ISO/DIS 26324

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 26324:2022
01-februar-2022
Informatika in dokumentacija - Sistem identifikatorjev digitalnega objekta
Information and documentation -- Digital object identifier system
Information et documentation -- Système d'identifiant numérique d'objet
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 26324
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
oSIST ISO/DIS 26324:2022 en

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 DOI name ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

4.1 Syntax .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

4.1.1 General characteristics ............................................................................................................................................... 3

4.1.2 DOI prefix ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4

4.1.3 DOI suffix ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

4.2 Visual presentation and other representation of DOI names ......................................................................... 5

4.2.1 Screen and print presentation ............................................................................................................................. 5

4.2.2 URI presentation .............................................................................................................................................................. 5

4.2.3 Other representations ................................................................................................................................................. 5

5 Assignment of DOI name .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6

5.1 Principles of assignment ................................................................................................................................................................ 6

5.2 Granularity ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

5.3 Description ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

5.4 Uniqueness ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

5.5 Persistence.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

6 Resolution of DOI name ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

6.2 Functionality ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

7 DOI metadata ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

7.2 Functionality ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

7.3 Registration of DOI metadata ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

8 Administration of the DOI system ...................................................................................................................................................... 9

Annex A (normative) Relationship between the DOI system and other identifier schemes ...................10

Annex B (normative) DOI metadata specification ...............................................................................................................................12

Annex C (normative) Administration of the DOI system ..............................................................................................................14

Annex D (informative) Transition from ISO 26324:2012 to ISO 26324:20xx .........................................................16

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................18

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International

Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.

Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 26324 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 26324:2012), which has been technically

revised. The substantive change affecting users is the removal of the requirement that the directory

indicator be “10”. The registration authority now has the ability to assign DOI prefixes with a directory

indicator other than “10”, allowing certain existing identification schemes to become part of the DOI

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

The digital object identifier [DOI® ] system provides an infrastructure for persistent unique

DOI is an acronym for “digital object identifier”, meaning a “digital identifier of an object” rather than an

“identifier of a digital object”. In this International Standard, the term “digital object identifier” refers to

the system defined in this International Standard unless otherwise stated. The DOI system was initiated

by the International DOI Foundation in 1998, and initially developed with the collaboration of some

participants in ISO/TC 46/SC 9. Due to its application in the fields of information and documentation

and previous collaboration with some ISO/TC 46/SC 9 participants, it was introduced as a possible

The DOI system is designed to work over the Internet. A DOI name is permanently assigned to an object

to provide a resolvable persistent network link to current information about that object, including

where the object, or information about it, can be found on the Internet. While information about an

object can change over time, its DOI name will not change. A DOI name can be resolved within the DOI

system to values of one or more types of data relating to the object identified by that DOI name, such as

The DOI system enables the construction of automated services and transactions. Applications of

the DOI system include but are not limited to managing information and documentation location and

access; managing metadata; facilitating electronic transactions; persistent unique identification of any

The content of an object associated with a DOI name is described unambiguously by DOI metadata,

based on a structured extensible data model that enables the object to be associated with metadata of

any desired degree of precision and granularity to support description and services. The data model

The scope of the DOI system is not defined by reference to the type of content (format, etc.) of the

referent, but by reference to the functionalities it provides and the context of use. The DOI system

provides, within networks of DOI applications, for unique identification, persistence, resolution,

1) DOI® is a registered trademark. Information concerning trademark issues can be found on ISO online webpage

for the ISO 26324 Registration authority at http:// www .iso.or g/ iso/ maintenance _agencies.html. EDITOR’S NOTE:

This address is incorrect and the correct address (https:// www .iso.or g/ maintenance _agencies.html) does not

This International Standard specifies the syntax, description and resolution functional components

of the digital object identifier system, and the general principles for the creation, registration and

administration of DOI names (where DOI is an acronym for “digital object identifier”).

This International Standard defines the syntax for a DOI name, which is used for the identification of an

object of any material form (digital or physical) or an abstraction (such as a textual work) where there

The DOI name does not replace, nor is it an alternative for, an identifier used in another scheme, such as

the schemes defined by ISO/TC 46/SC 9. This International Standard describes how the DOI system can

be used in conjunction with another identifier scheme (for example, to provide additional functionality,

such as resolution, where this is not already available), and how the character string of that other

scheme can be integrated into the DOI system through the DOI metadata record and/or the DOI syntax.

This International Standard does not specify specific technologies to implement the syntax, description

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

Note 1 to entry: A DOI application profile is a grouping mechanism for DOI names; the functional specification

of the application profile includes a set of metadata, comprising the kernel metadata and additional information

applicable to that particular genre of object and functional requirements. Each DOI name is associated with one

2) Available at: http:// www .unicode.or g. Unicode is a trademark of Unicode, Inc. The Unicode Standard imposes

repository for all data elements and allowed values of those elements used in DOI metadata

unique string assigned to a registrant, forming part of the prefix element of the DOI syntax (3.6) but

Note 1 to entry: Names consist of characters in a sequence specified by the DOI syntax (3.6).

Note 2 to entry: The terms “identifier” and “number” are sometimes but not always used in the same sense

and are to be avoided where ambiguity can arise. The unqualified use of “DOI” alone can also be ambiguous.

Therefore “DOI” is always used in conjunction with a specific noun [e.g. DOI name (3.5), DOI system (3.7)] unless

the meaning is sufficiently clear from an earlier mention or the specific context.

rules for the form and sequence of characters comprising any DOI name (3.5), specifically the form and

social and technical infrastructure for the assignment and administration of DOI names (3.5)

as identifiers in computer-readable form through assignment, resolution, referent description,

ability of independent systems to exchange meaningful information and initiate actions from each

Note 1 to entry: In particular, interoperability constitutes the ability for loosely-coupled independent systems to

be able to collaborate and communicate. See Reference [17] for further information about interoperability.

specific data associated with a referent within the DOI system (3.7), based on a structured data model

that enables the referent of the DOI name (3.5) to be associated with data of any desired degree of

Note 1 to entry: This can involve one or more intermediate mapping operations. The resolution might or might

not return an instance of the object. Multiple resolution is the simultaneous return as output of several pieces of

entity within the scope of the DOI system (3.7) that can be digital, physical or abstract

Note 1 to entry: Digital, physical or abstract forms of an entity can be of relevance in information and

Note 2 to entry: A particular object identified by a specific DOI name (3.5) is the referent (3.13) of that DOI name.

existence, and ability to be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner, without a

person or organization that has requested and received the registration of a particular DOI name (3.5)

unique string assigned to a registrant, forming part of the prefix element of the DOI syntax (3.6) but

process of submitting a DOI name (3.5) to a network service and receiving in return one or more pieces

of current information related to the identified object such as metadata or a location (URL) of the object

The DOI syntax shall be made up of a DOI prefix and a DOI suffix separated by a forward slash.

There is no defined limit on the length of the DOI name, or of the DOI prefix or DOI suffix.

The DOI name is case-insensitive and can incorporate any printable characters from the legal graphic

characters of Unicode. Further constraints on character use (e.g. use of language-specific alphanumeric

characters) can be defined for an application by the ISO 26324 Registration authority.

The combination of a unique DOI prefix (assigned to a particular DOI registrant) and a unique DOI suffix

(provided by that registrant for a specific object) is unique, and so allows the de-centralized allocation

The DOI name is an opaque string for the purposes of the DOI system. No definitive information may be

inferred from the specific character string of a DOI name. In particular, the inclusion in a DOI name of

any DOI prefix allocated to a specific registrant does not provide evidence of the ownership of rights or

current management responsibility of any intellectual property in the referent. The mere assignment

of a DOI name to a referent does not imply endorsement of the referent by any party. Such information

The DOI prefix shall be composed of a directory indicator optionally followed by a registrant code.

Where a registrant code is present, the two components shall be separated by a full stop (period).

The directory indicator shall be assigned, optionally with a registrant code, to a registrant by the

Where a registrant code was assigned to a registrant under a previous edition of this document, the

Where present, the second element of the DOI prefix shall be the registrant code.

10.1000 DOI prefix comprising a directory indicator “10” followed by registrant code “1000”.

The registrant code may be further divided into sub-elements for administrative convenience if

desired. Each sub-element of the registrant code shall be preceded by a full stop. Such subdivision

implies no hierarchical relationship; each registrant code, whether subdivided or not, has equal status

in the DOI system. However a subdivided registrant code can have technical resolution implications. It

is recommended that registrants consult the ISO 26324 Registration authority for further information

The registrant code may be omitted where a directory indicator has been assigned without one.

15434 DOI prefix consisting of only a directory indicator where no registrant code has been

EDITOR’S NOTE: make sure this prefix (15434) is unused in the Handle system to avoid implications

Once a DOI name has been assigned it shall not be changed, regardless of any changes in the ownership

NOTE The original registrant might no longer have any role in maintaining a DOI name and its associated

records even though its registrant code remains a permanent element of that DOI name.

The DOI suffix shall consist of a character string of any length chosen by the registrant. Each suffix

shall be unique to the prefix element that precedes it. The unique suffix can be a sequential number, or

it might incorporate an identifier generated from or based on another system used by the registrant,

e.g. ISAN , ISBN , ISRC , ISSN , ISTC , ISNI ; in such cases, a preferred construction for such

10.1000/123456 DOI name with the DOI prefix “10.1000” and the DOI suffix “123456”.

10.1038/issn.1476-4687 DOI suffix using an ISSN. To construct a DOI suffix using an ISSN, precede the

When displayed on screen or in print, a DOI name shall be preceded by a lowercase “doi:” unless the

context clearly indicates that a DOI name is implied. The "doi:” label is not part of the DOI name value.

The DOI name “10.1006/jmbi.1998.2354” is displayed and printed as "doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2354".

The use of the lowercase string “doi” complies with the IETF specification, RFC 3986 , for

representation as a URI (uniform resource identifier), such as “ftp:” and “http:”.

When displayed in web browsers, the DOI name can be attached to the address for an appropriate

proxy server, to enable resolution of the DOI name via a standard web hyperlink. To resolve a DOI via

a standard web hyperlink, the DOI name itself should be appended to the address for the proxy server.

The DOI name “10.1006/jmbi.1998.2354” would be made an actionable link as “https:// doi .org/ 10 .1006/

DOI names so represented in a URL and transported by the HTTP protocol are constrained to follow

standard IETF guidelines for URI representations. The syntax for URIs is more restrictive than the

NOTE Certain client or server software might be able to process DOIs using native resolution technology

(i.e. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2354 would be interpreted by the browser and automatically resolved without the

DOI names can be represented in other forms in certain contexts (e.g. in the info URI scheme RFC 4452

NOTE The registration of the DOI system within the info URI scheme remains valid but the new registrations

are not being accepted and users are being advised to migrate their applications to “mainstream Web practices”.

Characters which cannot be handled directly in a specific network or reference context, or where

ambiguity can arise (e.g. minus sign, the hyphen, and the en-dash all look similar on the screen but

carry different character values) should be avoided or encoded in an appropriate way (e.g. for URLs

A DOI name shall not be used as a replacement for other ISO identifier schemes such as ISAN ,

ISBN , ISRC , ISSN , ISTC , ISNI and other commonly recognized identifiers. See Annex A for

A DOI name can be assigned to any object whenever there is a functional need to distinguish it from

“DOI” is construed as “digital identifier of an object” (not “identifier of a digital object”).

Rules for assignment of DOI names can include a functional definition of scope based on appropriate

A DOI name can be assigned to any object, regardless of the extent to which that object might be a

component part of some larger entity. DOI names can be assigned at any desired degree of precision

EXAMPLE For granularity in textual materials, separate DOI names can be assigned to:

as well as to each specific manifestation in which any of those entities are published or otherwise made available.

The assignment of a DOI name requires that the registrant provide metadata describing the object to

which the DOI name is being assigned. The metadata shall describe the object to the degree that is