ISO 20140-1:2013

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20140-1
First edition
2013-05-01
Automation systems and
integration — Evaluating energy
efficiency and other factors of
manufacturing systems that influence
the environment —
Part 1:
Overview and general principles
Systèmes d’automatisation et intégration — Évaluation de l’efficacité
énergétique et autres facteurs de fabrication des systèmes qui
influencent l’environnement —
Partie 1: Aperçu et principes généraux
Reference number
©
ISO 2013
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 7
4 Manufacturing system and its environmental influence evaluation .7
4.1 Product life cycle and manufacturing system life history . 7
4.2 Manufacturing system hierarchical structure .10
4.3 Environmental influence evaluation .11
5 Evaluation method of environmental influence .11
5.1 Methodology of environmental influence evaluation .11
5.2 Unit process of manufacturing process .12
5.3 Environmental influence .14
5.4 Environmental index evaluation.14
6 Evaluation process of environmental influence .15
6.1 Evaluation process of environmental index.15
6.2 Aggregation process of environmental influence .16
6.3 Allocation/charge process of indirect/CRR influence .16
7 Data for environmental influence evaluation .17
7.1 General .17
7.2 Data categories for environmental influence evaluation .17
7.3 Actual data in operation step .18
7.4 Actual data in construction/reconfiguration and retirement step .18
7.5 Reference data .18
7.6 Environmental characteristics data (ECD) .19
7.7 Existing data standards .19
Annex A (informative) Activity model of manufacturing system life history and its
environmental influence .20
Annex B (informative) Responsibility of organization with regard to environmental influence .29
Annex C (informative) Use cases of ISO 20140 .31
Annex D (informative) Input to/output from unit process .33
Annex E (informative) Conformance classes of ISO 20140 .34
Annex F (informative) Structure of ISO 20140 .36
Bibliography .42
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 5, Interoperability, integration, and architectures for enterprise systems and automation
applications.
ISO 20140 consists of the following parts, under the general title Automation systems and integration —
Evaluating energy efficiency and other factors of manufacturing systems that influence the environment:
— Part 1: Overview and general principles
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 2: Environmental index evaluation process
— Part 3: Environmental influence aggregation process
— Part 4: Allocation/charge process of indirect influence/construction, reconfiguration and retirement
(CRR) influence
— Part 5: Environmental influence evaluation data
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This part of ISO 20140 establishes an overview and general principles of a method for the assessment of
environmental influence of manufacturing systems.
ISO 20140 specifies a method for evaluating the energy efficiency of a manufacturing system and other
factors, e.g. energy consumption, waste and release, etc., that influence the environment. The evaluation
method provides guidelines to analyse the usage of energy by the manufacturing system and the effects
of the manufacturing system on the environment. ISO 20140 systematically evaluates the environmental
influence through analysing the manufacturing activities and the manufacturing system.
ISO 20140 is intended for discrete products/parts manufacturing systems, such as those used in forming,
machining, painting, assembling, testing and other manufacturing processes in the production of aircraft,
automobile, electric appliances, machine tools and their components, and other similar products.
The focused application domain of ISO 20140 is a manufacturing system that consists of the hierarchical
structure built from individual manufacturing equipment, i.e. a work unit, a work centre, an area, and
a factory. ISO 20140 provides evaluation methods for the influence on the environment, resulting from
different manufacturing system configurations and from improvements of production management and
individual manufacturing equipment operations.
The evaluation method and underlying concept of ISO 20140 can also be used as the foundation for the
environmental influence evaluation for continuous processes and/or batch processes.
ISO 20140 can be used for:
— benchmarking of environmental influence with a generic manufacturing system or between
different manufacturing systems for producing the same product,
— alternative studies of environmental influence for improving a current manufacturing process,
reconfiguring a current manufacturing system/equipment, and designing a new manufacturing system,
— setting the top level target of environmental improvement and the breakdown to intermediate
systems, work units and individual manufacturing equipment, and
— improving the shop floor operations by visualizing the actual status of environmental influence.
Expected users of ISO 20140 are:
a) managers for environmental conditions in a factory, site and enterprise;
b) engineers for process planning of products;
c) planners and designers for manufacturing systems; and
d) engineers and foremen that produce products by operating a manufacturing system.
The structure of ISO 20140 and the relationships between parts are outlined in Annex F.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20140-1:2013(E)
Automation systems and integration — Evaluating energy
efficiency and other factors of manufacturing systems that
influence the environment —
Part 1:
Overview and general principles
1 Scope
This part of ISO 20140 establishes an overview and general principles of a method for the assessment of
environmental influence of manufacturing systems.
ISO 20140 specifies for the discrete products/parts manufacturing sectors a common foundation and
methodology for energy efficiency and other factors of environmental influence evaluation, which
enables sector specific methods to be applied in characteristic situations.
ISO 20140 enables an assessment to be made of the environmental influence of manufacturing processes,
which can be used either to seek an overall reduction in negative influence or an increase in positive results.
The evaluation method of ISO 20140 is applicable to the environmental influence of a manufacturing
system which consists of individual manufacturing equipment, and which is configured as a work unit,
a work centre, an area or a factory.
ISO 20140 specifies the requirements for the environmental influence data to be captured from the
individual manufacturing equipment, as the most granular data for aggregating along the manufacturing
system hierarchy.
NOTE The evaluation method and underlying concept of ISO 20140 can be used as the foundation for the
environmental influence evaluation for a continuous process and/or a batch process, in common with a discrete
products/parts manufacturing process.
The following are outside the scope of ISO 20140:
— the environmental influence evaluation methodology of systems outside the manufacturing system
boundaries (e.g. other systems of the same site or other systems of the entire enterprise);
— the environmental influence evaluation methodology to handle the complete product life cycle;
— the method and data for environmental evaluation which are specific to a particular industry sector,
manufacturer, or machinery.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document
and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
actual production time
APT
time during a work unit (3.1.46) production, which includes only the value adding functions
1)
Note 1 to entry: Actual production time is described in ISO 22400-2:— , 5.1.3.6.
3.1.2
area
physical, geographical or logical grouping of resource (3.1.39) determined by the site (3.1.41)
EXAMPLE It can contain process cells, production units, production lines, and storage zones.
2)
[SOURCE: IEC 62264-1:— , 3.1.1]
3.1.3
construction, reconfiguration and retirement influence
CRR influence
environmental influence (3.1.14) of a manufacturing system at its life history steps of construction/
reconfiguration and retirement
3.1.4
direct influence
environmental influence (3.1.14) resulting from actual product production by direct operation (3.1.5) of
manufacturing equipment (3.1.29)
3.1.5
direct operation
mode of manufacturing equipment (3.1.29) which performs value adding functions in actual product
production
3.1.6
energy
electricity, fuels, steam, heat, compressed air, and other like media
[SOURCE: ISO 50001:2011, 3.5, modified — Notes have been deleted.]
3.1.7
energy efficiency
ratio or other quantitative relationship between an output of performance, service, goods or energy
(3.1.6), and an input of energy
EXAMPLE Conversion efficiency; energy required/energy used; output/input; theoretical energy used to
operate/energy used to operate.
[SOURCE: ISO 50001:2011, 3.8, modified — Note has been deleted.]
3.1.8
enterprise
one or more organizations sharing a definite mission, goals, and objectives to offer an output such as a
product or service
[SOURCE: ISO 15704:2000, 3.6]
1) To be published.
2) To be published. (Revision of IEC 62264-1:2003)
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

3.1.9
environment
surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora,
fauna, humans, and their interrelation
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2004, 3.5, modified — Note has been deleted.]
3.1.10
environmental aspect
element of an organization’s activities or products or services that can interrelate with the
environment (3.1.9)
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2004, 3.6, modified — Note has been deleted.]
3.1.11
environmental characteristics data
ECD
characteristics and/or performance specifications related to environmental aspect (3.1.10), both
acquired by measurement and declared by the equipment suppliers
3.1.12
environmental impact
any change to the environment (3.1.9), whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from
an organization’s environmental aspects (3.1.10)
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2004, 3.7]
3.1.13
environmental index
value that represents environmental efficiency and/or environmental influence related performance or
characteristics
3.1.14
environmental influence
changes to the environment (3.1.9), whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from a
manufacturing system’s environmental aspects (3.1.10)
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2004, 3.7, modified — “Environmental impact”, “any change” and “organization”
have been replaced by “environmental influence”, “changes” and “manufacturing system”.]
3.1.15
environmental influence footprint
sum of environmental influence (3.1.14) of a manufacturing system component as a product (3.1.35), used in
the construction and reconfiguration step of a manufacturing system, based on a life cycle assessment (3.1.22)
3.1.16
factory
identified physical, geographical and/or logical component within a site (3.1.41), which is an organization
with resource (3.1.39) for manufacturing products or providing services, and which is controlled by and
reports to a business unit of a manufacturing enterprise (3.1.8)
Note 1 to entry: At least one factory is located within a site.
Note 2 to entry: A factory is the highest entity of a manufacturing system within a site.
3.1.17
indirect influence
environmental influence (3.1.14) resulting from activities that support actual product production by
direct operation (3.1.5) of manufacturing equipment (3.1.29), in indirect mode (3.1.18) of manufacturing
equipment and operation and maintenance of the manufacturing support system (3.1.30)
3.1.18
indirect mode
mode of manufacturing equipment (3.1.29) to support its direct operation (3.1.5)
EXAMPLE Idle/standby mode and maintenance.
3.1.19
input
material or energy flow that enters a unit process (3.1.42)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.21, modified — “Product” has been removed from definition, and Note has
been deleted.]
3.1.20
life cycle
finite set of generic phases and steps a system may go through over its entire
life history (3.1.28)
[SOURCE: ISO 15704:2000, 3.11, modified — Concept domain has been added.]
3.1.21
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or
generation from natural resources to final disposal
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.1, modified — Concept domain has been added.]
3.1.22
life cycle assessment
LCA
compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential
environmental influence (3.1.14) of a manufacturing system throughout its life cycle (3.1.20)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.2, modified — “Environmental impact” and “product system” have been
replaced by “environmental influence” and “manufacturing system”, and concept domain has been added.]
3.1.23
life cycle assessment
LCA
compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts
(3.1.12) of a product system throughout its life cycle (3.1.21)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.2, modified — Concept domain has been added.]
3.1.24
life cycle impact assessment
LCIA
phase of life cycle assessment (3.1.23) aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and
significance of the potential environmental impacts (3.1.12) for a product system throughout the life
cycle (3.1.21) of the product
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.4]
3.1.25
life cycle influence assessment
phase of life cycle assessment (3.1.22) aimed at understanding and evaluating the magnitude and
significance of the potential environmental influence (3.1.14) for a manufacturing system throughout the
life cycle (3.1.20) of the manufacturing system
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.4, modified — “Impact” and “product system” and “product” have been
replaced by “influence” and “manufacturing system”.]
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

3.1.26
life cycle inventory analysis
phase of life cycle assessment (3.1.22) involving the compilation and
quantification of inputs and outputs for a manufacturing system throughout its life cycle (3.1.20)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.3, modified — “Product” has been replaced by “manufacturing system”,
and concept domain has been added.]
3.1.27
life cycle inventory analysis
phase of life cycle assessment (3.1.23) involving the compilation and quantification of inputs
and outputs for a product throughout its life cycle (3.1.21)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.3, modified — Concept domain has been added.]
3.1.28
life history
actual sequence of steps a system has gone through during its lifetime
[SOURCE: ISO 15704:2000, 3.12]
3.1.29
manufacturing equipment
equipment which is operated for directly producing a product, in a manufacturing process
3.1.30
manufacturing support system
system which is used for providing the necessary other resource (3.1.32) to a manufacturing system
3.1.31
material
primary or secondary material, or intermediate product, that is used to produce a product
Note 1 to entry: Secondary material includes recycled material.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, definition 3.15, modified — “Raw material” has been replaced by “material”
as the term, and “intermediate product” has been added to the definition.]
3.1.32
other resource
input (3.1.19) other than the material (3.1.31)
EXAMPLE Energy (3.1.6); coolant and lubricant; air conditioning and lighting.
Note 1 to entry: The term “other resource” is used in order to distinguish it from such resources (3.1.39) of a
manufacturing system as manufacturing equipment (3.1.29) and manufacturing support system (3.1.30).
3.1.33
output
product (3.1.35), material or energy flow that leaves a unit process (3.1.42)
Note 1 to entry: Products and materials include raw materials, intermediate products, co-products and releases.
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.25]
3.1.34
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs (3.1.19) to outputs (3.1.33)
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.11]
3.1.35
product
any goods or service
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.9, modified — Notes have been deleted.]
3.1.36
production line
collection of equipment dedicated to the manufacture of a specific number of products or product families
Note 1 to entry: A production line is a type of work centre.
[SOURCE: IEC 62264-1:—, 3.1.32]
3.1.37
release
emissions to air and discharges to water and soil
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.30]
3.1.38
residual CRR influence
CRR influence (3.1.3) of a manufacturing system and its components, which is still residual after offset
through the specific term of CRR influence charge/offset process and/or at the time of retirement
3.1.39
resource
enterprise entity that provides some or all of the capabilities required by the execution of an enterprise
(3.1.8) activity and/or business process
[SOURCE: ISO 15704:2000, 3.18]
3.1.40
reusable material
material (3.1.31) remaining after a manufacturing process which can be reused or recycled
EXAMPLE Chips as removed materials after machining; removed material after die casting.
3.1.41
site
identified physical, geographical, and/or logical component grouping of a manufacturing enterprise (3.1.8)
[SOURCE: IEC 62264-1:—, 3.1.39]
3.1.42
unit process
most detailed activity element of a process (3.1.34) considered in the environmental influence (3.1.14)
evaluation for which input and output data are quantified
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.34, modified — “Smallest element” and “life cycle inventory analysis” have
been replaced by “most detailed activity element of a process” and “environmental influence evaluation”.]
3.1.43
waste
substances or objects which the holder intends or is required to dispose of
[SOURCE: ISO 14040:2006, 3.35, modified — Note has been deleted.]
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

3.1.44
work cell
equipment grouped together to produce a family of parts having similar manufacturing requirements
within a production line
Note 1 to entry: A work cell is a type of work unit.
[SOURCE: IEC 62264-1:—, 3.1.43]
3.1.45
work centre
equipment element under an area (3.1.2) in a role-based equipment hierarchy that performs production,
storage, material movement, or any other Level 3 or Level 4 scheduled activity
[SOURCE: IEC 62264-1:—, 3.1.44]
3.1.46
work unit
equipment element under a work centre (3.1.45) in a role-based equipment hierarchy that performs
production, storage, material movement, or any other Level 3 or Level 4 scheduled activity
Note 1 to entry: A work unit is the most detailed collection of manufacturing equipment of a manufacturing system
considered in the environmental influence (3.1.14) evaluation for which input and output data are quantified.
[SOURCE: IEC 62264-1:—, 3.1.45, modified — “Note 1 to entry” has been added.]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
APT Actual Production Time
CRR Construction, Reconfiguration and Retirement (of a manufacturing system)
ECD Environmental Characteristics Data
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
4 Manufacturing system and its environmental influence evaluation
4.1 Product life cycle and manufacturing system life history
4.1.1 Product life cycle and manufacturing system life cycle
The manufacturing process for producing a product is positioned at the intersection of the product
life cycle, the manufacturing system life cycle and the business process, as illustrated in Figure 1. The
product life cycle and the manufacturing system life cycle have common life cycle stages and phases,
respectively, of design, production, operation and support, and retirement.
The product production at a factory may change depending on the change of product quantity and/or
product mix corresponding to a customer order change, starting a new production of a newly designed
or design changed product, and a manufacturing system configuration change.
The manufacturing system environmental influence at a factory may change depending on the product
production changes, and changes in process plans for producing a product, and the manufacturing
execution control, for improving the environmental influences.
Product life cycle
Product
design
Product
Manufacturing
retirement
process
Business Process
Product
Product
Customer Production
operation/
production
order order
support
receive release
enabled
by
Manufacturing
system
operation/
support
Manufacturing
system Manufacturing
production system/
component
retirement
Manufacturing
system
design
Manufacturing system life cycle
Figure 1 — Product life cycle and manufacturing system life cycle
4.1.2 Manufacturing system life history for its environmental influence evaluation
An environmental evaluation of a manufacturing system shall consider the whole life history steps of the
system in addition to its operation step where actual production is executed, as illustrated in Figure 2.
8 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

Manufacturing
process & system
Product life cycle
Product
Manufacturing Product
Material
Product operation/
process retirement
support
Enabled  by
Reusable
material
Other resource Manufacturing
& energy
for         equipment
direct operation direct operation
Waste &
release
e.g.
energy,
coolant,
lubricant
Manufacturing
Manufacturing system
equipment
life history
in indirect mode
Manufacturing
support system
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
system system/
construction/ component
reconiguration retirement
Line types for
:
: Direct inluence,  : Indirect inluence,: CRR inluence.
boxes & arrows
Figure 2 — Product life cycle and manufacturing system life history
Material and other resources, as the input to the manufacturing process that influences the environment,
and product, reusable material and energy, and waste and release, as the output from the manufacturing
process that influences the environment, are identified in Figure 2.
NOTE 1 Neither the product design stages nor the manufacturing system design phases (identified in Figure 1)
are identified in Figure 2, because both product design and manufacturing system design are the given conditions
for the environmental influence evaluation of a manufacturing system for actual product production for realizing
the customer order under the business process.
NOTE 2 The life history concept is designed to identify the representation in time of activities, carried out
through the life history with iterative nature, specified in ISO 15704:2000, 4.2.9 and explained in ISO 15704:2000,
A.3.1.3.3, in relation to the life cycle specified in ISO 15704:2000, 4.2.8.
For environmental influence evaluation, every step of the life history of a manufacturing system shall be
identified and its actual environmental influence data shall be acquired.
The life history steps of a manufacturing system for which significant environmental influences occur are:
— construction/reconfiguration,
— operation, and
— retirement.
The operation step of a manufacturing system is comprised of the direct operation mode and indirect
mode of the manufacturing equipment, e.g. idle/standby mode and maintenance, and operation and
maintenance of the manufacturing support system. The manufacturing system retirement step includes
reuse, recycling and disposal of system components.
NOTE 3 The activities across the life history of a manufacturing system in relation to environmental influence
are studied in Annex A.
4.2 Manufacturing system hierarchical structure
The manufacturing system is composed of a hierarchical structure of individual manufacturing
equipment, placed into work units (work cells), aggregating through the work centre (production line)
and areas to a factory as the largest extent of aggregation at the top node, as illustrated in Figure 3.
Site
Factory
Manufacturing system
Level 4 Level 4
Level 3 Level 3
Area
Work centre
(Production line)
Work unit
(Work cell)
Manufacturing
support system
Level 2 Level 2
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
equipment
support equipment
Figure 3 — Manufacturing system hierarchical structure
NOTE 1 The manufacturing system hierarchy, illustrated in Figure 3, is consistent with the role-based
equipment hierarchy specified in IEC 62264-1:—, 5.3, except that factory is identified under the site. Level n in
Figure 3 represents the corresponding Level n of the functional hierarchy level specified in IEC 62264-1:—, 5.2.1.
NOTE 2 The production line or work cell (shown in parentheses) represents a type of work centre or work unit,
respectively, for discrete production.
NOTE 3 ISO 20140 focuses on Level 3, with the interface to Level 2 and Level 4. It acquires actual data from
Level 2, receives production planning data from Level 4, and reports environmental index, as the result of
environmental influence evaluation, to Level 4 (see Clauses F.4 to F.6).
10 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

4.3 Environmental influence evaluation
The environmental influence during the manufacturing system construction/reconfiguration, operation
and retirement steps shall be evaluated by applying the standardized life cycle assessment (LCA)
method, as specified in ISO 14040. For this evaluation, the manufacturing system is considered as the
target product for the analysis by the LCA method.
An appropriate application of the LCA method shall carefully consider the characteristics of the
manufacturing system and its life history. The following aspects are essential for a careful manufacturing
system evaluation:
— the environmental influence shall consider evaluation for the whole manufacturing system life
history, as shown in Figure 2;
— the environmental influence shall be evaluated corresponding to the different system operation
modes, as explained in 5.2.1 and 5.2.2;
— the functional unit of the evaluation by the LCA method shall be determined with respect to
output products of the manufacturing system, and shall be a basis for the system value evaluation
discussed in 5.4.2.
A manufacturing system consists of relatively complicated system equipment, which is used for
a long time and performs in various modalities: in mass production, variable products/variable
volume production, and small volume/one-piece production. Depending on these characteristics of
the manufacturing system, the environmental influence during system operation is very important.
Therefore an influence evaluation at the operation step is mandatory, and influence evaluation at the
construction/reconfiguration and retirement steps are optional. The importance of environmental
influence during respective manufacturing system life history steps could vary according to the
objectives of the evaluation and the characteristics of the manufacturing system concerned. In situations
where manufacturing technology is mature and the manufacturing system is used for a long period,
an operation step has greater importance. In situations where the manufacturing system is frequently
constructed or re-configured due to rapid technology innovation and market changes, the retirement
and construction/reconfiguration steps become more important.
5 Evaluation method of environmental influence
5.1 Methodology of environmental influence evaluation
The methodology of the environmental influence evaluation of ISO 20140 shall consist of methods for:
— collecting and organizing environmental influence data from the resource hierarchy for a
manufacturing system;
— evaluating the contributions across various operation modes (direct operation, idle/standby mode
and maintenance) of manufacturing equipment to the overall influence from the various steps in a life
history of a manufacturing system, i.e. from construction/ reconfiguration, via operation, to retirement;
— ensuring the consistency between each view summary of the manufacturing system view and the
output product view.
Individual manufacturing equipment data shall be able to:
a) represent every mode of individual manufacturing equipment activity, e.g. normal operation, idle/
standby mode and maintenance;
b) use interchangeably actual environmental performance acquired from the manufacturing system
and environmental characteristics data (ECD) of manufacturing system component suppliers.
5.2 Unit process of manufacturing process
5.2.1 Process approach and system boundary of a process
For system environmental influence evaluation, a manufacturing system boundary shall be clearly
determined. The basic object for evaluation is a process. A process can be determined at different scales or
granularity, e.g. individual manufacturing equipment, a work unit (work cell), a work centre (production
line), an area or a factory, depending on the evaluation objectives. Appropriate definitions of processes in
respective expert domains shall be referenced. By combining the input and output of several processes,
an aggregate process can be determined as a target for environmental influence evaluation.
For an environmental influence evaluation, the constituents of a process shall be the activities decomposed
to a granularity which is sufficient for a requested accuracy of the evaluation. These constituents are
unit processes in the standardized LCA method, as specified by ISO 14040, and can consist of activities
that combine several work units (work cells) or a unit process can correspond to an activity of one work
unit (work cell). The system boundary encapsulates these unit processes and externalizes their input
and output, as illustrated in Figure 4.
Indirect inluence CRR inluence
Manufacturing system
Manufacturing
Manufacturing construction,
equipment
support system reconiguration &
in indirect mode
retirement
Manufacturing
Other resource Other resource system component
Other resource
System boundary
of unit process
Manufacturing
Material Product
process
enabled  by
Work piece  Work piece
Reusable
in process in process
material
Other resource  Manufacturing
& energy
for        equipment
direct operation direct operation
Waste &
release
e.g. energy,
coolant,
lubricant
Reusable/recyclable/
Waste & release Waste & release
disposed
manufacturing
system component
Waste & release
Line types for
:
: Direct inluence,  : Indirect inluence,: CRR inluence.
boxes & arrows
Figure 4 — Unit process model
NOTE 1 The responsibility of the organizational role with regard to environmental influence, in relation to the
activities across the life history of a manufacturing system, is studied in Annex B.
NOTE 2 Examples of cases for environmental evaluation are shown in Annex C.
12 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
Direct inluence
5.2.2 Unit process input and output
5.2.2.1 Input and output influence classification
Each input and output across the system boundary of the unit process concerned shall be enumerated
and evaluated for environmental influence through the manufacturing system life history steps,
as appropriate to the evaluation purpose, and shall be classified into one or more categories: direct
influence, indirect influence and CRR influence.
Illustrated in Figure 4 are sources of influence resulting from input to and output from a unit process.
These influences are divided into direct influence, indirect influence and CRR influence, with the former
shown on the horizontal axis and the latter two on the vertical axis. The direct influence is associated
with actual product production by direct operation mode of manufacturing equipment, which perform
value adding functions. The indirect influence is associated with supporting product production by
the manufacturing equipment direct operation, e.g. indirect mode of manufacturing equipment and
maintenance and operation of manufacturing support systems. The CRR influence is associated with the
long term influences due to construction, reconfiguration and retirement of the manufacturing system.
NOTE 1 Input to/output from unit process, explained in 5.2.2.2 to 5.2.2.4, are summarized in Annex D.
NOTE 2 The time models specified in ISO 22400-2:—, Clause 5, provide one means for distinguishing direct
operation from indirect mode of manufacturing equipment or indirect process activities within a work unit.
5.2.2.2 Direct influence
Input and output in the horizontal direction of Figure 4 are used/consumed by direct operation mode of
manufacturing equipment, which performs value adding functions, and/or are contained in the output
products. The input shall include material and other resource, and the output shall include product,
reusable material and energy, waste and release. Material shall consist of raw material and parts for
product production. Other resource for direct operation shall consist of energy and other consumed
resources for product production, e.g. coolant, lubricant. Product represents the target products for the
manufacturing system. Reusable material and energy, and waste shall consist of all input which is not
contained in the target products and release represents all releases to the environment.
Work piece in process shall consist of all existing work pieces within the boundary of the target unit
process, for a specified interval of time. Evaluation shall be performed for a specified time interval, such
as a month or a year. Some input could be instantly processed and output is generated. Some input stays
within a system boundary and could be used after some amount of time. In some cases, input material
stays within a system boundary, without any direct output, during the evaluation interval. Similarly,
output could be generated without any direct input.
5.2.2.3 Indirect influence
In the vertical direction of Figure 4, the left and centre input and output pairs represent indirect
influence in support of manufacturing equipment direct operation. These pairs identify manufacturing
equipment in indirect mode, which may include idle/standby mode and maintenance, and operation
and maintenance of manufacturing support systems, e.g. power distribution systems, on-site power
generation, oil/water/chemicals/gas/air supply/ treatment systems, lighting and air conditioning. The
output includes waste and release.
5.2.2.4 CRR influence
The right side input/output pair in the vertical direction represents CRR influence that occurs
in long time intervals. CRR influence is comprised of input to/output from manufacturing
system construction/reconfiguration and retirement step. Input to the manufacturing system
construction/reconfiguration step contains manufacturing system components, carrying the
environmental influence footprint of the used system components and/or residual CRR influence of
the reused system components, and used other resources. Output from the manufacturing system
retirement step contains residual CRR influence of the reusable, recyclable and/or disposed system
components, and waste and release.
5.2.3 Consistent process approach throughout manufacturing system hierarchy
Those items specified for a unit process in 5.2.1 and 5.2.2, e.g. requirements for clear cut system boundary,
identification of input to/output from a process, and the environmental influence classification of direct
influence, indirect influence and CRR influence, shall be addressed consistently throughout every level
of the environmental evaluation of the hierarchical structure from a work unit (work cell) to the entire
manufacturing system being evaluated.
5.3 Environmental influence
By considering all of the other resource crossing the system boundary, system environmental influence,
i , due to the manufacturing system is evaluated by summing the environmental influence from all unit
E
process inputs and outputs, as follows:
ii
...