Mechanical vibration — Measurement and evaluation of machine vibration — Part 1: General guidelines

ISO 20816-1:2016 establishes general conditions and procedures for the measurement and evaluation of vibration using measurements made on rotating, non-rotating and non-reciprocating parts of complete machines. It is applicable to measurements of both absolute and relative radial shaft vibration with regard to the monitoring of radial clearances, but excludes axial shaft vibration. The general evaluation criteria, which are presented in terms of both vibration magnitude and change of vibration, relate to both operational monitoring and acceptance testing. They have been provided primarily with regard to securing reliable, safe, long-term operation of the machine while minimizing adverse effects on associated equipment. Guidelines are also presented for setting operational limits. NOTE 1 The evaluation criteria for different classes of machinery will be included in other parts of ISO 20816 when they become available. In the meantime, guidelines are given in Clause 6. NOTE 2 The term "shaft vibration" is used throughout ISO 20816 because, in most cases, measurements are made on machine shafts. However, the ISO 20816 series is also applicable to measurements made on other rotating elements if such elements are found to be more suitable, provided that the guidelines are respected. For the purposes of ISO 20816, operational monitoring is considered to be those vibration measurements made during the normal operation of a machine. The ISO 20816 series permits the use of different measurement quantities and methods, provided that they are well-defined and their limitations are set out, so that the interpretation of the measurements is well-understood. The evaluation criteria relate only to the vibration produced by the machine itself and not the vibration transmitted to it from outside. ISO 20816-1:2016 does not include consideration of torsional vibration. NOTE 3 For torsional vibration, see, for example, ISO 3046‑5, ISO 22266‑1 or VDI 2039.

Vibrations mécaniques — Mesurage et évaluation des vibrations de machines — Partie 1: Lignes directrices générales

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20816-1
First edition
2016-11-15
Mechanical vibration — Measurement
and evaluation of machine
vibration —
Part 1:
General guidelines
Vibrations mécaniques — Mesurage et évaluation des vibrations de
machines —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices générales
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Measurements . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.1.1 Overview . 2
4.1.2 Vibration measurements . 2
4.1.3 Frequency range . 2
4.2 Types of measurements . 2
4.2.1 Vibration measurements on non-rotating parts . 2
4.2.2 Relative shaft vibration measurements . 2
4.2.3 Absolute shaft vibration measurements . 3
4.3 Measurement parameters . 3
4.3.1 Measurement quantities . 3
4.3.2 Vibration magnitude . . 4
4.3.3 Vibration severity . . 4
4.4 Measuring positions . 4
4.4.1 Positions for measurements on non-rotating parts . 4
4.4.2 Positions for measurements on rotating shafts . 7
4.5 Machine support structure for acceptance testing . 9
4.5.1 General. 9
4.5.2 In-situ tests . 9
4.5.3 In a test facility .10
4.6 Machine operating conditions .10
4.7 Evaluation of vibration from other sources .10
5 Instrumentation .10
6 Evaluation criteria .11
6.1 General .11
6.1.1 Overview .11
6.1.2 Types of measurement on rotating shafts .11
6.2 Factors affecting evaluation criteria .12
6.3 Types of evaluation criteria .12
6.3.1 General.12
6.3.2 Criterion I: Vibration magnitude at rated speed under steady
operation conditions .12
6.3.3 Criterion II: Change in vibration magnitude .16
6.4 Operational limits .16
6.4.1 General.16
6.4.2 Setting of ALARMS .17
6.4.3 Setting of TRIPS .17
6.5 Additional factors .17
6.5.1 Vibration frequencies and vectors . .17
6.5.2 Vibration sensitivity of the machine .17
6.5.3 Techniques for rolling element bearings .18
Annex A (informative) Explanation of measurement quantities .19
Annex B (informative) Techniques for detection of problems in rolling element bearings .26
Annex C (informative) Guidelines for specification of evaluation criteria for vibration
measured on non-rotating parts and rotating shafts .28
Annex D (informative) Vector analysis of change in vibration .31
Bibliography .33
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition
monitoring, Subcommittee SC 2, Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock as applied
to machines, vehicles and structures.
This first edition of ISO 20816-1 cancels and replaces ISO 7919-1:1996, ISO 10816-1:1995 and
ISO 10816-1:1995/Amd 1:2009 which have been merged and editorially revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20816 series can be found on the ISO website.
Introduction
Machines are now being operated at increasingly high rotational speeds and loads, as well as more
flexible operation at part and full load, and under increasingly severe operating conditions. This has
become possible, to a large extent, by the more efficient use of materials, although this has sometimes
resulted in there being less margin for design and application errors.
At present, it is not uncommon for continuous operation to be expected and required for 2 years or
3 years between maintenance operations. Consequently, more restrictive requirements are being
specified for operating vibration values of rotating machinery, in order to ensure continued safe and
reliable operation.
This document is a basic document which establishes general guidelines for the measurement and
evaluation of mechanical vibration of machinery, as measured on rotating and on non-rotating (and,
where applicable, non-reciprocating) parts of complete machines, such as shafts or bearing housings.
Recommendations for measurements and evaluation criteria pertaining to specific machine types are
provided in additional parts of ISO 20816 as they become available as a replacement of the relevant
parts of ISO 7919 and ISO 10816. ISO/TR 19201 gives an overview over these and further machinery
vibration standards.
For some machines, measurements made on non-rotating parts are sufficient to characterize adequately
their running conditions with respect to trouble-free operation. There are also types of machine, such as
steam turbines, gas turbines and turbo compressors, all of which can have several modes of vibration in
the service speed range, for which measurements on structural members, such as the bearing housings,
might not adequately characterize the running condition of the machine, although such measurements
are useful. Such machines generally contain flexible rotor shaft system
...


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20816-1
First edition
2016-11-15
Mechanical vibration — Measurement
and evaluation of machine
vibration —
Part 1:
General guidelines
Vibrations mécaniques — Mesurage et évaluation des vibrations de
machines —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices générales
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Measurements . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.1.1 Overview . 2
4.1.2 Vibration measurements . 2
4.1.3 Frequency range . 2
4.2 Types of measurements . 2
4.2.1 Vibration measurements on non-rotating parts . 2
4.2.2 Relative shaft vibration measurements . 2
4.2.3 Absolute shaft vibration measurements . 3
4.3 Measurement parameters . 3
4.3.1 Measurement quantities . 3
4.3.2 Vibration magnitude . . 4
4.3.3 Vibration severity . . 4
4.4 Measuring positions . 4
4.4.1 Positions for measurements on non-rotating parts . 4
4.4.2 Positions for measurements on rotating shafts . 7
4.5 Machine support structure for acceptance testing . 9
4.5.1 General. 9
4.5.2 In-situ tests . 9
4.5.3 In a test facility .10
4.6 Machine operating conditions .10
4.7 Evaluation of vibration from other sources .10
5 Instrumentation .10
6 Evaluation criteria .11
6.1 General .11
6.1.1 Overview .11
6.1.2 Types of measurement on rotating shafts .11
6.2 Factors affecting evaluation criteria .12
6.3 Types of evaluation criteria .12
6.3.1 General.12
6.3.2 Criterion I: Vibration magnitude at rated speed under steady
operation conditions .12
6.3.3 Criterion II: Change in vibration magnitude .16
6.4 Operational limits .16
6.4.1 General.16
6.4.2 Setting of ALARMS .17
6.4.3 Setting of TRIPS .17
6.5 Additional factors .17
6.5.1 Vibration frequencies and vectors . .17
6.5.2 Vibration sensitivity of the machine .17
6.5.3 Techniques for rolling element bearings .18
Annex A (informative) Explanation of measurement quantities .19
Annex B (informative) Techniques for detection of problems in rolling element bearings .26
Annex C (informative) Guidelines for specification of evaluation criteria for vibration
measured on non-rotating parts and rotating shafts .28
Annex D (informative) Vector analysis of change in vibration .31
Bibliography .33
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition
monitoring, Subcommittee SC 2, Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock as applied
to machines, vehicles and structures.
This first edition of ISO 20816-1 cancels and replaces ISO 7919-1:1996, ISO 10816-1:1995 and
ISO 10816-1:1995/Amd 1:2009 which have been merged and editorially revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20816 series can be found on the ISO website.
Introduction
Machines are now being operated at increasingly high rotational speeds and loads, as well as more
flexible operation at part and full load, and under increasingly severe operating conditions. This has
become possible, to a large extent, by the more efficient use of materials, although this has sometimes
resulted in there being less margin for design and application errors.
At present, it is not uncommon for continuous operation to be expected and required for 2 years or
3 years between maintenance operations. Consequently, more restrictive requirements are being
specified for operating vibration values of rotating machinery, in order to ensure continued safe and
reliable operation.
This document is a basic document which establishes general guidelines for the measurement and
evaluation of mechanical vibration of machinery, as measured on rotating and on non-rotating (and,
where applicable, non-reciprocating) parts of complete machines, such as shafts or bearing housings.
Recommendations for measurements and evaluation criteria pertaining to specific machine types are
provided in additional parts of ISO 20816 as they become available as a replacement of the relevant
parts of ISO 7919 and ISO 10816. ISO/TR 19201 gives an overview over these and further machinery
vibration standards.
For some machines, measurements made on non-rotating parts are sufficient to characterize adequately
their running conditions with respect to trouble-free operation. There are also types of machine, such as
steam turbines, gas turbines and turbo compressors, all of which can have several modes of vibration in
the service speed range, for which measurements on structural members, such as the bearing housings,
might not adequately characterize the running condition of the machine, although such measurements
are useful. Such machines generally contain flexible rotor shaft system
...

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