - Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the
reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO/DIS 9241-391:2012)
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie 391: Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391:
Exigences, analyses et méthodes d'essai de conformité
Anforderungen, Analysen und Prüfverfahren zur
pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles (ISO/DIS Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle
9241-391:2012) ausgelöst durch photosensitive Reize (ISO/DIS 9241-
391:2012)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for parallel enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 122.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN ISO 9241-391:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
prEN ISO 9241-391:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
prEN ISO 9241-391:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN ISO 9241-391:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159
"Ergonomics" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is
held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the parallel Enquiry.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/DIS 9241-391:2012 has been approved by CEN as a prEN ISO 9241-391:2012 without any
modification.
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 9241-391
ISO/TC 159/SC 4 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on Voting terminates on
2012-12-06 2013-05-06
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Ergonomics of Human System Interaction —
Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the
reduction of photosensitive seizures
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système —
Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d'essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies
photosensibles
ICS 13.180; 40.180
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and
processed under the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
five-month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be
submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as r eceived from the committee
secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at
publication stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
© International Organization for Standardization, 2012
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
ISO/DIS 9241-391
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
ISO/DIS 9241-391
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures . 2
5 Ergonomic requirements and recommendations . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Flashes . 3
5.2.1 Potentially harmful flashes . 3
5.2.2 Rapid changes of image sequences . 4
5.2.3 Potentially harmful red flashes . 4
5.2.4 Cumulative risk . 4
5.2.5 Prior warning . 4
5.3 Patterns . 4
5.3.1 Potentially harmful regular patterns . 4
6 Conformance . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Test methods . 5
6.3 Conformance . 6
Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241 series . 7
Annex B (informative) Clinical aspects of photosensitivity . 8
Annex C (informative) Potentially harmful flashes with larger maximum luminance . 9
Annex D (informative) Saturated Red . 10
Annex E (informative) Viewing environments . 11
Annex F (informative) Sample procedure for assessing applicability and conformance . 12
Bibliography . 14
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
ISO/DIS 9241-391
Foreword
Part 1: General introduction
Part 2: Guidance on task requirements
Part 3: Visual display requirements
Part 4: Keyboard requirements
Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements
Part 6: Guidance on the work environment
Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices
Part 11: Guidance on usability
Part 12: Presentation of information
Part 13: User guidance
Part 14: Menu dialogues
Part 15: Command dialogues
Part 16: Direct- manipulation dialogues
Part 17: Form filling dialogues
ISO 9241 also consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of human-system interaction:
Part 20: Accessibility guidelines for information/communication technology (ICT) equipment and services
Part 110: Dialogue principles
Part 129: Guidance on software individualization
Part 143: Form-based dialogues
Part 151: Software ergonomics for Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces
Part 154: Interactive voice response (IVR) applications
Part 171: Guidance on software accessibility
Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems
Part 300: Introduction to electronic visual display requirements
Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
ISO/DIS 9241-391
Part 303: Requirements for electronic visual displays
Part 304: User performance test methods for electronic visual displays
Part 305: Optical laboratory test methods for electronic visual displays
Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays
Part 307: Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays
Part 308: Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SED) [Technical Report]
Part 309: Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays [Technical Report]
Part 310: Pixel defects — Visibility, aestetics and ergonomics [Technical Report]
Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays [Technical Report]
Part 400: Principles and requirements for physical input devices
Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices
Part 420: Selection procedures for physical input devices
Part 910: Framework for tactile and haptic interaction
Part 920: Guidance on tactile and haptic interactions
For the other parts under preparation, see Annex A.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
ISO/DIS 9241-391
Introduction
Recent progress of technology enables us to watch high-definition images, some of which can be
stereoscopic. When those images are projected onto the retina of both eyes and processed as visual
information, undesirable biomedical effects, such as photosensitive seizures, visually induced motion
sickness, and visual fatigue from stereoscopic images, can be induced. These undesirable biomedical effects
need to be reduced, where feasible. The prevention of these undesirable biomedical effects on human health
has been referred to as “image safety.”
Image safety was first discussed by the ISO in the ISO/COPOLCO with respect to the users of image
products. Then, in 2004, the ISO/International Workshop on Image Safety was held, and resulted in the
publication of ISO/IWA3:2005 as the international workshop agreement [1]. Following those discussions, the
study group, (ISO/TC 159/SC 4/SG on Image Safety), continued to evaluate strategies of the international
standardizations until 2009.
This standard will help to promote the production of safer images by reducing the risk of photosensitive
seizures, and thereby result in the wider distribution of images that are free from constraints on which
consumers can view them. A small proportion of the population is susceptible to seizures and other
neurological effects when watching motion picture and video content with certain display features. Since these
idiosyncratic reactions have been documented with programming viewed through CRT displays, there is as
yet less experience with high-definition displays.
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 9241-391 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Human-
system interaction.
This second/third/. edition cancels and replaces the first/second/. edition (), [clause(s) / subclause(s) /
table(s) / figure(s) / annex(es)] of which [has / have] been technically revised.
ISO 9241 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of human-system interaction —
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures:
Part [n]:
Part [n+1]:
vi © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 9241-391
Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Requirements,
analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of
photosensitive seizures
1 Scope
This International Standard provides requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive
seizures, (PSS), while viewing images on electronic displays.
The requirements and recommendations in this document are designed to be applied to image contents. By
image contents, reference is made to the images independent of the device or environment in which they are
displayed.
The requirements and recommendations in the document are for the protection of the vulnerable individuals in
the viewing population who are photosensitive, and who are therefore liable to seizures triggered by flashing
lights and regular patterns, including certain repetitive images.
NOTE 1 ITU considers the image safety issues in relation to broadcasting. Some of these are described in
ITU-R BT.1702 [2].
NOTE 2 There are some related recommendations in ISO/IEC DIS 40500 (W3C Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0) for web contents accessibility.
NOTE 3 Photosensitive seizures and photosensitive epilepsy, that is, chronic conditions characterized by
those repeated seizures are medical conditions. Clinical aspects of photosensitivity appear in Annex B.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9241-302, Ergonomics of human system interaction — Ergonomic requirements and measurement
techniques for electronic visual displays — Part 302: Terms and definitions.
Recommendation ITU-R BT.500-11: Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television
pictures.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9241-302 and the following apply.
3.1
flash
a pair of opposing changes in relative luminance
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2013
ISO/DIS 9241-391
NOTE 1 to entry: "a pair of opposing changes" is an increase followed by a decrease, or a decrease followed by an
increase
3.2
electroencephalogram
EEG
record of electrical changes, caused by neuronal activities in the brain through electrodes attached to the
scalp in the EEG
3.3
photoparoxysmal response
PPR
EEG response to flash or pattern, consisting of spikes, spike–waves, or intermittent slow waves, which include
spike-waves at around 3 Hz that can be detected bilaterally and simultaneously in all areas of the scalp
3.4
photosensitivity
human individual sensitivity to flashing or intermittent light stimulation and/or visual patterns, evidenced by the
occurrence of a photoparoxysmal response in the EEG
NOTE 1 to entry: Visual sensitivity is a term recently sometimes used as an alternative to the term “photosensitivity”
3.5
photosensitive seizure
PSS
an epileptic seizure [3] triggered by visual stimulation as a result of photosensitivity in a human individual
3.6
photosensitive epilepsy
chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent photosensitive seizures, either convulsive or
nonconvulsive seizures, such as absence seizures
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures
A photosensitive seizure may be produced in susceptible individuals by flashing lights or certain regular
patterns[3][16].A visual stimulus tending to provoke a seizure is bright light flashes of a certain numbers per
second [4]. The light must also fill a large part of the visu
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
01-marec-2014
(UJRQRPLMDPHGVHERMQHJDYSOLYDþORYHNVLVWHP GHO =DKWHYHDQDOL]HLQ
SUHVNXVQHPHWRGH]DXJRWDYOMDQMHVNODGQRVWL]D]PDQMãDQMHHSLOHSWLþQLKQDSDGRY
VSURåHQLKVIRWRVHQ]LWLYQLPLGUDåOMDML ,62',6
Ergonomics of Human System Interaction - Part 391: Requirements, analysis and
compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures (ISO/DIS 9241-
391:2014)
Ergonomie der Mensch-System-Interaktion - Teil 391: Anforderungen, Analysen und
Prüfverfahren zur Konformität zur Verringerung epileptischer Anfälle ausgelöst durch
photosensitive Reize (ISO/DIS 9241-391:2014)
Ergonomie de l'interaction homme-système - Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et
méthodes d'essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies photosensibles (ISO/DIS
9241-391:2014)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 9241-391
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
DRA�T I�TER�ATI��A� STA�DARD
ISO/DIS 9241-391.2
ISO/TC 159/SC 4 Secretariat: BSI
�oting begins on� �oting terminates on�
2014-02-13 2014-04-13
Ergonomics of Human System Interaction —
Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for
the reduction of photosensitive seizures
Ergonomie de l’interaction homme-système —
Partie 391: Exigences, analyses et méthodes d’essai de conformité pour la réduction des saisies
photosensibles
ICS� 13�1�0�35�1�0
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), and processed under the ISO lead mode of collaboration
as de�ined in the �ienna Agreement�
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member
bodies for a parallel �ive month en�uiry�
Should this draft be accepted� a �inal draft� established on the basis of comments
received, will be submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and
THIS D�C��E�T IS A DRA�T CIRC��ATED
formal vote in CE��
��R C���E�T A�D APPR��A�� IT IS
THERE��RE S��JECT T� CHA��E A�D �A�
��T �E RE�ERRED T� AS A� I�TER�ATI��A�
STA�DARD ��TI� P���ISHED AS S�CH�
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the
I� ADDITI�� T� THEIR E�A��ATI�� AS
committee secretariat� IS� Central Secretariat work of editing and te�t
�EI�� ACCEPTA��E ��R I�D�STRIA��
composition will be undertaken at publication stage�
TECH�����ICA�� C���ERCIA� A�D
�SER P�RP�SES� DRA�T I�TER�ATI��A�
STA�DARDS �A� �� �CCASI�� HA�E T�
�E C��SIDERED I� THE �I�HT �� THEIR
P�TE�TIA� T� �EC��E STA�DARDS T�
WHICH RE�ERE�CE �A� �E �ADE I�
Reference number
�ATI��A� RE���ATI��S�
ISO/DIS 9241-391:2014(E)
RECIPIE�TS �� THIS DRA�T ARE I��ITED
T� S���IT� WITH THEIR C���E�TS�
��TI�ICATI�� �� A�� RE�E�A�T PATE�T
RI�HTS �� WHICH THE� ARE AWARE A�D T�
©
PR��IDE S�PP�RTI�� D�C��E�TATI��� ISO 2014
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
ISO/DIS 9241-391.2:2014(E)
Copyright notice
This IS� document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright‐protected by IS�� E�cept as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic� photocopying� recording or otherwise� without prior written permission being secured�
Re�uests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either IS� at the address below or IS��s
member body in the country of the re�uester�
IS� copyright of�ice
Case postale 56 � CH‐1211 �eneva 20
Tel� � 41 22 749 01 11
�a� � 41 22 749 09 47
E‐mail copyright�iso�org
Web www�iso�org
Reproduction may be sub�ect to royalty payments or a licensing agreement�
�iolators may be prosecuted�
ii � IS� 2014 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
ISO/DIS 9241-391.2
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures . 2
5 Ergonomic requirements and recommendations . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Flashes . 3
5.2.1 Potentially harmful flashes . 3
5.2.2 Rapid changes of image sequences . 4
5.2.3 Potentially harmful red flashes . 4
5.2.4 Cumulative risk . 4
5.2.5 Prior warning . 4
5.3 Patterns . 4
5.3.1 Potentially harmful regular patterns . 4
6 Conformance . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Test methods . 5
6.3 Procedure of conformance . 6
Annex A (informative) Overview of the ISO 9241 series . 7
Annex B (informative) Clinical aspects of photosensitivity . 8
Annex C (informative) Saturated Red . 9
Annex D (informative) Typical relation between screen luminance and luminance voltage . 10
Annex E (informative) Viewing environments . 11
Annex F (informative) Sample procedure for assessing applicability and conformance . 12
Bibliography . 14
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
ISO/DIS 9241-391.2
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 9241-391 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 4, Human-
system interaction.
ISO 9241 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomic requirements for office work with
visual display terminals (VDTs):
Part 1: General introduction
Part 2: Guidance on task requirements
Part 3: Visual display requirements
Part 4: Keyboard requirements
Part 5: Workstation layout and postural requirements
Part 6: Guidance on the work environment
Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices
Part 11: Guidance on usability
Part 12: Presentation of information
Part 13: User guidance
Part 14: Menu dialogues
Part 15: Command dialogues
Part 16: Direct- manipulation dialogues
Part 17: Form filling dialogues
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
ISO/DIS 9241-391.2
ISO 9241 also consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics of human-system interaction:
Part 20: Accessibility guidelines for information/communication technology (ICT) equipment and services
Part 110: Dialogue principles
Part 129: Guidance on software individualization
Part 143: Form-based dialogues
Part 151: Software ergonomics for Guidance on World Wide Web user interfaces
Part 154: Interactive voice response (IVR) applications
Part 171: Guidance on software accessibility
Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems
Part 300: Introduction to electronic visual display requirements
Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual displays
Part 303: Requirements for electronic visual displays
Part 304: User performance test methods for electronic visual displays
Part 305: Optical laboratory test methods for electronic visual displays
Part 306: Field assessment methods for electronic visual displays
Part 307: Analysis and compliance test methods for electronic visual displays
Part 308: Surface-conduction electron-emitter displays (SED) [Technical Report]
Part 309: Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays [Technical Report]
Part 310: Pixel defects — Visibility, aestetics and ergonomics [Technical Report]
Part 331: Optical characteristics of autostereoscopic displays [Technical Report]
Part 400: Principles and requirements for physical input devices
Part 410: Design criteria for physical input devices
Part 420: Selection procedures for physical input devices
Part 910: Framework for tactile and haptic interaction
Part 920: Guidance on tactile and haptic interactions
For the other parts under preparation, see Annex A.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
ISO/DIS 9241-391.2
Introduction
Recent progress of technology enables us to watch high-definition images, some of which can be
stereoscopic. When those images are projected onto the retina of both eyes and processed as visual
information, undesirable biomedical effects, such as photosensitive seizures, visually induced motion sickness,
and visual fatigue from stereoscopic images, can be induced. These undesirable biomedical effects need to
be reduced, where feasible. The prevention of these undesirable biomedical effects on human health has
been referred to as “image safety.”
Image safety was first discussed by the ISO in the ISO/COPOLCO with respect to the users of image products.
Then, in 2004, the ISO/International Workshop on Image Safety was held, and resulted in the publication of
[1]
ISO/IWA3:2005 as the international workshop agreement . Following those discussions, the study group,
(ISO/TC 159/SC 4/SG on Image Safety), continued to evaluate strategies of the international standardizations
[18]
until 2009. The basic concept of Image Safety is in common with ISO/IEC Guide 71:2012 of which idea is
that accessibility to and usability of products and services should be available to all people.
This standard will help to promote the production of safer images by reducing the risk of photosensitive
seizures, and thereby result in the wider distribution of images that are free from constraints on which
consumers can view them. A small proportion of the population is susceptible to seizures and other
neurological effects when watching motion picture and video content with certain display features. Since these
reaction depending on individual constitution have been documented with programming viewed through CRT
displays, there is as yet less experience with high-definition displays.
This standard belongs to the same family of human-system interaction standards as ISO 9241. Readers who
need guidance on other aspects of human-system interaction should refer to those standards.
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oSIST prEN ISO 9241-391:2014
DRART INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 9241-391.2
Ergonomics of human-system interaction — — Part 391:
Requirements, analysis and compliance test methods for the
reduction of photosensitive seizures
1 Scope
This International Standard provides requirements and recommendations for reducing photosensitive seizures,
(PSS), while viewing images on electronic displays.
The requirements and recommendations in this document are designed to be applied to image contents. By
image contents, reference is made to the images independent of the device or environment in which they are
displayed.
The requirements and recommendations in the document are for the protection of the vulnerable individuals in
the viewing population who are photosensitive, and who are therefore liable to seizures triggered by flashing
lights and regular patterns, including certain repetitive images.
NOTE 1 ITU considers the image safety issues in relation to broadcasting. Some of these are described in
ITU-R BT.1702 [2].
NOTE 2 There are some related recommendations in ISO/IEC 40500:2012 (W3C Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0) for web contents accessibility.
NOTE 3 Photosensitive seizures and photosensitive epilepsy, that is, chronic conditions characterized by
those repeated seizures are medical conditions. Clinical aspects of photosensitivity appear in Annex B.
Visually induced seizures is equivalent to photosensitive seizures (PSS).
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9241-302, Ergonomics of human system interaction — Ergonomic requirements and measurement
techniques for electronic visual displays — Part 302: Terms and definitions.
Recommendation ITU-R BT.500-11: Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television
pictures.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 9241-302 and the following apply.
3.1
flash
a pair of opposing changes in relative luminance
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ISO/DIS 9241-391.2
NOTE 1 to entry: "a pair of opposing changes" is an increase followed by a decrease, or a decrease followed by an
increase
3.2
electroencephalogram
EEG
record of electrical changes, caused by neuronal activities in the brain through electrodes attached to the
scalp in the EEG
3.3
photoparoxysmal response
PPR
EEG response to flash or pattern, consisting of spikes, spike–waves, or intermittent slow waves, which include
spike-waves at around 3 Hz that can be detected bilaterally and simultaneously in all areas of the scalp
3.4
photosensitivity
human individual sensitivity to flashing or intermittent light stimulation and/or visual patterns, evidenced by the
occurrence of a photoparoxysmal response in the EEG
NOTE 1 to entry: Visual sensitivity is a term recently sometimes used as an alternative to the term “photosensitivity”
3.5
photosensitive seizure
PSS
an epileptic seizure [3] triggered by visual stimulation as a result of photosensitivity in a human individual
3.6
photosensitive epilepsy
chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent photosensitive seizures, either convulsive or
nonconvulsive seizures, such as absence seizures
4 Image factors of photosensitive seizures
A photosensitive seizure may be produced in susceptible individuals by flashing lights or certain regular
patterns[3][16].A visual stimulus tending to provoke a seizure is bright light flashes of a certain numbers per
second [4]. The light must also fill a large part of the visual field. For the light flashes, colour changes to or
from saturated red, instead of luminance changes, also tend to provoke a seizure [5][12].
Another potentially provocative visual stimulus for some individuals with photosensitivity is regular patterns
with a certain numbers of bright stripes per a certain area [6]. The pattern must also fill a large part of the
visual field, while the provocation depends on whether the patterns are stationary or oscillating (including
flashing) [7][16][17].
PSS can be reduced, to some extent, by considering factors such as those shown below [3][14]. Therefore, to
control PSS, a number of different factors, shown below, need to be considered at the same time in an
appropriate balance [13][15].
Potentially harmful flashes:
Luminance and contrast
Area of visual field
Number of flashes per unit time
Rapid changes of image sequences
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Potentially harmful red flashes
Colour
Area of visual field
Number of flashes per unit time
Cumulative risk
Duration of flashing
Potentially harmful regular patterns:
Clearly discernible stripes
Number of stripes and area of visual field occupied
Moving/stationary
Luminance and contrast
Duration of patterns
5 Ergonomic requirements and recommendations
5.1 General
To obtain the condition that will sufficiently reduce the possibility of PSS, visual content, viewing environment
and characteristics of viewers need to be considered. However, in this document, characteristics of visual
content, such as flashing and regular patterns, are the principal concern. For viewing environment to be
considered, Annex E provides the information.
NOTE 1 The following principles in 5.2 and
...
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