ISO/ASTM 52945:2023
(Main)Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
This document specifies the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive environment using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AM-machine evaluation and comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of purchase decisions, but also in AM-machine evaluation within the machine procurement, acceptance, and qualification processes. This document is specific to automotive, as it is related to existing series part requirements of various original equipment manufacturers, but the content can be transferred to other industries if necessary. Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement, production planning and production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed understanding between machine supplier and machine user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procurement process and evaluation of machine performance during running production. For using this document, all process parameters, such as scanning speed, laser power, etc., are fixed, since changing these parameters can affect the entire process performance and its stability. Therefore, variables are not changed any more during or after qualification. This document and the determination of the KPIs help in the evaluation of machine properties, but do not replace an application-specific approval process. This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology PBF-LB/M.
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de qualification — Évaluation générique de la machine et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M
Le présent document spécifie la méthodologie pour l’évaluation générique de la machine de FA dans le secteur automobile en utilisant des critères d’essai objectifs et fournit le cadre pour une évaluation et une comparaison objectives de la machine de FA. Le présent document trouve son application dans les benchmarks, dans la préparation des décisions d’achat, mais aussi dans l’évaluation de la machine de FA dans le cadre des procédés d’acquisition, de réception et de qualification de la machine. Ce document est spécifique à l'automobile, car il est lié aux exigences existantes en matière de pièces de série de divers fabricants d'équipements d'origine, mais le contenu peut être transféré à d'autres industries si nécessaire. Par ailleurs, le présent document spécifie les KPIs de la machine dans le contexte de l’acquisition de la machine, de la planification de la production et de la production des composants de PBF-LB/M. Il a pour objectif d’atteindre une compréhension détaillée entre le fournisseur de la machine et l'utilisateur de la machine en ce qui concerne les critères de réception pendant le procédé d'acquisition et l'évaluation des performances de la machine pendant la production. Pour l'utilisation du présent document, tous les paramètres du processus, tels que la vitesse de balayage, la puissance du laser, etc., sont fixes, car la modification de ces paramètres peut affecter l'ensemble des performances du processus et sa stabilité. Par conséquent, les variables ne sont plus modifiées pendant ou après la qualification. Le présent document et la détermination des KPIs aident à évaluer les propriétés de la machine, mais ne remplacent pas un processus d'approbation spécifique à l'application. Le présent document est applicable à la technologie de fabrication additive PBF-LB/M.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO/ASTM 52945
First edition
Additive manufacturing for
2023-12
automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine
evaluation and specification of key
performance indicators for PBF-
LB/M processes
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de
qualification — Évaluation générique de la machine et
spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les
procédés PBF-LB/M
Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Phone: +610 832 9634
Fax: +610 832 9635
Email: copyright@iso.org Email: khooper@astm.org
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation . 2
4.1 Specification of use-cases .2
4.1.1 General .2
4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines .2
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test .3
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design .3
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards .3
4.2.2 Build job design .5
4.3 Machine performance characteristics .8
4.3.1 Input data and framework .8
4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics .9
5 Definition of overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) for AM-machines .11
5.1 General .11
5.2 Overview .11
5.3 Considered plant operating time for OEE monitoring . 13
5.4 Availability rate . 13
5.5 Performance rate . 13
5.6 Quality rate . 13
5.7 OEE calculation .14
Annex A (informative) Examples for Clauses 4 and 5 .15
Bibliography .23
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing technologies, on
the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common
set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
iv
Introduction
This document provides a methodology to evaluate PBF-LB/M AM-machines in the context of automotive on
an objective basis. The need to provide a document standardizing this topic exists because in high-volume
industrial production, the reproducibility of the produced component is crucial to meet production goals.
Therefore, reproducibility and capability of the machines used for manufacturing need to be evaluated
upfront. A methodology and performance characteristics are introduced to enable the evaluation on an
objective and quantitative basis. The documentation resulting from the AM-machine evaluation is used to
obtain a reliable orientation selection and evaluation of PBF-LB/M AM-machines.
Moreover, the document provides guidelines for machine production key performance indicators (KPIs)
which can be used in procurement, production planning and production to improve the understanding
between the machine manufacturer and user. The KPIs to be determined within the scope of this document
help to systematically evaluate the performance of PBF-LB/M machines. However, this does not necessarily
guarantee that the KPIs can always be used to select the most suitable machine for a specific application
scenario. Since a large number of very specific influencing factors affect the selection of an optimal machine,
situational, individual parameters must be included in the decision. However, the KPIs can form the basis for
this decision.
The requirements regarding quality and planning of build jobs are specific for the automotive industry. The
introduced generic approach can be expanded to other industries.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
v
International Standard ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(en)
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification of
key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
1 Scope
This document specifies the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive environment
using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AM-machine evaluation and
comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of purchase decisions, but
also in AM-machine evaluation within the machine procurement, acceptance, and qualification processes.
This document is specific to automotive, as it is related to existing series part requirements of various
original equipment manufacturers, but the content can be transferred to other industries if necessary.
Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement, production
planning and production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed understanding between
machine supplier and machine user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procurement process
and evaluation of machine performance during running production. For using this document, all process
parameters, such as scanning speed, laser power, etc., are fixed, since changing these parameters can affect
the entire process performance and its stability. Therefore, variables are not changed any more during
or after qualification. This document and the determination of the KPIs help in the evaluation of machine
properties, but do not replace an application-specific approval process.
This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology PBF-LB/M.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3369, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of density
ISO 4499-4, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 4: Characterisation of
porosity, carbon defects and eta-phase content
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 25178 (all parts), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Areal
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO/ASTM 52902, Additive manufacturing — Test artifacts — Geometric capability assessment of additive
manufacturing systems
ISO/ASTM 52928, Additive manufacturing — Feedstock materials — Powder life cycle management
ASTM E8M, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO/ASTM 52900 and the following apply.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
performance characteri
...
Norme
internationale
ISO/ASTM 52945
Première édition
Fabrication additive pour
2023-12
l'automobile — Principes de
qualification — Évaluation
générique de la machine et
spécifications des indicateurs clefs
de performance pour les procédés
PBF-LB/M
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification of key
performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
Numéro de référence
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou un intranet, sans autorisation écrite soit de l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après,
soit d’un organisme membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur. Aux États-Unis, les demandes doivent être adressées à ASTM
International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11 Tél.: +610 832 9634
Fax: +610 832 9635
E-mail: copyright@iso.org E-mail: khooper@astm.org
Web: www.iso.org Web: www.astm.org
Publié en Suisse
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – Tous droits réservés
ii
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Méthodologie pour l’évaluation de la machine générique. 2
4.1 Spécification de cas d’utilisation .2
4.1.1 Généralités .2
4.1.2 Cas d’utilisation 1 – Benchmark des machines (référence d’évaluation
conformément à 4.2.5) .3
4.1.3 Cas d’utilisation 2 – Évaluation générique pour l’essai de réception en usine/sur
site .3
4.2 Spécification d’éprouvette et conception de tâche de fabrication .3
4.2.1 Spécification d’éprouvette générique et normes d’essai .3
4.2.2 Conception de tâche de fabrication .5
4.3 Caractéristiques de performance de la machine .8
4.3.1 Données d’entrée et cadre .8
4.3.2 Définition des caractéristiques de performance de la machine .9
5 Définition de l’Efficacité Générale de l'Equipement (EGE) pour les machines de FA .11
5.1 Généralités .11
5.2 Vue d’ensemble .11
5.3 Temps de fonctionnement de l’usine considéré pour la surveillance de l’EGE . 13
5.4 Taux de disponibilité . 13
5.5 Taux de performance .14
5.6 Taux de qualité.14
5.7 Calcul de l’EGE . 15
Annexe A (informative) Exemples pour les Articles 4 et 5 .16
Bibliographie .25
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – Tous droits réservés
iii
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux
de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général
confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire
partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de document ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n'avait pas
reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois,
il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations
plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l'adresse
www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié tout ou partie de
tels droits de propriété.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion de
l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: www.iso.org/iso/fr/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le Comité technique ISO/TC 261, Fabrication additive, dans le cadre
d'un accord de partenariat entre l'ISO et ASTM International dans le but de créer un ensemble de normes
ISO/ASTM sur la fabrication additive, et en collaboration avec le Comité technique CEN/TC 438 Fabrication
additive du Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), conformément à l'Accord de coopération technique
entre l'ISO et le CEN (Accord de Vienne).
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – Tous droits réservés
iv
Introduction
Le présent document fournit une méthodologie pour évaluer les machines de FA de PBF-LB/M dans le
contexte de l’automobile sur une base objective. Le besoin de fournir un document normalisant ce sujet
existe car dans la production industrielle à grand volume, la reproductibilité du composant produit est
cruciale pour atteindre les objectifs de production. Par conséquent, la reproductibilité et la capabilité des
machines utilisées pour la fabrication nécessitent d’être évaluées au préalable. Une méthodologie et des
caractéristiques de performance sont introduites pour permettre l’évaluation sur une base objective et
quantitative. La documentation résultant de l’évaluation de la machine de FA est utilisée pour obtenir un
choix d’orientation et une évaluation fiables des machines de FA de PBF-LB/M.
Par ailleurs, le document fournit des lignes directrices pour les indicateurs clefs de performance (KPI) de
la production de la machine qui peuvent être utilisés dans l’acquisition, la planification de la production et
la production pour améliorer la compréhension entre le fabricant et l’utilisateur de la machine. Les KPI à
déterminer dans le cadre du présent document permettent d'évaluer systématiquement les performances
des machines PBF-LB/M. Toutefois, cela ne garantit pas nécessairement que les KPI peuvent toujours être
utilisés pour sélectionner la machine la plus appropriée pour un scénario d'application défini. Étant donné
qu'un grand nombre de facteurs d'influence très spécifiques affectent le choix d'une machine optimale, des
paramètres individuels liés à la situation doivent être inclus dans la décision. Cependant, les KPI peuvent
constituer la base de cette décision.
Les exigences concernant la qualité et la planification des tâches de fabrication sont spécifiques à l’industrie
automobile. L'approche générique introduite peut être élargie à d’autres industries.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – Tous droits réservés
v
Norme internationale ISO/ASTM 52945:2023(fr)
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de
qualification — Évaluation générique de la machine et
spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les
procédés PBF-LB/M
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document spécifie la méthodologie pour l’évaluation générique de la machine de FA dans
le secteur automobile en utilisant des critères d’essai objectifs et fournit le cadre pour une évaluation et
une comparaison objectives de la machine de FA. Le présent document trouve son application dans les
benchmarks, dans la préparation des décisions d’achat, mais aussi dans l’évaluation de la machine de FA
dans le cadre des procédés d’acquisition, de réception et de qualification de la machine. Ce document est
spécifique à l'automobile, car il est lié aux exigences existantes en matière de pièces de série de divers
fabricants d'équipements d'origine, mais le contenu peut être transféré à d'autres industries si nécessaire.
Par ailleurs, le présent document spécifie les KPIs de la machine dans le contexte de l’acquisition de la
machine, de la planification de la production et de la production des composants de PBF-LB/M. Il a pour
objectif d’atteindre une compréhension détaillée entre le fournisseur de la machine et l'utilisateur de
la machine en ce qui concerne les critères de réception pendant le procédé d'acquisition et l'évaluation
des performances de la machine pendant la production. Pour l'utilisation du présent document, tous
les paramètres du processus, tels que la vitesse de balayage, la puissance du laser, etc., sont fixes, car la
modification de ces paramètres peut affecter l'ensemble des performances du processus et sa stabilité. Par
conséquent, les variables ne sont plus modifiées pendant ou après la qualification. Le présent document et la
détermination des KPIs aident à évaluer les propriétés de la machine, mais ne remplacent pas un processus
d'approbation spécifique à l'application.
Le présent document est applicable à la technologie de fabrication additive PBF-LB/M.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des exigences du
présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées,
la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 3369, Matériaux en métal fritté imperméable et métaux-durs — Détermination de la masse volumique
ISO 4499-4, Métaux-durs — Détermination métallographique de la microstructure — Partie 4: Caractérisation
de la porosité, des
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
DRAFT
STANDARD FDIS
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing for
Secretariat: DIN
automotive — Qualification principles
Voting begins on:
2023-09-25 — Generic machine evaluation and
specification of key performance
Voting terminates on:
2023-11-20
indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de qualification
— Évaluation générique de la machine et spécifications des
indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO/ASTM International 2023
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
DRAFT
STANDARD FDIS
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing for
Secretariat: DIN
automotive — Qualification principles
Voting begins on:
— Generic machine evaluation and
specification of key performance
Voting terminates on:
indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de qualification
— Évaluation générique de la machine et spécifications des
indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Phone: +610 832 9634
DOCUMENTATION.
Fax: +610 832 9635
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org Email: khooper@astm.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO/ASTM International 2023
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation . 2
4.1 Specification of use-cases . 2
4.1.1 General . 2
4.1.2 Usecase 1 – Benchmarking of machines . 2
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test . 3
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design . 3
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards . 3
4.2.2 Build job design . 5
4.3 Machine performance characteristics . 8
4.3.1 Input data and framework . 8
4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics . 9
5 Definition of overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) for AM-machines .10
5.1 General . 10
5.2 Overview . 11
5.3 Considered plant operating time for OEE monitoring . 13
5.4 Availability rate .13
5.5 Performance rate . 13
5.6 Quality rate . 14
5.7 OEE calculation . 14
Annex A (informative) Examples for Clauses 4 and 5 .15
Bibliography .23
iii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing technologies,
on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create
a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing, in collaboration with the European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in
accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Introduction
This document provides a methodology to evaluate PBF-LB/M AM-machines in the context of automotive
on an objective basis. The need to provide a document standardizing this topic exists because in
high-volume industrial production, the reproducibility of the produced component is crucial to meet
production goals. Therefore, reproducibility and capability of the machines used for manufacturing
need to be evaluated upfront. A methodology and performance characteristics are introduced to enable
the evaluation on an objective and quantitative basis. The documentation resulting from the AM-
machine evaluation is used to obtain a reliable orientation selection and evaluation of PBFLB/M AM
machines.
Moreover, the document provides guidelines for machine production key performance indicators (KPIs)
which can be used in procurement, production planning and production to improve the understanding
between the machine manufacturer and user. The KPIs to be determined within the scope of this
document help to systematically evaluate the performance of PBF-LB/M machines. However, this
does not necessarily guarantee that the KPIs can always be used to select the most suitable machine
for a specific application scenario. Since a large number of very specific influencing factors affect the
selection of an optimal machine, situational, individual parameters must be included in the decision.
However, the KPIs can form the basis for this decision.
The requirements regarding quality and planning of build jobs are specific for the automotive industry.
The introduced generic approach can be expanded to other industries.
v
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification
of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
1 Scope
This document specifies the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive
environment using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AM-machine
evaluation and comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of
purchase decisions, but also in AMmachine evaluation within the machine procurement, acceptance,
and qualification processes. This document is specific to automotive, as it is related to existing series
part requirements of various original equipment manufacturers, but the content can be transferred to
other industries if necessary.
Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement, production
planning and production of PBFLB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed understanding between
machine supplier and machine user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procurement
process and evaluation of machine performance during running production. For using this document,
all process parameters, such as scanning speed, laser power, etc., are fixed, since changing these
parameters can affect the entire process performance and its stability. Therefore, variables are not
changed any more during or after qualification. This document and the determination of the KPIs help
in the evaluation of machine properties, but do not replace an application-specific approval process.
This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology PBF-LB/M.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the r
...
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Style Definition: Heading 1: Indent: Left: 0 pt, First
line: 0 pt, Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
2023-08-23xx
Style Definition: Heading 2: Font: Bold, Tab stops: Not
ISO TC 261 & ASTM F 42
at 18 pt
Secretariat: DIN
Style Definition: Heading 3: Font: Bold
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification principles — Generic machine
Style Definition: Heading 4: Font: Bold
evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
Style Definition: Heading 5: Font: Bold
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de qualification — Évaluation générique de la
Style Definition: Heading 6: Font: Bold
machine et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M
Style Definition: ANNEX
Style Definition: AMEND Terms Heading: Font: Bold
Style Definition: AMEND Heading 1 Unnumbered:
Font: Bold
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
© ISO/ASTM 2023
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
Formatted: Pattern: Clear
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without
prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to
ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Phone: +610 832 9634
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47 Fax: +610 832 9635
Email: copyright@iso.orgcopyright@iso.org Email: khooper@astm.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org Website: www.astm.orgwww.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights
reserved
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Contents
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation . 3
4.1 Specification of use-cases . 3
4.1.1 General . 3
4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines . 3
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test . 3
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design . 4
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards . 4
4.2.2 Build job design . 7
4.3 Machine performance characteristics . 10
4.3.1 Input data and framework . 10
4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics . 11
5 Definition of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) for AM-machines . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Overview . 13
5.3 Considered plant operating time for OEE monitoring . 15
5.4 Availability rate . 15
5.5 Performance rate. 15
5.6 Quality rate . 16
5.7 OEE calculation . 16
Annex A (informative) Examples for Clauses 4 and 5 . 17
A.1 Examples for Clause 4: Example visualization of machine performance
characteristics . 17
A.2 Examples for Clause 5: Calculation example for OEE during SAT . 17
Bibliography . 26
Foreword . iv
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights iii
reserved
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation . 3
4.1 Specification of use-cases . 3
4.1.1 General . 3
4.1.2 Use-case 1 – Benchmarking of machines . 3
4.1.3 Use-case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test . 3
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design . 4
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards . 4
4.2.2 Build job design . 7
4.3 Machine performance characteristics . 10
4.3.1 Input data and framework . 10
4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics . 11
5 Definition of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) for AM-machines . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Overview . 13
5.3 Considered plant operating time for OEE monitoring . 15
5.4 Availability rate . 15
5.5 Performance rate . 15
5.6 Quality rate . 16
5.7 OEE calculation . 16
Annex A (informative) Examples for Clauses 4 and 5 . 17
Bibliography . 26
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights
reserved
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see
www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawnISO draws attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation of
this document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the
evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights. in respect thereof. As of the date of
publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to
implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest
information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights
identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
Formatted: English (United States)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing technologies,
on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a
common set of ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing, in collaboration with the European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in
accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights v
reserved
ISO/ASTM FDIS 52945:2023(E)
Introduction
This document provides a methodology to evaluate PBF-LB/M AM-machines in the context of
automotive on an objective basis. The need to provide a document standardizing this topic exists
because in high-volume industrial production, the reproducibility of the produced component is crucial
to meet production goals. Therefore, reproducibility and capability of the machines used for
manufacturing need to be evaluated upfront. A methodology and performance characteristics are
introduced to enable the evaluation on an objective and quantitative basis. The documentation resulting
from the AM-machine evaluation is used to obtain a reliable orientation selection and evaluation of
PBF-LB/M AM-machines.
Moreover, the document provides guidelines for machine production key performance indicators (KPIs)
which can be used in procurement, production planning and production to improve the understandin
...














Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.