ISO/FDIS 16659-2
(Main)Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH3I method
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH3I method
The standard ISO 16659-1 is the general part of a set of standards on the different in-situ test methods for iodine traps, describing common general provisions applicable to all methods. The current standard ISO 16659-2 presents the in-situ testing method for measuring the efficiency of iodine traps using a radioactive methyl iodine method (CH3I). This standard present the specific provisions according to the expected role of this iodine trap, requirements about workers protections, requirement about environment protection to take into account during these tests.
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide — Partie 2: Méthode au CH3I radioactif
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 85/SC 2 - Radiological protection
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 85/SC 2 - Radiological protection
- Current Stage
- 5000 - FDIS registered for formal approval
- Start Date
- 02-Feb-2026
- Completion Date
- 05-Nov-2025
Overview
ISO/FDIS 16659-2: Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities - In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent - Part 2: Radioactive CH₃I method is a key international standard developed by ISO for safely and effectively evaluating the performance of iodine traps in nuclear facility ventilation systems. This standard focuses on in-situ testing of iodine trap efficiency using a radioactive methyl iodide (CH₃I) tracer method, providing clear guidance on test methodology, safety requirements for personnel and the environment, and standardization in reporting results.
The standard is designed for application in nuclear facilities where effective removal of radioactive iodine from air streams is critical for safety, regulatory compliance, and environmental protection. It builds on the general requirements presented in ISO 16659-1 and introduces specific provisions relevant to the use of radioactive tracers for in-situ testing.
Key Topics
ISO/FDIS 16659-2 addresses several essential topics for the reliable and safe testing of solid sorbent iodine traps in nuclear ventilation systems:
- Test Principle: Use of gaseous radioactive methyl iodide (CH₃I, typically using iodine-131) as a tracer for in-situ measurement of trap efficiency.
- Parameters Affecting Efficiency:
- Sorbent properties, including type (commonly impregnated activated carbon or specialized inorganic materials) and chemical impregnants.
- Operating conditions, such as air flow rate, contact time, relative humidity, and temperature.
- Influence of ageing on sorbent performance.
- Test Procedure:
- Safe generation and injection of radioactive CH₃I into the ventilation system.
- Sampling upstream and downstream of the iodine trap.
- Use of appropriate detection and measurement equipment (e.g., gamma spectrometry).
- Safety and Environmental Protection:
- Requirements and recommendations to ensure the safety of workers, the public, and the environment during all test phases.
- Proper management of radioactive materials and associated waste.
- Reporting and Accuracy:
- Calculation and expression of the decontamination factor.
- Consideration of test uncertainties and thorough documentation of test conditions and results.
Applications
Implementing ISO/FDIS 16659-2 delivers practical benefits and ensures regulatory alignment for organizations operating nuclear facilities:
- Regulatory Compliance: Provides a clear, standardized methodology for demonstrating iodine trap efficiency, supporting safety cases and meeting national and international regulations.
- Performance Monitoring: Enables accurate, in-situ assessment of solid sorbent iodine traps-essential for ongoing facility safety and operational reliability.
- Optimization and Maintenance: Facilitates identification of performance degradation due to sorbent ageing or adverse operating conditions and informs decisions on maintenance or replacement.
- Environmental Protection: Ensures rigorous testing that minimizes the release of radioactive iodine to the environment, supporting public safety.
- Worker Safety: Emphasizes robust procedural controls for handling and measuring radioactive materials during testing.
This standard is typically applied in nuclear power plants, research reactors, reprocessing facilities, and other nuclear installations where airborne radioactive iodine may be present and must be controlled through engineered filtration systems.
Related Standards
To ensure comprehensive application and compatibility, ISO/FDIS 16659-2 should be used in conjunction with related standards, including:
- ISO 16659-1: General requirements for in-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent.
- ISO 2889: Sampling airborne radioactive materials from stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities.
- ISO 10648: Containment enclosures (all parts).
- ISO 10780: Stationary source emissions - Measurement of gas streams in ducts.
- ISO 11933: Components for containment enclosures (all parts).
- ISO 20042: Measurement of radioactivity - Generic test method using gamma-ray spectrometry.
Utilizing these interconnected standards ensures best practices in nuclear ventilation system testing and fortifies overall facility safety and environmental stewardship.
Keywords: ISO 16659-2, nuclear facility ventilation, iodine trap efficiency, radioactive CH₃I method, in-situ test, activated carbon sorbent, nuclear regulatory compliance, environmental safety, radiological protection standards.
Buy Documents
ISO/FDIS 16659-2 - Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH3I method/26/2025
ISO/FDIS 16659-2 - Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH3I method
REDLINE ISO/FDIS 16659-2 - Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH3I method
ISO/FDIS 16659-2 - Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide — Partie 2: Méthode au CH3I radioactif/24/2025
Get Certified
Connect with accredited certification bodies for this standard

DNV
DNV is an independent assurance and risk management provider.

Lloyd's Register
Lloyd's Register is a global professional services organisation specialising in engineering and technology.

DNV Energy Systems
Energy and renewable energy certification.
Sponsored listings
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/FDIS 16659-2 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH3I method". This standard covers: The standard ISO 16659-1 is the general part of a set of standards on the different in-situ test methods for iodine traps, describing common general provisions applicable to all methods. The current standard ISO 16659-2 presents the in-situ testing method for measuring the efficiency of iodine traps using a radioactive methyl iodine method (CH3I). This standard present the specific provisions according to the expected role of this iodine trap, requirements about workers protections, requirement about environment protection to take into account during these tests.
The standard ISO 16659-1 is the general part of a set of standards on the different in-situ test methods for iodine traps, describing common general provisions applicable to all methods. The current standard ISO 16659-2 presents the in-situ testing method for measuring the efficiency of iodine traps using a radioactive methyl iodine method (CH3I). This standard present the specific provisions according to the expected role of this iodine trap, requirements about workers protections, requirement about environment protection to take into account during these tests.
ISO/FDIS 16659-2 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.280 - Radiation protection; 27.120.20 - Nuclear power plants. Safety. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/FDIS 16659-2 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 16659-2
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
2025-04-23
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
2025-07-16
Part 2:
Radioactive CH3I method
ICS: 27.120.20; 13.280
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Reference number
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 16659-2
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
Part 2:
Radioactive CH3I method
ICS: 27.120.20; 13.280
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
© ISO 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat. BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Method . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Principle of the method .2
4.3 Parameter affecting iodine removal .3
4.3.1 General .3
4.3.2 Effect related to the sorbent .3
4.3.3 Effects related to the operating conditions .4
4.4 Other specificities of the method .6
4.4.1 Use of the CH I tracer .6
4.4.2 Toxicity .7
4.4.3 Sampling .7
5 Test equipment . 8
5.1 Generation and injection devices .8
5.2 Sampling device .8
5.2.1 General .8
5.2.2 Sampling nozzle .10
5.2.3 HEPA filter .10
5.2.4 Activated charcoal cartridges .10
5.2.5 Air flow rate measurement .11
5.2.6 Release in the ventilation duct .11
5.3 Measurement device. 12
5.3.1 Activity (ɣ–spectrometer) . 12
5.3.2 Relative humidity (hygrometer) & temperature (thermometer) . 12
5.3.3 Ventilation, injection and sampling flow rate. 12
6 Safety of workers, members of the public and the environment.12
6.1 Main workers safety provisions . . 12
6.1.1 Radioactive considerations . 12
6.1.2 Biological considerations . 13
6.2 Main provisions for ensuring safety of the population and the environment . 13
6.3 Management of radioactive sources and radioactive waste . 13
7 Facility arrangements .13
8 Mode of performing the test . 14
8.1 Test preparation .14
8.1.1 Calibrations/Periodic verifications .14
8.1.2 Na I source preparation and calculation of the minimal activity .14
8.1.3 Facility arrangements .16
8.1.4 Sampling lines .16
8.1.5 Connections .16
8.2 Test execution .16
8.3 Test end .16
8.3.1 Disassembly .16
8.3.2 Radiation controls .16
8.3.3 Samples counting .17
9 Establishing the result .18
9.1 Expressing the result .18
9.2 Accuracy of the result.19
iii
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
9.2.1 General formula of uncertainties.19
9.2.2 Influent parameters relative to the ventilation system & test conditions .19
9.2.3 Influent parameters relative to the equipment . 20
9.2.4 Influent parameters relative to the method .21
9.3 Evaluation and test report . 22
Annex A (normative) Test method “In-situ generation method” .24
Annex B (normative) Test method “Laboratory generation method”.28
Annex C (informative) Examples of correlations .33
Annex D (informative) Examples of activity of I injected to test an iodine trap .35
Annex E (informative) Example of typical test report for CH I method .36
Bibliography .38
iv
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16659 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
Introduction
In nuclear facilities, iodine traps are usually present within ventilation systems to limit radioactive gaseous
iodine releases into the environment, to reduce iodine concentration in the air of facilities in case of air
recycling, or to prevent radioactive iodine transfer to protected areas (such as control room for example)
[3] [5]
in accordance with the principles of ISO 17873 and ISO 26802 or other relevant documents (see
References [9], [10], [11], [12] and [15]. The ability of these devices to trap gaseous radioactive iodine is
primordial, particularly when they support the safety demonstration. The IAEA in paragraph 4,127 of Specific
[21]
Safety Guide No. 53 (SSG-53) recommends testing periodically the filter system and demonstrating the
efficiency of the adsorption material in iodine filters. There is no international standard in this regard.
ISO 16659–series provides different in-situ test methods to determine the efficiency of radioactive iodine
traps in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities. This series deals with iodine traps with solid sorbent,
mainly impregnated activated carbon, the most usual solid sorbent used in ventilation systems of nuclear
facilities, as well as other sorbent submitted to special conditions (e.g. high temperature for silver loaded
zeolites).
ISO 16659–1 is the general part of this series and describes common general provisions applicable to all
methods.
This document is relative to an in-situ testing method for measuring the efficiency of iodine traps using
radioactive methyl iodine (CH I) as a tracer.
vi
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency
test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent —
Part 2:
Radioactive CH3I method
1 Scope
The present test method uses radioactive methyl iodide (CH I) as a tracer to determine the in-situ
decontamination factor of an iodine trap. An in-situ test allows to reach the global efficiency of the trap
characterized by the sorbent efficiency but also by the implementation of the trap within the ventilation
[4]
duct) while the intrinsic efficiency of a charcoal is characterized in a laboratory by ISO 18417 (or other
[6]
national standards as ASTM D3803 ).
This document provides general and common requirements for this method to assess the efficiency of an
iodine trap, but also, the tools requirements, accuracy and the provisions needed to ensure safety of the
workers, public and the environment during the test.
This reproductible method can support nuclear facility operators as a reference method to compare
the decontamination factor evaluated by this method to reference values (e.g. safety criteria, national
legislation, etc.).
Because of the use of a radioactive tracer, some cautions apply.
First, this method is usually used for ventilation systems with monitoring of gaseous iodine releases in
environment in accordance with the national regulations.
Second, this method is not used to determine the decontamination factor of iodine traps used in ventilation
systems with air release in rooms with potential presence of workers (e.g. control room). A non-radioactive
method is preferred.
This document can apply to installations with low inventory of radioiodine equipped with iodine traps (e.g.
small laboratories). In this case, some provisions can be adapted but always in accordance with the national
regulations.
Finally, this document mainly deals with iodine traps using impregnated activated carbon. However,
this method can be used with some adaptations to other solid sorbent as inorganic sorbent (e.g. zeolite
[24],[25]
– aluminium and silica base usually doped with silver nitrate – or impregnated catalytic supports ).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2889, Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities
ISO 10648 (all parts), — Containment enclosures
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts
ISO 11933 (all parts), — Components for containment enclosures
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
ISO 16659-1:2022, Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps
with solid sorbent — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 20042, Measurement of radioactivity — Gamma-ray emitting radionuclides — Generic test method using
gamma-ray spectrometry
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in in ISO 16659–1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Method
4.1 General
This method using radioactive iodine covers all the physical phenomena involving for iodine retention
during the test duration (physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, isotopic exchange, and short-term
desorption). This method is so relevant to determine a decontamination factor of a high efficiency iodine
trap (a decontamination factor superior to several thousand is typically achievable for a new sorbent).
Concerning the methyl iodide form (CH I) of radioactive iodine used as a tracer in this method, it is important
to notice it is generally not the most present gaseous iodine form in nuclear facilities, in particular in reactors
where the major form is the molecular one (I ). But the interest of using such a tracer is that methyl iodide is
the most penetrating form for an iodine trap. This method is so relevant to support nuclear facility operators
to compare to CH I but also I reference values. This method is widely encountered in PWR even if different
3 2
iodide species are present.
Moreover, due to its chemical properties compared to I , this CH I method is easier to implement in facilities
2 3
(less contamination of the test equipment, less damage to equipment (corrosion), easier transport of
test equipment, use of less fragile materials (stainless steel instead of glass)) and so leads to less worker
contamination.
Concerning the test conditions (ambient conditions) which are generally different from those encountered
during incidents or accidents (high temperature, high relative humidity, etc.), it is important to notice that
the decontamination factor determined with this method may not be directly transposed as a reference
value for the estimation of radiological consequences for population. Nevertheless, this document gives a
reproducible method to precisely evaluate the decontamination factor of an iodine trap and thus to reveal its
full ability to trap gaseous iodine when high decontamination factors are reached or its possible degradation
over time due to ageing phenomena.
Finally, this method does not lead to a saturation of the iodine traps by the radioactive iodine tracer (the
quantity injected is extremely low compared to the trapping capacity) and so is compatible with the safety
of the nuclear facilities.
4.2 Principle of the method
The principle of the method (see Figure 1) consists in:
1) The injection of gaseous radioactive iodine-131 (CH I form) into the ventilation duct.
2) The measurement of the quantities of CH I present upstream and downstream of the iodine trap
(sampling in ventilation duct, trapping radioactive iodine in test traps, gamma spectrometry counting
of the test traps).
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
3) The calculation of the decontamination factor and the comparison to a reference value.
NOTE This document, as studies and research on iodine traps, is based on the iodine-131. The use of another iodine
123 129
radioisotope (e.g. I or I) with this document is a priori possible (no known scientific barrier) with consolidated
elements, particularly on trapping phenomena (e.g. impact of the difference between β+/β-). Some adaptations may
occur, particularly for safety of workers.
Key
1 iodine trap to be tested 4 injection of CH I
2 ventilation duct 5 upstream sampling line of CH I (with an iodine test trap)
3 air flow 6 downstream sampling line of CH I (with an iodine test
trap)
a
The light grey form downstream the trap represents an example of a non-homogeneous tracer concentration in
the duct in case of a default of the trap and reveals the importance of the representativeness of the downstream
sampling in addition to the one upstream.
Figure 1 — General principle for the CH I test method
4.3 Parameter affecting iodine removal
4.3.1 General
The performance of iodine traps depends on many parameters which can be classified in two categories:
parameters related to the sorbent and parameters related to the operating conditions. In addition to the
ones mentioned in 4.4 of ISO 16659–1, the following parameters have to be considered.
4.3.2 Effect related to the sorbent
The production method of activated charcoal (carbonization, activation and further modification for
example grain size selection) as well as the raw material nature have a key role in iodine removal because
they determine textural properties of activated charcoal (specific surface area, pores size distribution, pores
volume) as well as its chemical characteristics (surface functional groups: type, molecules and quantity).
And these physical and chemical parameters determine the iodine adsorption performances (adsorption
capacities and trapping stability).
To improve its iodine trapping efficiency, activated charcoal is generally impregnated in the nuclear context
with a combination of potassium iodide (KI, generally 1 %) and triethylenediamine (TEDA, generally 5 %).
The typical quantity of iodine collected in a trap is about 1 milligram of iodine per gram of activated charcoal.
Even if there are variabilities of the sorbent characteristics, this method is fully relevant to determine a
decontamination factor of an iodine trap because it considers all the trapping phenomena.
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
4.3.3 Effects related to the operating conditions
4.3.3.1 Introduction
In normal operation, iodine traps can be operated in different ways (bypassed, continuous service, with
reduced air flow rate, etc.) with variable air conditions (relative humidity and temperature), which are
controlled or not. In accident conditions (e.g. severe accident for reactor), these conditions may be very
different. The efficiency test conditions may be therefore different from those for which iodine traps are
valorized in the safety demonstration, so it is important to measure these parameters to evaluate their
impact on the decontamination factor.
Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the performance of impregnated activated charcoal
in different conditions to trap methyl iodide. The most prominent factors are the relative humidity, the
temperature, the frontal speed (and contact time) as well as the ageing phenomena.
This document gives recommendations on these influencing parameters to ensure reproducibility of the
test in controlled conditions. It is important to notice that to compare test results to reference values, the
test conditions shall be as close as possible to accident conditions.
Other parameters not developed below are considered second order in the influence on the
decontamination factor.
4.3.3.2 Relative humidity & temperature
Relative humidity in the air has a negative effect on the efficiency of iodine traps to collect methyl iodide
because of the reduction of available adsorption sites of activated charcoal. The water molecules on the
surface of the activated charcoal create clusters bound in a network by hydrogen bonds and then filled the
porous structure of the activated charcoal, leading to a decrease of available sites for iodine species. So, there
[26]
is a competition between iodine species and H O for adsorption in the activated charcoal. A simple way
to reduce the relative humidity in the air and its effects on the efficiency of iodine traps is to increase the air
temperature. However, the higher the air temperature is, the worse the physical adsorption is (because of
high Brownian agitation). On the other side, the higher the air temperature is, the better reactions involved
in chemisorption (with TEDA–impregnant) or isotopic exchange (with KI–impregnant) are.
As the efficiency is a combination of all these antagonistic phenomena, the higher the air temperature is, the
better the global efficiency in terms of decontamination factor of an iodine trap is (even if the adsorption
of gaseous iodine is lower, the global gain on the efficiency is better due to the reduction of the relative
[18],[20],[28]
humidity impact ). This behavior of activated charcoal depending on the relative humidity and
[16]
temperature is although established with the previous multiparametric work of Shiomi.
In a practical way, electric heaters are commonly encountered upstream iodine traps in nuclear facilities to
improve the efficiency of iodine traps. The service temperature of heaters is generally around 70 °C, which
is, in test conditions, sufficient to reduce relative humidity below than 40 %.
NOTE 1 Below a relative humidity of 40 %, an activated charcoal adsorbs few water molecules (activated charcoal
is hydrophobic). Above 40 %, the water adsorption increases significantly (cf. adsorption isotherms of water for
[27]
activated charcoal ).
NOTE 2 The service temperature could be higher but always lower than a range of 100 °C–120 °C to avoid an
increase of desorption phenomenon or degradation of the TEDA–impregnant which could lead to release iodine
previously collected (note: ignition of a new charcoal is expected for higher temperatures).
Considering this method supports nuclear facility operators to compare a result to reference values
(e.g. safety criteria, national legislation, etc.), it is important to achieve the test with operating heaters when
present to be as close as possible to conditions of use (conditions for which iodine traps are valorized in the
safety demonstration).
Moreover, the achievement of the test with operating heaters leads to a characterized domain of temperature
(service temperature of heaters) and relative humidity (under 40 %) which is favorable to the reproducibility
of the test.
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
Beyond the temperature and the relative humidity of the air upstream the iodine trap, as stated in the
ISO 16659–1, it is important to reach the hygrometric and thermal equilibrium of the iodine trap to ensure
a reliable comparison from one test to another. This equilibrium is generally reached after a quite long
duration following the commissioning of the heaters (16 hours are mentioned in ISO 16659–1:2022). This
duration could be shortened if the relative humidity of the air during the test is quite low (e.g. dry air)
or the volume of activated charcoal in the iodine trap is quite small or when operating constraints exist
(e.g. impossible commissioning of heaters for a long duration before test). The hygrometric and thermal
equilibrium could then be considered reached, for example, if the air temperature downstream the trap is
far enough from the dew temperature or if the temperature and the relative humidity of air upstream and
downstream the iodine trap are close (e.g. ΔT < 5 °C and ΔRH < 5 % measured by national standards as given
in References [7] or [8]).
For tests carried out without heaters, this method is still valid and gives the real decontamination factor of
the iodine trap at the test conditions. Nevertheless, first, the test conditions can be quite different from those
encountered in accident conditions. Second, the test conditions can be different from one test to another and
therefore the establishment of trend curves is more delicate.
Some correlations allow calculating a decontamination factor of an iodine trap at desired temperature or
relative humidity from the result given at the test conditions. These empiric correlations must be used
with extreme care regarding the domain validity (especially the nature of the activated charcoal or its
impregnation, see Annex C).
Finally, due to the importance of relative humidity and temperature on the efficiency of iodine traps, these
parameters shall be measured and registered in the report.
4.3.3.3 Contact time between air and the sorbent
As stated in ISO 16659–1, the contact time (coupling of air velocity and bed depth) is a major parameter
because the adsorption is not an instantaneous phenomenon. If the model of implemented iodine traps is
always the same, so the air flow rate becomes the key parameter for the contact time and shall be measured
and registered in the report.
NOTE Contact time for industrial iodine trap is usually comprised between 0,2 s and 0,4 s.
Also, to ensure the determination of a decontamination factor representing the one in accident
(representativeness of the test), this current method requires to carry out the test at the air flow rate the
closest as possible to the one in accident (and thus the contact time).
If test is carried out at a reduced air flow rate (which increases the contact time and thus the efficiency), the
determination of the decontamination factor at nominal air flow rate should use correlations given by R&D.
To ensure reproducibility of the tests, the air flow rate should be equivalent from one test to another (about
10 %–15 % considering uncertainties). If periodic efficiency tests are carried out with variable air flow rates
for one iodine trap, the comparison of one test to another and therefore the establishment of trend curves is
more delicate.
4.3.3.4 Ageing phenomena
In addition to 4.4.5 of the ISO 16559-1:2022, regarding the quite short life of an iodine trap with high
decontamination factor, the use of a radioactive tracer in this document involves attention when a high
quantity of iodine is injected to test an old iodine trap (more than 4 years to 6 years). Thus, to calculate the
iodine-131 activity to be injected (see 8.1.2), the determination of the expected decontamination factor of
the iodine trap to be tested should consider ageing phenomena. The operating experience feedback can give
[13]
elements. Is it also possible to use correlations as the one developed by Taylor and Taylor.
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
4.4 Other specificities of the method
4.4.1 Use of the CH I tracer
4.4.1.1 Advantages compared to the I tracer
The radioactive gaseous iodine species involved in reactor severe accidents are generally mostly I and in a
smaller proportion CH I (other gaseous iodide molecules exist but they are not considered because of their
negligible quantities). A method with CH I rather than I is however more relevant because of the quite
3 2
low deposition/adsorption properties of the methyl iodide compared to the molecular form. Indeed, this
document takes advantage of this characteristic with:
— avoiding pre-injection of non-radioactive iodine into the ventilation ducts which artificially ages
ventilation systems because I is corrosive (this pre-injection is usually done to discriminate the iodine
collected in the iodine trap, so the decontamination factor, from the one collected by equipment of the
ventilation system [ducts, valves, etc.]);
— limitation of iodine-131 activity injected since lower decontamination factor are expected with CH I
than I ;
— limitation of radioactive iodine contamination of test equipment limiting the risk of workers contamination
and facilitating the evacuation of equipment from the nuclear controlled area.
4.4.1.2 Purity of the gaseous CH I
Gaseous CH I is usually generated by the chemical reaction of dimethyl sulphate and radioactive sodium
[14],[23]
iodide but could also be generated by isotopic exchange between stable methyl iodide and radioactive
sodium iodide (see 8.1.2).
Whatever the reaction, if parameters are not well-controlled, the generation of CH I could release other
iodide species (other organic forms, radioactive or not) with different physical and chemical properties
(which could lead to a bias in the determination of the decontamination factor) or release undesired reagents
(e.g. dimethyl sulphate for workers considerations).
Unfortunately, there is no real time method to verify the composition of iodide species released particularly
131 131
the CH I form. So, it is primordial to respect the CH I generation procedure to well perform the reaction
3 3
by verifying such parameters as temperature or bubbling/mixing, but also to pay attention to the purity of
the different reagents used (e.g. dimethyl sulphate). The respect of these procedures will contribute to the
reproducibility of the efficiency tests.
NOTE 1 Feedback and know-how from nuclear operators are key elements of proven procedures for reproducible
methods.
NOTE 2 For development of new procedures or optimization of existing ones, in a laboratory phase and before
introducing radioactive materials, such methods as the infrared spectroscopy (e.g. FTIR: Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy) or the gas chromatography can be used to determine optimal values of parameters for these reactions
of generation of gaseous CH3 I.
4.4.1.3 Desorption of the CH I in an iodine trap
Due to the reversible trapping phenomena of gaseous iodine on charcoal (physical adsorption and isotopic
exchange, but not chemisorption), desorption can occur. Typical time of the desorption peak is about several
hours after injection, depending on many parameters related to the sorbent (e.g. specific surface and
thickness of the charcoal bed) or the operating conditions (e.g. relative humidity and contact time).
To take into account the desorption of the methyl iodide, this current method requires a duration of the
samplings (in particular the downstream sampling) longer than the injection duration. Nevertheless, a long
duration of sampling may not be compatible with industrial constraints. In general, the in-situ duration of
sampling is short (e.g. 1 hour which is a usual industrial practice). It is important to keep this duration for
all the tests of the same iodine trap to ensure reproducibility. It is also important to keep in mind that it is
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
a limit of this method (a short duration of sampling does not take into account the complete phenomenon of
desorption).
4.4.1.4 Half-life of the I
The half-life of the I shall be considered for the activity of the source at the time of the test but also for the
time lapse between the sampling and the counting.
4.4.2 Toxicity
The generation device must be in a containment enclosure (e.g. glove box) due to the chemical and
131 131
radiological toxicities (dimethyl sulphate, liquid Na I and gaseous CH I) as well as the volatility of the
solutions to be used and the produced gas.
4.4.3 Sampling
4.4.3.1 Representativeness
Sampling shall be representative of I concentration in the ventilation duct upstream and downstream
the iodine trap to be tested to determine its decontamination factor. For this purpose, general requirements
defined in ISO 2889, which describes criteria for sampling at a well-mixed location, shall be respected.
Isokinetic sampling is however not required due to injected methyl iodide is a gas.
For upstream sampling, the representativeness of sampling is relative to the well-mix of CH I within the
ventilation duct from the injection which is usually centred in the ventilation duct.
For downstream sampling, the representativeness of sampling shall be reached considering a non-centred
emission due to a default of the iodine trap to be tested, as drawn in Figure 1 (e.g. default of the flange or
gasket of the trap).
Moreover, because the goal of the method is to determine an in-situ decontamination factor, it is important
that the tracer should be dispersed within the whole section of the ventilation duct to reach all areas of
the iodine trap to be tested (including contact zones with the ventilation duct) and not only following
recommendations of ISO 2889 relative to the quality of sampling. For this purpose, the concentration of
tracer over the major part (more than 2/3) of the cross-sectional area in front of the iodine trap to be tested
shall be measured to verify the well-dispersion of the tracer (no measure with a too low concentration).
The representativeness of samplings, but also the concentration of the tracer within the ventilation duct
in front of the trap to be tested, shall be characterized once and each time the ventilation configuration
changes significantly (air flow rates, geometry, etc.).
Finally, to ensure reproducibility and precision of the method, the use of two identical sampling lines with
identical parameters (see 5.2) is preferred to reduce the uncertainties.
4.4.3.2 Sampled volume
Using sampling in this method requires a well estimation of the sampled volume upstream and downstream
the iodine trap to ensure low uncertainties on the CH I concentrations.
This current method requires calibrated devices (volumetric flow meter or sampling air flow indicator
coupled to sampling time).
4.4.3.3 Activities of the iodine test traps
A sufficient thickness of activated charcoal in the iodine test traps (i.e. charcoal cartridges) for each sampling
line is necessary to ensure a maximum trapping of the CH I to obtain a relevant decontamination factor
and to limit radioactive iodine releases downstream sampling lines for workers considerations (see 5.2).
This current method requires the use of two cartridges in series for each sampling line (or at least two
separate activated charcoal layers in series inside a bigger cartridge).
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(en)
The uncertainty and the detection limit of the counting device (see 5.3.1) have a direct influence on the
quantity of injected CH I (considering air flow rat
...
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
2026-03-26
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
2026-05-21
Part 2:
Radioactive CH I method
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires —
Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant
solide —
Partie 2: Méthode au CH I radioactif
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
Part 2:
I method
Radioactive CH
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires —
Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant
solide —
Partie 2: Méthode au CH I radioactif
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2026
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Method . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Principle of the method .2
4.3 Parameters affecting iodine removal . .3
4.3.1 General .3
4.3.2 Effect related to the sorbent .3
4.3.3 Effects related to the operating conditions .4
4.4 Other specificities of the method .6
4.4.1 Use of the CH I tracer .6
4.4.2 Toxicity .7
4.4.3 Sampling .7
5 Test equipment . 8
5.1 Generation and injection devices .8
5.2 Sampling device .8
5.2.1 General .8
5.2.2 Sampling nozzle .10
5.2.3 HEPA filter .10
5.2.4 Activated charcoal cartridges .10
5.2.5 Air flow rate measurement .11
5.2.6 Release in the ventilation duct .11
5.3 Measurement device. 12
5.3.1 Radioactivity (γ–spectrometer) . 12
5.3.2 Relative humidity (hygrometer) and temperature (thermometer) . 12
5.3.3 Ventilation, injection and sampling flow rate. 12
6 Safety of workers, members of the public and the environment.12
6.1 Main workers safety provisions . . 12
6.1.1 Radioactive considerations . 12
6.1.2 Biological considerations . 13
6.2 Main provisions for ensuring safety of the population and the environment . 13
6.3 Management of radioactive sources and radioactive waste . 13
7 Facility arrangements .13
8 Procedure to perform the test . 14
8.1 Test preparation .14
8.1.1 Calibrations/periodic verifications .14
8.1.2 Na I source preparation and calculation of the minimal activity .14
8.1.3 Facility arrangements .16
8.1.4 Sampling lines .16
8.1.5 Connections .16
8.2 Test execution .16
8.3 Test end .16
8.3.1 Disassembly .16
8.3.2 Radiation controls .17
8.3.3 Samples counting .17
9 Establishing the result .18
9.1 Presenting the result . .18
9.2 Accuracy of the result.19
iii
9.2.1 General formula of uncertainties.19
9.2.2 Parameters relative to the ventilation system and test conditions .19
9.2.3 Parameters relative to the equipment . 20
9.2.4 Parameters relative to the method .21
9.3 Evaluation and test report . 22
Annex A (normative) Test method “In-situ generation method” .24
Annex B (normative) Test method “Laboratory generation method”.28
Annex C (informative) Examples of correlations .33
Annex D (informative) Examples of activity of iodine-131 injected to test an iodine trap .35
Annex E (informative) Example of typical test report for CH I method .36
Bibliography .38
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16659 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
In nuclear facilities, iodine traps are usually present within ventilation systems to limit radioactive gaseous
iodine releases into the environment or to prevent radioactive iodine transfer to protected areas (such
[1] [2]
as control room for example) in accordance with the principles of ISO 17873 and ISO 26802 or other
relevant documents (see References [3], [4], [5], [6] and [7]. The ability of these devices to trap gaseous
radioactive iodine is primordial, particularly when they support the safety demonstration. The IAEA in
[8]
paragraph 4,127 of Specific Safety Guide No. 53 (SSG-53) recommends demonstrating the efficiency of the
adsorption material in iodine traps and periodically testing iodine traps in-situ.
ISO 16659 series provides different in-situ test methods to determine the efficiency of radioactive iodine
traps in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities. This series deals with iodine traps with solid sorbent,
mainly impregnated activated carbon, the most usual solid sorbent used in ventilation systems of nuclear
facilities, as well as other sorbent submitted to special conditions (e.g. silver loaded zeolites in case of high
temperature).
ISO 16659–1 is the general part of this series and describes common general provisions applicable to all
methods.
This document is about an in-situ testing method for measuring the efficiency of iodine traps using
radioactive methyl iodide (CH I) as a tracer.
vi
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 16659-2:2026(en)
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency
test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent —
Part 2:
Radioactive CH I method
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method using radioactive methyl iodide (CH I) as a tracer to determine the
in-situ decontamination factor of an iodine trap. An in-situ test allows to reach the global efficiency of the
trap characterized by the sorbent efficiency but also by the implementation of the trap within the ventilation
[9]
duct) while the intrinsic efficiency of a charcoal is characterized in a laboratory by ISO 18417 (or other
[10]
national standards such as ASTM D3803 ).
This document provides general and common requirements for this method to assess the efficiency of an
iodine trap, but also, the tools requirements, accuracy and the provisions needed to ensure safety of the
workers, public and the environment during the test.
This reproducible method can support nuclear facility operators as a reference method to compare the
decontamination factor evaluated by this method to reference values (e.g. safety criteria, national legislation,
etc.).
Because of the use of a radioactive tracer, some precautions should be applied.
Firstly, this method is usually used for ventilation systems with monitoring of gaseous iodine releases in
environment in accordance with the national regulations.
Secondly, this method is not used to determine the decontamination factor of iodine traps used in ventilation
systems with air release in rooms with potential presence of workers (e.g. control room). For those rooms, a
non-radioactive method is preferred.
This document can apply to installations with low inventory of radioiodine equipped with iodine traps (e.g.
small laboratories). In this case, some provisions can be adapted but always in accordance with the national
regulations.
Finally, this document mainly deals with iodine traps using impregnated activated carbon. However,
this method can be used with some adaptations to other solid sorbent as inorganic sorbent (e.g. zeolite
[11][12]
– aluminium and silica base usually doped with silver nitrate – or impregnated catalytic supports ).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2889, Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities
ISO 16659-1:2022, Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps
with solid sorbent — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 20042, Measurement of radioactivity — Gamma-ray emitting radionuclides — Generic test method using
gamma-ray spectrometry
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in in ISO 16659-1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Method
4.1 General
This method employing radioactive iodine encompasses all physical phenomena associated with iodine
retention during the test (physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, isotopic exchange and short-term
desorption). This method is relevant to determine a decontamination factor of a high efficiency iodine trap
(a decontamination factor superior to several thousand is typically achievable for a new sorbent).
Concerning the methyl iodide form (CH I) of radioactive iodine used as a tracer in this method, it is important
to notice that it is generally not the most present gaseous iodine form in nuclear facilities, in particular,
in reactors where the molecular form (I ) is more common. But the interest of using such a tracer is that
methyl iodide is the most penetrating form for an iodine trap.
So, because all the physical phenomena are tested and considering the use of methyl iodide as a tracer
gives conservative decontamination factors, this method is relevant to support nuclear facility operators to
compare the decontamination factor to CH I but also I reference values (e.g. safety criteria). This method is
3 2
widely encountered in PWRs even if different iodine species are present.
Moreover, due to its chemical properties compared to I , this CH I method is easier to implement in
2 3
facilities (less contamination of the test equipment, less damage to equipment (corrosion), easier transport
of test equipment, use of less fragile materials (stainless steel instead of glass)) and leads to less worker
contamination.
Concerning the test conditions (ambient conditions) which can differ from those encountered during
incidents or accidents (high temperature, high relative humidity, etc.), it is important to notice that the
decontamination factor determined with this method may not be directly transposed as a reference value for
the estimation of radiological consequences for population. Nevertheless, this document gives a reproducible
method to precisely evaluate the decontamination factor of an iodine trap and thus to reveal its full ability
to trap gaseous iodine when high decontamination factors are reached or its possible degradation over time
due to ageing phenomena.
Finally, this method does not lead to a saturation of the iodine traps by the radioactive iodine tracer (the
quantity injected is extremely low compared to the trapping capacity) and so is compatible with the safety
of the nuclear facilities.
4.2 Principle of the method
The principle of the method (see Figure 1) consists in:
a) the injection of gaseous radioactive iodine-131 (CH I form) into the ventilation duct;
b) the measurement of the quantities of CH I present upstream and downstream of the iodine trap
(sampling in ventilation duct, trapping radioactive iodine in charcoal cartridges and gamma
spectrometry counting of the charcoal cartridges);
c) the calculation of the decontamination factor and the comparison to a reference value.
NOTE This document, consistent with studies and research on iodine traps, is based on the use of iodine-131. The
use of other iodine radioisotopes (e.g. iodine-123 or iodine-129) is, in principle, possible, as no scientific barriers are
currently identified, provided that consolidated data are available, particularly regarding trapping phenomena (e.g.
the impact of differences between β+/β- emissions). Certain adaptations may be required, for example due to the short
half-life of iodine-123 (approximately 13,2 h), or with respect to workers safety.
Key
1 iodine trap to be tested
2 ventilation duct
3 air flow
4 injection of CH I
5 upstream sampling line of CH I (with charcoal cartridges)
6 downstream sampling line of CH I (with charcoal cartridges)
a
The light grey form downstream the trap represents an example of a non-homogeneous tracer concentration
in the duct in case of a default of the trap and reveals the importance of the representativeness of the
downstream sampling in addition to the one upstream.
Figure 1 — General principle for the CH I test method
4.3 Parameters affecting iodine removal
4.3.1 General
The performance of iodine traps depends on many parameters which can be classified in two categories:
parameters related to the sorbent and parameters related to the operating conditions. In addition to the
ones mentioned in ISO 16659–1:2022, 4.4, the following parameters shall be considered.
4.3.2 Effect related to the sorbent
The production method of activated charcoal (e.g. carbonization, activation and further modification for
example grain size selection) as well as the raw material nature have a key role in iodine removal because
they determine physical properties of activated charcoal (e.g. specific surface area, pores-size distribution,
pores volume) as well as its chemical characteristics (e.g. surface functional groups: type, molecules and
quantity). And these physical and chemical parameters determine the iodine adsorption performances (e.g.
adsorption capacities and trapping stability).
To improve its iodine trapping efficiency, activated charcoal is generally impregnated in the nuclear context
with a combination of potassium iodide (KI, generally 1 %) and triethylenediamine (TEDA, generally 5 %).
The typical quantity of iodine collected in a trap is about 1 milligram of iodine per gram of activated charcoal.
Even if there are variabilities of the sorbent characteristics, this method is fully relevant to determine a
decontamination factor of an iodine trap because it considers all the trapping phenomena.
4.3.3 Effects related to the operating conditions
4.3.3.1 Overview
In normal operation, iodine traps can be operated in different ways (bypassed, continuous service, with
reduced air flow rate, etc.) with variable air conditions (relative humidity and temperature), which are
controlled or not. In accident conditions (e.g. severe accident for reactor), these conditions may be very
different. The efficiency test conditions may be therefore different from those for which iodine traps are
evaluated in the safety demonstration, so it is important to measure these parameters to evaluate their
impact on the decontamination factor.
Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the performance of impregnated activated charcoal
in different conditions to trap methyl iodide. The most prominent factors are the relative humidity, the
temperature, the frontal speed (i.e. face velocity) (and contact time) as well as the ageing phenomena.
This document gives recommendations on these influencing parameters to ensure reproducibility of the
test in controlled conditions. It is important to notice that to compare test results to reference values, the
test conditions shall be as close as possible to accident conditions.
Other parameters not developed below are considered second order in the influence on the decontamination
factor.
4.3.3.2 Relative humidity and temperature
Relative humidity in the air has a negative effect on the efficiency of iodine traps to collect methyl iodide
because of the reduction of available adsorption sites of activated charcoal. The water molecules on the
surface of the activated charcoal create clusters bound in a network by hydrogen bonds and then fill the
porous structure of the activated charcoal, leading to a decrease of available sites for iodine species. So, there
[13]
is a competition between iodine species and H O for adsorption in the activated charcoal . A simple way
to reduce the relative humidity in the air and its effects on the efficiency of iodine traps is to increase the air
temperature. However, the higher the air temperature is, the worse the physical adsorption is (because of
high Brownian agitation). On the other side, the higher the air temperature is, the better reactions involved
in chemisorption (with TEDA–impregnant) or isotopic exchange (with KI–impregnant) are.
As the efficiency is a combination of all these antagonistic phenomena, the higher the air temperature is, the
better the global efficiency in terms of decontamination factor of an iodine trap is (even if the adsorption
of gaseous iodine is lower, the global gain on the efficiency is better due to the reduction of the relative
[14][15][16]
humidity impact ). This behaviour of activated charcoal depending on the relative humidity and
[8]
temperature is although established with the previous multiparametric work of Shiomi .
In a practical way, electric heaters are commonly encountered upstream iodine traps in nuclear facilities to
improve the efficiency of iodine traps. The service temperature of heaters is generally around 70 °C, which is
sufficient to reduce relative humidity below than 40 %.
NOTE 1 Below a relative humidity of 40 %, an activated charcoal adsorbs fewer water molecules (activated
charcoal is hydrophobic). Above 40 %, the water adsorption increases significantly (cf. adsorption isotherms of water
[18]
for activated charcoal ).
NOTE 2 The service temperature can be higher but always lower than a range of 100 °C to 120 °C to avoid an increase
of desorption phenomenon or degradation of the TEDA–impregnant which can lead to release iodine previously
collected (note that ignition of a new charcoal is expected for higher temperatures).
As this method enables nuclear facility operators to compare a decontamination factor to reference values
(e.g. safety criteria, national regulations), it is important that the test is conducted with operating heaters,
when present, to replicate conditions of use as closely as possible. These are the conditions under which
iodine traps are evaluated in the safety demonstration.
Moreover, with operating heaters, hygrometric and thermal conditions (service temperature of heaters and
relative humidity under 40 %) are controlled which is favourable to the reproducibility of the test.
Beyond the temperature and the relative humidity of the air upstream the iodine trap, as stated in the
ISO 16659–1, it is important to reach the hygrometric and thermal equilibrium of the iodine trap to ensure
a reliable comparison from one test to another. This equilibrium is generally reached after a quite long
duration following the commissioning of the heaters (16 h are mentioned in ISO 16659–1). This duration
can be shortened if the relative humidity of the air during the test is quite low (e.g. dry air) or the volume
of activated charcoal in the iodine trap is quite small or when operating constraints exist (e.g. impossible
commissioning of heaters for a long duration before test). The hygrometric and thermal equilibrium can then
be considered reached, for example, if the air temperature downstream the trap is far enough from the dew
temperature or if the temperature and the relative humidity of air upstream and downstream the iodine
trap are close (e.g. ΔT < 5 °C and ΔRH < 5 % measured by national standards as given in References [19]
or [20]).
For tests conducted without heaters, this method remains valid and provides the actual decontamination
factor of the iodine trap under the test conditions. However, the test conditions may differ significantly from
those encountered during accident scenarios. Second, the test conditions can be different from one test to
another and therefore the establishment of trend curves is more delicate.
Certain correlations allow calculation of the decontamination factor of an iodine trap at a desired specified
temperature or relative humidity, based on results obtained under the test conditions. These empirical
correlations shall be applied with particular caution regarding their domain of validity, especially with
respect to the nature of the activated charcoal or its impregnation (see Annex C).
Finally, due to the importance of relative humidity and temperature on the efficiency of iodine traps, these
parameters shall be measured and registered in the test report (see Annex E).
4.3.3.3 Contact time between air and the sorbent
As stated in ISO 16659–1, the contact time (coupling of air velocity and bed depth) is a major parameter
because the adsorption is not an instantaneous phenomenon. If the model of implemented iodine traps is
always the same, so the air flow rate becomes the key parameter for the contact time and shall be measured
and registered in the test report (see Annex E).
NOTE Contact time for industrial iodine trap is usually comprised between 0,2 s and 0,4 s.
Also, to ensure the determination of a decontamination factor representing the one in accident
(representativeness of the test), this current method requires to carry out the test at the air flow rate the
closest as possible to the one in accident (and thus the contact time).
If test is carried out at a reduced air flow rate (which increases the contact time and thus the efficiency), the
determination of the decontamination factor at nominal air flow rate should use appropriate correlations.
To ensure reproducibility of the tests, the air flow rate should be equivalent from one test to another (about
10 % to 15 % considering uncertainties). If periodic efficiency tests are carried out with variable air flow
rates for one iodine trap, the comparison of one test to another and therefore the establishment of trend
curves is more complex.
4.3.3.4 Ageing phenomena
The iodine trap has a relatively short service life when operated at a high decontamination factor. When
a radioactive tracer is used, attention shall be paid if a high quantity of iodine is injected to test an iodine
trap that has been in service for more than four to six years. To calculate the iodine-131 activity to be
injected (see 8.1.2), the determination of the expected decontamination factor of the iodine trap to be tested
shall consider ageing phenomena. The operating experience feedback can provide elements for estimating
degradation of the decontamination factor. It is also possible to use correlations as the one developed by
[21]
Taylor and Taylor .
4.4 Other specificities of the method
4.4.1 Use of the CH I tracer
4.4.1.1 Advantages compared to the I tracer
The radioactive gaseous iodine species involved in reactor severe accidents are commonly I and in a smaller
proportion CH I (other gaseous iodide molecules exist but they are not considered because of their negligible
quantities). A method with CH I rather than I is however more relevant because of the quite low deposition/
3 2
adsorption properties of the methyl iodide compared to the molecular form. Indeed, this document takes
advantage of this characteristic with:
— avoiding pre-injection of non-radioactive iodine into the ventilation ducts which artificially ages
ventilation systems because I is corrosive (this pre-injection is usually done to discriminate the iodine
collected in the iodine trap, so the decontamination factor, from the one collected by equipment of the
ventilation system [ducts, valves, etc.]);
— limiting the iodine-131 activity injected, since lower decontamination factors are expected with CH I
than I ;
— limiting radioactive iodine contamination of test equipment, thereby reducing the risk of worker
contamination and facilitating the evacuation of equipment from the controlled area of the facility.
4.4.1.2 Purity of the gaseous CH I
Gaseous CH I is usually generated by the chemical reaction of dimethyl sulfate and radioactive sodium
[22],[23]
iodide but can also be generated by isotopic exchange between stable methyl iodide and radioactive
sodium iodide (see 8.1.2).
Whatever the reaction, if parameters are not well-controlled, the generation of CH I can release other
iodide species (other organic forms, radioactive or not) with different physical and chemical properties
(which can lead to a bias in the determination of the decontamination factor) or release undesired reagents
(e.g. dimethyl sulfate for workers considerations).
Unfortunately, there is no real time method to verify the composition of iodide species released particularly
131 131
the CH I form. So, it is therefore essential to respect the CH I generation procedure in order to
3 3
perform the reaction correctly. The procedure shall include verification of parameters such as temperature
or bubbling and mixing conditions, and the purity of the reagents used, for example dimethyl sulfate).
Respecting these procedures shall contribute to the reproducibility of efficiency test.
NOTE 1 Feedback and know-how from nuclear operators are key elements of proven procedures that contribute to
reproducible methods.
NOTE 2 For development of new procedures or optimization of existing ones, in a laboratory phase and before
introducing radioactive materials, such methods as the infrared spectroscopy (e.g. FTIR: Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy) or the gas chromatography can be used to determine optimal values of parameters for these reactions
of generation of gaseous CH3 I.
4.4.1.3 Desorption of the CH I in an iodine trap
Due to the reversible trapping phenomena of gaseous iodine on charcoal (physical adsorption and isotopic
exchange, but not chemisorption), desorption can occur. The typical time of the desorption peak appears
[24][25]
several hours after injection. This timing depends on parameters related to the sorbent, such as the
nature of impregnant, the specific surface and the thickness of the charcoal bed, as well as on operating
conditions, including relative humidity and contact time.
To take into account the desorption of methyl iodide, the current method requires that the duration of the
samplings, in particular the downstream sampling, be longer than the injection duration. Nevertheless, a
long duration of sampling may not be compatible with industrial constraints. In general, the in-situ duration
of sampling is short, for example about one hour, which is a usual industrial practice. It is important to
maintain this duration consistently for all the tests of the same iodine trap in order to ensure reproducibility.
It shall also be recognized that this represents a limitation of the method, since a short duration of sampling
does not take into account the complete phenomenon of desorption.
4.4.1.4 Half-life of the iodine-131
The half-life of the iodine-131 shall be considered for the activity of the source at the time of the test but also
for the time lapse between the sampling and the counting.
4.4.2 Toxicity
The generation device must be in a containment enclosure (e.g. glove box) due to the chemical and radiological
131 131
toxicities (dimethyl sulfate, liquid Na I and gaseous CH I) as well as the volatility of the solutions to be
used and the produced gas.
4.4.3 Sampling
4.4.3.1 Representativeness
Sampling shall be representative of iodine-131 concentration in the ventilation duct upstream and
downstream of the iodine trap to be tested to determine its decontamination factor. For this purpose,
general requirements defined in ISO 2889, which describes criteria for sampling at a well-mixed location,
shall be respected. Isokinetic sampling is not required because the injected methyl iodide is in gaseous form.
For upstream sampling, the representativeness of the sampling is relative to the homogeneous mixing of
CH I within the ventilation duct, resulting from the injection which is usually centred in the ventilation duct.
For downstream sampling, the representativeness of the sampling shall be achieved by considering a non-
centred emission resulting from a defect of the iodine trap to be tested, as illustrated in Figure 1, for example
a defect of the flange or gasket of the trap.
Moreover, because the goal of the method is to determine an in-situ decontamination factor, it is important
that the tracer should be dispersed within the whole section of the ventilation duct to reach all areas of
the iodine trap to be tested (including contact zones with the ventilation duct) and not only following
recommendations of ISO 2889 relative to the quality of sampling. For this purpose, the concentration of
tracer over the major part, i.e. more than two-thirds of the cross-sectional area in front of the iodine trap to
be tested shall be measured to verify the proper dispersion of the tracer and to ensure that no measurement
is taken in a zone with a too low concentration.
The representativeness of samplings, but also the concentration of the tracer within the ventilation duct
in front of the trap to be tested, shall be characterized once and each time the ventilation configuration
changes significantly (air flow rates, geometry, etc.).
Finally, to ensure reproducibility and precision of the method, the use of identical sampling lines upstream
and downstream with identical parameters (see 5.2) is preferred to reduce the uncertainties.
4.4.3.2 Sampled volume
Using sampling in this method requires a good estimation of the sampled volume upstream and downstream
the iodine trap to be tested to ensure low uncertainties on the CH I concentrations.
This current method requires calibrated devices (volumetric flow meter or sampling air flow indicator
coupled to sampling time).
4.4.3.3 Activities of the charcoal cartridges
A sufficient thickness of activated charcoal in the iodine test traps, i.e. charcoal cartridges, for each sampling
line is necessary to ensure maximum trapping of the CH I. This requirement is essential to obtain a
relevant decontamination factor and to limit radioactive iodin
...
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Secretariat: AFNOR
Date: 2026-02-09xx
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In–-situ efficiency test
methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — —
Part 2:
Radioactive CH3I method
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à
iode à sorbant solide —
Partie 2: Méthode au CH3I radioactif
FDIS stage
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Method . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Principle of the method . 2
4.3 Parameters affecting iodine removal . 3
4.4 Other specificities of the method . 6
5 Test equipment . 8
5.1 Generation and injection devices . 8
5.2 Sampling device . 8
5.3 Measurement device . 12
6 Safety of workers, members of the public and the environment . 12
6.1 Main workers safety provisions . 12
6.2 Main provisions for ensuring safety of the population and the environment . 13
6.3 Management of radioactive sources and radioactive waste . 13
7 Facility arrangements . 14
8 Procedure to perform the test . 14
8.1 Test preparation . 14
8.2 Test execution . 17
8.3 Test end . 17
9 Establishing the result . 19
9.1 Presenting the result . 19
9.2 Accuracy of the result . 20
9.3 Evaluation and test report . 24
Annex A (normative) Test method “In-situ generation method”. 25
Annex B (normative) Test method “Laboratory generation method” . 30
Annex C (informative) Examples of correlations . 35
Annex D (informative) Examples of activity of iodine-131 injected to test an iodine trap . 37
Annex E (informative) Example of typical test report for CH I method . 38
Bibliography . 40
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16659 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
In nuclear facilities, iodine traps are usually present within ventilation systems to limit radioactive gaseous
iodine releases into the environment or to prevent radioactive iodine transfer to protected areas (such as
[1][1] [2][2]
control room for example) in accordance with the principles of ISO 17873 and ISO 26802 or other
relevant documents (see References [3],[4],[5][3], [4], [5], [6] ,[6]and[7] [7]. The ability of these devices to
trap gaseous radioactive iodine is primordial, particularly when they support the safety demonstration. The
[8] [8]
IAEA in paragraph 4,127 of Specific Safety Guide No. 53 (SSG-53) ) recommends demonstrating the
efficiency of the adsorption material in iodine traps and periodically testing iodine traps in -situ.
ISO 16659– series provides different in-situ test methods to determine the efficiency of radioactive iodine
traps in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities. This series deals with iodine traps with solid sorbent, mainly
impregnated activated carbon, the most usual solid sorbent used in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities, as
well as other sorbent submitted to special conditions (e.g. silver loaded zeolites in case of high temperature).
ISO 16659–1 is the general part of this series and describes common general provisions applicable to all
methods.
This document is about an in-situ testing method for measuring the efficiency of iodine traps using radioactive
methyl iodide (CH I) as a tracer.
v
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In–-situ efficiency test
methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH I
method —
Part 2:
Radioactive CH3I method
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method using radioactive methyl iodide (CH I) as a tracer to determine the
in-situ decontamination factor of an iodine trap. An in-situ test allows to reach the global efficiency of the trap
characterized by the sorbent efficiency but also by the implementation of the trap within the ventilation duct)
[9][9]
while the intrinsic efficiency of a charcoal is characterized in a laboratory by ISO 18417 (or other national
[10][10]
standards such as ASTM D3803 ).).
This document provides general and common requirements for this method to assess the efficiency of an
iodine trap, but also, the tools requirements, accuracy and the provisions needed to ensure safety of the
workers, public and the environment during the test.
This reproducible method can support nuclear facility operators as a reference method to compare the
decontamination factor evaluated by this method to reference values (e.g. safety criteria, national legislation,
etc.).
Because of the use of a radioactive tracer, some precautions should be applied.
Firstly, this method is usually used for ventilation systems with monitoring of gaseous iodine releases in
environment in accordance with the national regulations.
Secondly, this method is not used to determine the decontamination factor of iodine traps used in ventilation
systems with air release in rooms with potential presence of workers (e.g. control room). For those rooms, a
non-radioactive method is preferred.
This document can apply to installations with low inventory of radioiodine equipped with iodine traps (e.g.
small laboratories). In this case, some provisions can be adapted but always in accordance with the national
regulations.
Finally, this document mainly deals with iodine traps using impregnated activated carbon. However, this
method can be used with some adaptations to other solid sorbent as inorganic sorbent (e.g. zeolite
– aluminium and silica base usually doped with silver nitrate – or impregnated catalytic
[11]][[12][11][12]
supports ).).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2889, Sampling airborne radioactive materials from the stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities
ISO 16659--1:2022, Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps
with solid sorbent — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 20042, Measurement of radioactivity — Gamma-ray emitting radionuclides — Generic test method using
gamma-ray spectrometry
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in in ISO 16659–-1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
4 Method
4.1 General
This method employing radioactive iodine encompasses all physical phenomena associated with iodine
retention during the test (physical adsorption, chemical adsorption, isotopic exchange, and short-term
desorption). This method is relevant to determine a decontamination factor of a high efficiency iodine trap (a
decontamination factor superior to several thousand is typically achievable for a new sorbent).
Concerning the methyl iodide form (CH I) of radioactive iodine used as a tracer in this method, it is important
to notice that it is generally not the most present gaseous iodine form in nuclear facilities, in particular, in
reactors where the molecular form (I ) is more common. But the interest of using such a tracer is that methyl
iodide is the most penetrating form for an iodine trap.
So, because all the physical phenomena are tested and considering the use of methyl iodide as a tracer gives
conservative decontamination factors, this method is relevant to support nuclear facility operators to compare
the decontamination factor to CH I but also I reference values (e.g. safety criteria). This method is widely
3 2
encountered in PWRs even if different iodine species are present.
Moreover, due to its chemical properties compared to I , this CH I method is easier to implement in facilities
2 3
(less contamination of the test equipment, less damage to equipment (corrosion), easier transport of test
equipment, use of less fragile materials (stainless steel instead of glass)) and leads to less worker
contamination.
Concerning the test conditions (ambient conditions) which can differ from those encountered during incidents
or accidents (high temperature, high relative humidity, etc.), it is important to notice that the decontamination
factor determined with this method may not be directly transposed as a reference value for the estimation of
radiological consequences for population. Nevertheless, this document gives a reproducible method to
precisely evaluate the decontamination factor of an iodine trap and thus to reveal its full ability to trap gaseous
iodine when high decontamination factors are reached or its possible degradation over time due to ageing
phenomena.
Finally, this method does not lead to a saturation of the iodine traps by the radioactive iodine tracer (the
quantity injected is extremely low compared to the trapping capacity) and so is compatible with the safety of
the nuclear facilities.
4.2 Principle of the method
The principle of the method (see Figure 1Figure 1)) consists in:
a) a) the injection of gaseous radioactive iodine-131 (CH I form) into the ventilation duct;
b) b) the measurement of the quantities of CH I present upstream and downstream of the iodine
trap (sampling in ventilation duct, trapping radioactive iodine in charcoal cartridges and gamma
spectrometry counting of the charcoal cartridges);
c) c) the calculation of the decontamination factor and the comparison to a reference value.
NOTE This document, consistent with studies and research on iodine traps, is based on the use of iodine-131. The
use of other iodine radioisotopes (e.g. iodine-123 or iodine-129) is, in principle, possible, as no scientific barriers are
currently identified, provided that consolidated data are available, particularly regarding trapping phenomena (e.g. the
impact of differences between β+/β- emissions). Certain adaptations may be required, for example due to the short half-
life of iodine-123 (approximately 13,2 h), or with respect to workers safety.
16659-2_ed1fig1.EPS
Key
1 iodine trap to be tested
2 ventilation duct
3 air flow
4 injection of CH3 I
5 upstream sampling line of CH3 I (with charcoal cartridges)
6 downstream sampling line of CH3 I (with charcoal cartridges)
a
The light grey form downstream the trap represents an example of a non-homogeneous tracer concentration in the duct in case
of a default of the trap and reveals the importance of the representativeness of the downstream sampling in addition to the one
upstream.
Figure 1 — General principle for the CH I test method
4.3 Parameters affecting iodine removal
4.3.1 General
The performance of iodine traps depends on many parameters which can be classified in two categories:
parameters related to the sorbent and parameters related to the operating conditions. In addition to the ones
mentioned in ISO 16659–1:2022, 4.4, the following parameters shall be considered.
4.3.2 Effect related to the sorbent
The production method of activated charcoal (e.g. carbonization, activation and further modification for
example grain size selection) as well as the raw material nature have a key role in iodine removal because
they determine physical properties of activated charcoal (e.g. specific surface area, pores-size distribution,
pores volume) as well as its chemical characteristics (e.g. surface functional groups: type, molecules and
quantity). And these physical and chemical parameters determine the iodine adsorption performances (e.g.
adsorption capacities and trapping stability).
To improve its iodine trapping efficiency, activated charcoal is generally impregnated in the nuclear context
with a combination of potassium iodide (KI, generally 1 %) and triethylenediamine (TEDA, generally 5 %).
The typical quantity of iodine collected in a trap is about 1 milligram of iodine per gram of activated charcoal.
Even if there are variabilities of the sorbent characteristics, this method is fully relevant to determine a
decontamination factor of an iodine trap because it considers all the trapping phenomena.
4.3.3 Effects related to the operating conditions
4.3.3.1 Introduction
4.3.3.1 Overview
In normal operation, iodine traps can be operated in different ways (bypassed, continuous service, with
reduced air flow rate, etc.) with variable air conditions (relative humidity and temperature), which are
controlled or not. In accident conditions (e.g. severe accident for reactor), these conditions may be very
different. The efficiency test conditions may be therefore different from those for which iodine traps are
evaluated in the safety demonstration, so it is important to measure these parameters to evaluate their impact
on the decontamination factor.
Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the performance of impregnated activated charcoal in
different conditions to trap methyl iodide. The most prominent factors are the relative humidity, the
temperature, the frontal speed (i.e. face velocity) (and contact time) as well as the ageing phenomena.
This document gives recommendations on these influencing parameters to ensure reproducibility of the test
in controlled conditions. It is important to notice that to compare test results to reference values, the test
conditions shall be as close as possible to accident conditions.
Other parameters not developed below are considered second order in the influence on the decontamination
factor.
4.3.3.2 Relative humidity and temperature
Relative humidity in the air has a negative effect on the efficiency of iodine traps to collect methyl iodide
because of the reduction of available adsorption sites of activated charcoal. The water molecules on the surface
of the activated charcoal create clusters bound in a network by hydrogen bonds and then fill the porous
structure of the activated charcoal, leading to a decrease of available sites for iodine species. So, there is a
[13][13]
competition between iodine species and H O for adsorption in the activated charcoal . A simple way to
reduce the relative humidity in the air and its effects on the efficiency of iodine traps is to increase the air
temperature. However, the higher the air temperature is, the worse the physical adsorption is (because of high
Brownian agitation). On the other side, the higher the air temperature is, the better reactions involved in
chemisorption (with TEDA–impregnant) or isotopic exchange (with KI–impregnant) are.
As the efficiency is a combination of all these antagonistic phenomena, the higher the air temperature is, the
better the global efficiency in terms of decontamination factor of an iodine trap is (even if the adsorption of
gaseous iodine is lower, the global gain on the efficiency is better due to the reduction of the relative humidity
[14]][[15]][[16][14],[15],[16]
impact ).). This behaviour of activated charcoal depending on the relative humidity and
[8][8]
temperature is although established with the previous multiparametric work of Shiomi .
In a practical way, electric heaters are commonly encountered upstream iodine traps in nuclear facilities to
improve the efficiency of iodine traps. The service temperature of heaters is generally around 70 °C, which is
sufficient to reduce relative humidity below than 40 %.
NOTE 1 Below a relative humidity of 40 %, an activated charcoal adsorbs fewer water molecules (activated charcoal
is hydrophobic). Above 40 %, the water adsorption increases significantly (cf. adsorption isotherms of water for activated
[18][18]
charcoal ).).
NOTE 2 The service temperature couldcan be higher but always lower than a range of 100 °C– to 120 °C to avoid an
increase of desorption phenomenon or degradation of the TEDA–impregnant which couldcan lead to release iodine
previously collected (note that ignition of a new charcoal is expected for higher temperatures).
As this method enables nuclear facility operators to compare a decontamination factor to reference values
(e.g. safety criteria, national regulations), it is important that the test is conducted with operating heaters,
when present, to replicate conditions of use as closely as possible. These are the conditions under which iodine
traps are evaluated in the safety demonstration.
Moreover, with operating heaters, hygrometric and thermal conditions (service temperature of heaters and
relative humidity under 40 %) are controlled which is favourable to the reproducibility of the test.
Beyond the temperature and the relative humidity of the air upstream the iodine trap, as stated in the
ISO 16659–1, it is important to reach the hygrometric and thermal equilibrium of the iodine trap to ensure a
reliable comparison from one test to another. This equilibrium is generally reached after a quite long duration
following the commissioning of the heaters (16 h are mentioned in ISO 16659–1). This duration couldcan be
shortened if the relative humidity of the air during the test is quite low (e.g. dry air) or the volume of activated
charcoal in the iodine trap is quite small or when operating constraints exist (e.g. impossible commissioning
of heaters for a long duration before test). The hygrometric and thermal equilibrium couldcan then be
considered reached, for example, if the air temperature downstream the trap is far enough from the dew
temperature or if the temperature and the relative humidity of air upstream and downstream the iodine trap
are close (e.g. ΔT < 5 °C and ΔRH < 5 % measured by national standards as given in References [19][19]
or [20][20]).).
For tests conducted without heaters, this method remains valid and provides the actual decontamination
factor of the iodine trap under the test conditions. However, the test conditions may differ significantly from
those encountered during accident scenarios. Second, the test conditions can be different from one test to
another and therefore the establishment of trend curves is more delicate.
Certain correlations allow calculation of the decontamination factor of an iodine trap at a desired specified
temperature or relative humidity, based on results obtained under the test conditions. These empirical
correlations shall be applied with particular caution regarding their domain of validity, especially with respect
to the nature of the activated charcoal or its impregnation (see Annex CAnnex C).).
Finally, due to the importance of relative humidity and temperature on the efficiency of iodine traps, these
parameters shall be measured and registered in the test report (see Annex EAnnex E).).
4.3.3.3 Contact time between air and the sorbent
As stated in ISO 16659–1, the contact time (coupling of air velocity and bed depth) is a major parameter
because the adsorption is not an instantaneous phenomenon. If the model of implemented iodine traps is
always the same, so the air flow rate becomes the key parameter for the contact time and shall be measured
and registered in the test report (see Annex EAnnex E).).
NOTE Contact time for industrial iodine trap is usually comprised between 0,2 s and 0,4 s.
Also, to ensure the determination of a decontamination factor representing the one in accident
(representativeness of the test), this current method requires to carry out the test at the air flow rate the
closest as possible to the one in accident (and thus the contact time).
If test is carried out at a reduced air flow rate (which increases the contact time and thus the efficiency), the
determination of the decontamination factor at nominal air flow rate should use appropriate correlations.
To ensure reproducibility of the tests, the air flow rate should be equivalent from one test to another (about
10 % to 15 % considering uncertainties). If periodic efficiency tests are carried out with variable air flow rates
for one iodine trap, the comparison of one test to another and therefore the establishment of trend curves is
more complex.
4.3.3.4 Ageing phenomena
The iodine trap has a relatively short service life when operated at a high decontamination factor. When a
radioactive tracer is used, attention shall be paid if a high quantity of iodine is injected to test an iodine trap
that has been in service for more than four to six years. To calculate the iodine--131 activity to be injected (see
8.1.28.1.2),), the determination of the expected decontamination factor of the iodine trap to be tested shall
consider ageing phenomena. The operating experience feedback can provide elements for estimating
degradation of the decontamination factor. It is also possible to use correlations as the one developed by
[21][21]
Taylor and Taylor .
4.4 Other specificities of the method
4.4.1 Use of the CH I tracer
4.4.1.1 Advantages compared to the I tracer
The radioactive gaseous iodine species involved in reactor severe accidents are commonly I and in a smaller
proportion CH I (other gaseous iodide molecules exist but they are not considered because of their negligible
quantities). A method with CH I rather than I is however more relevant because of the quite low
3 2
deposition/adsorption properties of the methyl iodide compared to the molecular form. Indeed, this
document takes advantage of this characteristic with:
— — avoiding pre-injection of non-radioactive iodine into the ventilation ducts which artificially ages
ventilation systems because I is corrosive (this pre-injection is usually done to discriminate the iodine
collected in the iodine trap, so the decontamination factor, from the one collected by equipment of the
ventilation system [ducts, valves, etc.]);
— — limiting the iodine-131 activity injected, since lower decontamination factors are expected with CH I
than I ;
— — limiting radioactive iodine contamination of test equipment, thereby reducing the risk of worker
contamination and facilitating the evacuation of equipment from the controlled area of the facility.
4.4.1.2 Purity of the gaseous CH I
Gaseous CH I is usually generated by the chemical reaction of dimethyl sulfate and radioactive sodium
[22][22],[23]],[[23]
iodide but couldcan also be generated by isotopic exchange between stable methyl iodide and
radioactive sodium iodide (see 8.1.28.1.2).).
Whatever the reaction, if parameters are not well-controlled, the generation of CH I couldcan release other
iodide species (other organic forms, radioactive or not) with different physical and chemical properties (which
couldcan lead to a bias in the determination of the decontamination factor) or release undesired reagents (e.g.
dimethyl sulfate for workers considerations).
Unfortunately, there is no real time method to verify the composition of iodide species released particularly
131 131
the CH I form. So, it is therefore essential to respect the CH I generation procedure in order to perform
3 3
the reaction correctly. The procedure shall include verification of parameters such as temperature or bubbling
and mixing conditions, and the purity of the reagents used, for example dimethyl sulfate). Respecting these
procedures shall contribute to the reproducibility of efficiency test.
NOTE 1 Feedback and know-how from nuclear operators are key elements of proven procedures that contribute to
reproducible methods.
NOTE 2 For development of new procedures or optimization of existing ones, in a laboratory phase and before
introducing radioactive materials, such methods as the infrared spectroscopy (e.g. FTIR: Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy) or the gas chromatography can be used to determine optimal values of parameters for these reactions of
generation of gaseous CH3 I.
4.4.1.3 Desorption of the CH I in an iodine trap
Due to the reversible trapping phenomena of gaseous iodine on charcoal (physical adsorption and isotopic
exchange, but not chemisorption), desorption can occur. The typical time of the desorption peak appears
[24] [24][25]][[25]
several hours after injection. . This timing depends on parameters related to the sorbent, such as
the nature of impregnant, the specific surface and the thickness of the charcoal bed, as well as on operating
conditions, including relative humidity and contact time.
To take into account the desorption of methyl iodide, the current method requires that the duration of the
samplings, in particular the downstream sampling, be longer than the injection duration. Nevertheless, a long
duration of sampling may not be compatible with industrial constraints. In general, the in--situ duration of
sampling is short, for example about one hour, which is a usual industrial practice. It is important to maintain
this duration consistently for all the tests of the same iodine trap in order to ensure reproducibility. It shall
also be recognized that this represents a limitation of the method, since a short duration of sampling does not
take into account the complete phenomenon of desorption.
4.4.1.4 Half-life of the iodine-131
The half-life of the iodine-131 shall be considered for the activity of the source at the time of the test but also
for the time lapse between the sampling and the counting.
4.4.2 Toxicity
The generation device must be in a containment enclosure (e.g. glove box) due to the chemical and radiological
131 131
toxicities (dimethyl sulfate, liquid Na I and gaseous CH I) as well as the volatility of the solutions to be
used and the produced gas.
4.4.3 Sampling
4.4.3.1 Representativeness
Sampling shall be representative of iodine-131 concentration in the ventilation duct upstream and
downstream of the iodine trap to be tested to determine its decontamination factor. For this purpose, general
requirements defined in ISO 2889, which describes criteria for sampling at a well-mixed location, shall be
respected. Isokinetic sampling is not required because the injected methyl iodide is in gaseous form.
For upstream sampling, the representativeness of the sampling is relative to the homogeneous mixing of CH I
within the ventilation duct, resulting from the injection which is usually centred in the ventilation duct.
For downstream sampling, the representativeness of the sampling shall be achieved by considering a non-
centred emission resulting from a defect of the iodine trap to be tested, as illustrated in Figure 1Figure 1,, for
example a defect of the flange or gasket of the trap.
Moreover, because the goal of the method is to determine an in-situ decontamination factor, it is important
that the tracer should be dispersed within the whole section of the ventilation duct to reach all areas of the
iodine trap to be tested (including contact zones with the ventilation duct) and not only following
recommendations of ISO 2889 relative to the quality of sampling. For this purpose, the concentration of tracer
over the major part, i.e. more than two-thirds of the cross-sectional area in front of the iodine trap to be tested
shall be measured to verify the proper dispersion of the tracer and to ensure that no measurement is taken in
a zone with a too low concentration.
The representativeness of samplings, but also the concentration of the tracer within the ventilation duct in
front of the trap to be tested, shall be characterized once and each time the ventilation configuration changes
significantly (air flow rates, geometry, etc.).
Finally, to ensure reproducibility and precision of the method, the use of identical sampling lines upstream
and downstream with identical parameters (see 5.25.2)) is preferred to reduce the uncertainties.
4.4.3.2 Sampled volume
Using sampling in this method requires a good estimation of the sampled volume upstream and downstream
the iodine trap to be tested to ensure low uncertainties on the CH I concentrations.
This current method requires calibrated devices (volumetric flow meter or sampling air flow indicator
coupled to sampling time).
4.4.3.3 Activities of the charcoal cartridges
A sufficient thickness of activated charcoal in the iodine test traps, i.e. charcoal cartridges, for each sampling
line is necessary to ensure maximum trapping of the CH I. This requirement is essential to obtain a relevant
decontamination factor and to limit radioactive iodine releases downstream the two sampling lines thereby
addressing worker protection considerations (see 5.25.2).).
This current method requires the use of two cartridges in series for each sampling line (or at least two separate
activated charcoal layers in series inside a bigger cartridge).
The uncertainty and the detection limit of the counting device (see 5.3.15.3.1)) have a direct influence on the
quantity of injected CH I, taking into account the air flow ratio between the sampling line and the duct as
well as the estimated decontamination factor. This influence is particularly significant for the second cartridge
of the downstream sampling (see 8.1.28.1.2).).
The activity of the downstream sampling charcoal cartridges shall be greater than the decision threshold
taking into account the sensitivity of the gamma spectrometer used and background radiation, in order to
reach a relevant evaluation of the decontamination factor. If the activity is not greater than the decision
threshold, for example because of the high efficiency of the iodine trap to be tested, a decontamination factor
cannot be established; nevertheless, it is sufficient to validate compliance with a criterion (see 9.19.1).).
5 Test equipment
5.1 Generation and injection devices
The gaseous CH I (see 8.1.28.1.2)) can be generated directly during or before the test in a laboratory. These
two methods, called “In-situ generation method” and “Laboratory generation method” in this document, apply
different generation and injection devices which are presented respectively in Annex AAnnex A and
Annex BAnnex B.
5.2 Sampling device
5.2.1 General
The upstream and downstream sampling lines (see Figure 1Figure 1)) are identical in their conception and
comprise successively (see Figure 2Figure 2):):
— — a sampling nozzle;
— — the connection to the ventilation duct (sampling point);
— — an isolation valve;
— — a HEPA filter, intended to stop dust or aerosols that may have adsorbed iodine;
— — at least two cartridges of activated charcoal in series (or a cartridge with at least two separate
activated charcoal layers);
— — an air flow or air volume measurement device;
— — a valve to adjust air flowrate of sampling;
— — a compressed air ejector or equivalent device;
— — the connection of the exhaust to the ventilation duct.
Figure 3Figure 3 gives an example of the filtration holder system (HEPA/charcoal) of a sampling line.
16659-2_ed1fig2.EPS
Key
1 ventilation duct
2 sampling nozzle
3 connection to ventilation duct
4 isolation valve
5 sample HEPA filter
6 sample charcoal cartridge
7 flowmeter or volume-meter
8 adjustment valve
9 compressed air
10 air ejector
11 release in the ventilation duct
Figure 2 — Schematic assembly of a sampling line
16659-2_ed1fig3.EPS
Key
1 HEPA filter (violet)
2 activated charcoal cartridge (orange)
3 protective tape for transport
4 seal (green)
Figure 3 — Example of the HEPA/charcoal holder of a sampling line
5.2.2 Sampling nozzle
Considering the tracer CH I is a gas, rectilinear nozzle can be used, isokinetic nozzle is therefore not necessary.
5.2.3 HEPA filter
The HEPA filter in the sample lines is intended to collect iodide aerosols (aerosols with adsorbed iodine).
5.2.4 Activated charcoal cartridges
To improve the efficiency of the activated charcoal, it is recommended to use impregnated charcoal (e.g. KI
and/or TEDA). The activated charcoal used in the sampling lines can be different from the one used in the trap
to be tested (manufacturer, batch, granulometry, impregnation, density, etc.).
NOTE According to the manufacturers, the efficiency of an impregnated charcoal cartridge for methyl iodide form
--1 3· -1
can reach 99,8 % for a relative humidity of 40 % and a flow rate of 50 litres per l/minute (l·min ), i.e. 3 m h .
The bed depth of charcoal cartridge shall be sufficient to collect all the gaseous iodine.
The second cartridge in each sampling line is fitted for safety reasons in case the first is defective (to prevent
iodine dispersion if sampling air release is not in the ventilation duct). This second cartridge also ensure the
viability of the test: the absence (or low level) of radioactivity on the second cartridge guarantees the complete
trapping of gaseous iodine by the first cartridge (presence of radioactivity on the second cartridge does not
guarantee complete trapping of the iodine on the two cartridges).
To ensure a good reproducibility of the test, it is recommended to use pre-packed cartridges which benefit
from industrial-type manufacturing quality (see Figure 4Figure 4).). It is possible to use own-made cartridges,
but caution shall be paid for their manufacturing.
For pre-packed cartridges, it is advisable to ensure the correct direction of air flow through the cartridges (to
discriminate upstream and downstream faces when counting).
For own-made cartridges, it is necessary to ensure proper compaction of the activated charcoal so that leakage
is minimal (e.g. by a settlement by gravity (by dropping the activated charcoal from a height of one metre into
the body of the cartridge) or by using a compaction equipment (vibration table, shock table)). The efficiency
of compaction can be assessed by mass, density, and depth of the layer measurements. Before the final
assembling, the cartridges are dusted by the passage of a clean air flow to remove all the dust caused by
attrition during compaction to prevent dust of the sampling line downstream the cartridges (e.g. flowmeter).
16659-2_ed1fig4.EPS
Key
1 polycarbonate carter
2 grid
3 separator film
4 activated impregnated charcoal
Figure 4 — Schematic view of a pre-packed charcoal cartridge (example)
5.2.5 Air flow rate measurement
The air flow rate measurement device, coupled with the measurement of the sampling time (which couldcan
be different upstream and downstream the tested trap), is used to evaluate the quantity of air passed through
the cartridges. It couldcan be, for example, a calibrated Venturi with a manometer; the use of air volumetric
counter is also possible.
3 -1
NOTE A typical sampling air flow rate is 4 m ·h .
5.2.6 Release in the ventilation duct
The air exhaust of the sampling lines is nominally released directly in the ventilation duct (release
downstream sampling, see Figure 2Figure 2)) to prevent the release of potentially contaminated air (in case
of two defective cartridges) close to workers. If it is not possible, precautions should be taken into account to
prevent workers protection (e.g. additional HEPA filters or iodine traps, and air monitoring, etc.).).
For the downstream sampling, there is no impact of the release on the measurement. Nevertheless, for the
upstream sampling line, the air release in the ventilation duct leads to air flow perturbation (air velocity and
iodine concentration) upstream the trap to be tested. For industrial iodine traps with big air flow rate, the
perturbation can be neglected (several cubic metres per hour of the sampling line versus several thousand of
cubic metres per hour or more in the ventilation duct). But for small air flow rate, the impact should be studied.
5.3 Measurement device
5.3.1 Radioactivity (ɣγ–spectrometer)
The samples (activated charcoal cartridges and HEPA filter) are measured by gamma spectrometry (with NaI
or Germanium detector) following the ISO 20042. The resolution of the spectrometer shall be sufficient to
()1))
discriminate with certainty the characteristic peak centred at 364,49 keV of the iodine-131 to avoid
confusion with other
...
PROJET
Norme
internationale
ISO/DIS 16659-2
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Systèmes de ventilation pour les
Secrétariat: AFNOR
installations nucléaires — Méthodes
Début de vote:
d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des
2025-04-23
pièges à iode à sorbant solide —
Vote clos le:
2025-07-16
Partie 2:
Méthode au CH I radioactif
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test
methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent —
Part 2: Radioactive CH3I method
ICS: 27.120.20; 13.280
CE DOCUMENT EST UN PROJET DIFFUSÉ
POUR OBSERVATIONS ET APPROBATION. IL
EST DONC SUSCEPTIBLE DE MODIFICATION
ET NE PEUT ÊTRE CITÉ COMME NORME
INTERNATIONALE AVANT SA PUBLICATION EN
TANT QUE TELLE.
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES
FINS INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET
COMMERCIALES, AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE
DES UTILISATEURS, LES PROJETS DE NORMES
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE
Le présent document est distribué tel qu’il est parvenu du secrétariat
CONSIDÉRÉS DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR
du comité.
POSSIBILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES NORMES
POUVANT SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA
RÉGLEMENTATION NATIONALE.
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET
SONT INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS
OBSERVATIONS, NOTIFICATION DES DROITS
DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS AURAIENT
ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE
ET À FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION
EXPLICATIVE.
Numéro de référence
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
̹ʹͲʹͷ–‘—•†”‘‹–•”±•‡”˜±•
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
ƒ–‡ǣʹͲʹͷǦͲͶǦʹ͵
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
ȀͺͷȀʹ
‡…”±–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǣ
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes
d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide —
Partie 2 : Méthode au CH I radioactif
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In–situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid
sorbent — Part 2: Radioactive CH I method
ǣʹǤͳʹͲǤʹͲǢͳ͵ǤʹͺͲ
Avertissement
‡†‘…—‡–’‡•–’ƒ•—‡‘”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡†‡Ž’Ǥއ•–†‹•–”‹„—±’‘—”‡šƒ‡‡–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
އ•–•—•…‡’–‹„އ†‡‘†‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•ƒ•’”±ƒ˜‹•‡–‡’‡—–²–”‡…‹–±…‘‡‘”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ǥ
‡•†‡•–‹ƒ–ƒ‹”‡•†—’”±•‡–’”‘Œ‡–•‘–‹˜‹–±•’”±•‡–‡”ǡƒ˜‡…އ—”•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘–‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘†‡•
†”‘‹–•†‡’”‘’”‹±–±†‘–‹Ž•ƒ—”ƒ‹‡–±˜‡–—‡ŽŽ‡‡–…‘ƒ‹••ƒ…‡‡–ˆ‘—”‹”—‡†‘…—‡–ƒ–‹‘
‡š’Ž‹…ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2025
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
›’‡†—†‘…—‡–ǣ‘”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡
Publié en Suisse
‘—•Ǧ–›’‡†—†‘…—‡–ǣ
–ƒ†‡†—†‘…—‡–ǣȋͶͲȌ“—²–‡
ƒ‰—‡†—†‘…—‡–ǣ
ii
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos . v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 2
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Méthode . 2
4.1 Généralités . 2
4.2 Principe de la méthode . 3
4.3 Paramètres ayant une influence sur l’épuration de l’iode . 4
4.3.1 Généralités . 4
4.3.2 Effet lié au sorbant. 4
4.3.3 Effets liés aux conditions de fonctionnement . 4
4.4 Autres spécificités de la méthode . 7
4.4.1 Utilisation du traceur CH I. 7
4.4.2 Toxicité . 8
4.4.3 Échantillonnage . 8
5 Équipements d’essai . 9
5.1 Dispositifs de génération et d’injection . 9
5.2 Dispositif d’échantillonnage . 10
5.2.1 Généralités . 10
5.2.2 Buse de prélèvement . 11
5.2.3 Filtre THE . 11
5.2.4 Cartouches de charbon actif . 11
5.2.5 Mesurage du débit d’air . 12
5.2.6 Rejet dans le conduit de ventilation . 13
5.3 Dispositif de mesure . 13
5.3.1 Activité (spectromètre ɣ) . 13
5.3.2 Humidité relative (hygromètre) et température (thermomètre) . 13
5.3.3 Débit de ventilation, d’injection et d’échantillonnage . 13
6 Sûreté des travailleurs, du public et de l’environnement . 14
6.1 Principales dispositions de sûreté des travailleurs . 14
6.1.1 Considérations relatives à la radioactivité . 14
6.1.2 Considérations biologiques . 14
6.2 Principales dispositions pour assurer la sûreté du public et de l’environnement . 14
6.3 Gestion des sources radioactives et des déchets radioactifs . 15
7 Requis sur l’installation . 15
8 Mode de réalisation de l’essai . 16
8.1 Préparation de l’essai . 16
8.1.1 Étalonnages/vérifications périodiques . 16
8.1.2 Préparation de la source de Na I et calcul de l’activité minimale. 16
8.1.3 Requis sur l’installation . 18
8.1.4 Ligne d’échantillonnage . 18
8.1.5 Raccordements . 18
8.2 Réalisation de l’essai . 18
8.3 Fin de l’essai . 19
8.3.1 Démontage . 19
8.3.2 Contrôles radiologiques . 19
iii
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
8.3.3 Comptage des échantillons . 19
9 Établissement du résultat . 21
9.1 Expression du résultat . 21
9.2 Exactitude du résultat . 22
9.2.1 Formule générale des incertitudes . 22
9.2.2 Paramètres influents relatifs au système de ventilation et aux conditions d’essai . 22
9.2.3 Paramètres influents relatifs à l’équipement . 23
9.2.4 Paramètres influents relatifs à la méthode . 25
9.3 Évaluation et rapport d’essai . 26
Annexe A (normative) Méthode d’essai « Méthode de génération in situ » . 27
Annexe B (normative) Méthode d’essai « Méthode de génération en laboratoire » . 32
Annexe C (informative) Exemples de corrélations . 37
Annexe D (informative) Exemples d’activité du I injecté pour soumettre à essai un piège à iode . 39
Annexe E (informative) Exemple de rapport d’essai type pour la méthode au CH I . 40
Bibliographie . 42
iv
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont décrites
dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents critères
d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été rédigé
conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2
(voir www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n’avait pas
reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois,
il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations plus
récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l’adresse
www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de
brevet.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de
l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 85, Énergie nucléaire, technologies
nucléaires, et radioprotection, sous-comité SC 2, Radioprotection.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 16659 se trouve sur le site Web de l’ISO.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
v
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
Introduction
Dans les installations nucléaires, des pièges à iode sont généralement présents dans les systèmes de
ventilation pour limiter les rejets d’iode gazeux radioactif dans l’environnement, pour réduire la
concentration d’iode dans l’air des installations en cas de recyclage de l’air ventilé ou pour empêcher le
transfert d’iode radioactif dans les zones protégées (telles qu’une salle de commande par exemple)
[3] [5]
conformément aux principes de l’ISO 17873 et de l’ISO 26802 , ou d’autres documents applicables
(voir Références [9], [10], [11], [12] et [15]). L’aptitude de ces dispositifs à piéger l’iode radioactif gazeux est
primordiale, surtout lorsqu’ils sont valorisés dans la démonstration de sûreté. À l’alinéa 4.127 du Guide de
o [21]
sûreté spécifique n 53 (SSG-53) , l’AIEA recommande de soumettre périodiquement à essai le système
filtrant et de démontrer l’efficacité du matériau adsorbant des filtres à iode. Il n’existe pas de Norme
internationale en la matière.
La série ISO 16659 fournit différentes méthodes d’essai in situ qui permettent de déterminer l’efficacité des
pièges à iode radioactif dans les systèmes de ventilation des installations nucléaires. Cette série concerne les
pièges à iode à sorbant solide, principalement du charbon actif imprégné, les sorbants solides les plus
communément utilisés dans les systèmes de ventilation des installations nucléaires, ainsi que d’autres
sorbants soumis à des conditions particulières (par exemple les températures élevées pour les zéolites
dopées à l’argent).
L’ISO 16659-1 est la partie générale de cette série et décrit les dispositions communes générales applicables
à toutes les méthodes.
Le présent document traite d’une méthode d’essai in situ pour mesurer l’efficacité des pièges à iode en
utilisant de l’iodure de méthyle radioactif (CH I) en tant que traceur.
vi
PROJET DE NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires —
Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant
solide — Partie 2 : Méthode au CH I radioactif
1 Domaine d’application
La présente méthode d’essai utilise de l’iodure de méthyle radioactif (CH I) en tant que traceur afin de
déterminer le facteur de décontamination in situ d’un piège à iode. Un essai in situ permet de déterminer
l’efficacité globale du piège, caractérisée par l’efficacité du sorbant, mais aussi par la mise en œuvre du piège
dans le conduit de ventilation, tandis que l’efficacité intrinsèque d’un charbon actif est caractérisée en
[4] [6]
laboratoire conformément à l’ISO 18417 (ou d’autres Normes nationales comme l’ASTM D3803 ).
Le présent document fournit des exigences générales et communes relatives à cette méthode d’évaluation de
l’efficacité d’un piège à iode, mais aussi les exigences relatives aux équipements, à la maîtrise des
incertitudes ainsi que les dispositions nécessaires pour assurer la protection des travailleurs, du public et de
l’environnement au cours de l’essai.
Cette méthode reproductible peut servir de méthode de référence aux exploitants d’installations nucléaires
pour comparer le facteur de décontamination évalué par cette méthode à des valeurs de référence
(par exemple à des critères de sécurité, à la législation nationale, etc.).
Du fait de l’utilisation d’un traceur radioactif, certaines précautions s’imposent.
Tout d’abord, cette méthode est généralement utilisée pour les systèmes de ventilation avec surveillance des
rejets d’iode gazeux dans l’environnement conformément aux réglementations nationales.
Deuxièmement, cette méthode n’est pas utilisée pour déterminer le facteur de décontamination des pièges à
iode utilisés dans les systèmes de ventilation avec rejet d’air dans les salles où la présence de travailleurs est
possible (par exemple une salle de commande). Une méthode non radioactive est préférée.
Le présent document peut s’appliquer aux installations comportant de faibles quantités d’iode radioactif
équipées de pièges à iode (par exemple les petits laboratoires). Dans ce cas, certaines dispositions peuvent
être adaptées, mais toujours en conformité avec les réglementations nationales.
Enfin, le présent document concerne principalement les pièges à iode utilisant du charbon actif imprégné.
Toutefois, cette méthode peut être utilisée, moyennant quelques adaptations, pour d’autres sorbants solides
tels que les sorbants inorganiques [par exemple la zéolite (base d’aluminium et de silice généralement dopée
[24],[25]
au nitrate d’argent) ou les supports catalytiques imprégnés ].
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 2889, Échantillonnage de substances radioactives en suspension dans l’air dans les émissaires de rejet et les
conduits des installations nucléaires.
ISO 10648 (toutes les parties), Enceintes de confinement.
ISO 10780, Émissions de sources fixes — Mesurage de la vitesse et du débit-volume des courants gazeux dans
des conduites.
ISO 11933 (toutes les parties), Composants pour enceintes de confinement.
ISO 16659-1:2022, Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de
l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide — Partie 1 : Exigences générales.
ISO 20042, Mesurage de la radioactivité — Radionucléides émetteurs gamma — Méthode d’essai générique par
spectrométrie gamma.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et les définitions de l’ISO 16659-1 s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes :
— ISO Online browsing platform : disponible à l’adresse https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia : disponible à l’adresse https://www.electropedia.org/
4 Méthode
4.1 Généralités
Cette méthode utilisant de l’iode radioactif couvre tous les phénomènes physiques intervenant dans la
rétention de l’iode pendant la durée de l’essai (adsorption physique, adsorption chimique,
échange isotopique et désorption à court terme). Cette méthode est particulièrement pertinente pour
déterminer le facteur de décontamination d’un piège à iode à très haute efficacité (un facteur de
décontamination supérieur à plusieurs milliers est typiquement réalisable pour un sorbant neuf).
Concernant la forme d’iodure de méthyle (CH I) de l’iode radioactif utilisé comme traceur dans cette
méthode, il est important de noter qu’il ne s’agit généralement pas de la forme d’iode gazeux la plus présente
dans les installations nucléaires, en particulier dans les réacteurs où la forme principale est l’iode
moléculaire (I ). Mais l’intérêt d’utiliser un tel traceur est que l’iodure de méthyle est la forme la plus
pénétrante pour un piège à iode. Cette méthode est particulièrement utile pour aider les exploitants
d’installations nucléaires à comparer les valeurs de référence de CH3I, mais aussi de I2. Cette méthode est
largement utilisée dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée, même si différentes espèces d’iodures sont
présentes.
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
De plus, du fait de ses propriétés chimiques différentes de l’I , cette méthode au CH I est plus facile à mettre
2 3
en œuvre dans les installations [moins de contamination des équipements d’essai, moins de dommages aux
équipements (corrosion), facilité de transport des équipements d’essai, utilisation de matériaux moins
fragiles (acier inoxydable au lieu du verre)] et entraîne donc moins de contamination des travailleurs.
En ce qui concerne les conditions d’essai (conditions ambiantes) qui sont généralement différentes de celles
rencontrées lors d’incidents ou d’accidents (température élevée, humidité relative élevée, etc.), il est
important de noter que le facteur de décontamination déterminé avec cette méthode ne peut pas être
directement transposé comme valeur de référence pour l’estimation des conséquences radiologiques pour la
population. Néanmoins, le présent document fournit une méthode reproductible permettant d’évaluer
précisément le facteur de décontamination d’un piège à iode et de révéler ainsi sa pleine capacité à piéger
l’iode gazeux lorsque des facteurs de décontamination élevés sont atteints ou son éventuelle dégradation
dans le temps en raison de phénomènes de vieillissement.
Enfin, cette méthode ne conduit pas à une saturation des pièges à iode par le traceur d’iode radioactif
(la quantité injectée est extrêmement faible par rapport à la capacité de piégeage) et est donc compatible
avec la sûreté des installations nucléaires.
4.2 Principe de la méthode
Le principe de la méthode (voir Figure 1) est le suivant :
1) injection d’iode 131 radioactif gazeux (forme CH I) dans le conduit de ventilation ;
2) mesurage des quantités de CH I présentes en amont et en aval du piège à iode (échantillonnage dans le
conduit de ventilation, piégeage de l’iode radioactif dans les pièges d’échantillonnage, comptage par
spectrométrie gamma des pièges d’échantillonnage) ;
3) calcul du facteur de décontamination et comparaison avec une valeur de référence.
NOTE Le présent document, tout comme les études et recherches sur les pièges à iode, est basé sur l’iode 131.
123 129
L’utilisation d’un autre isotope radioactif de l’iode (par exemple I ou I) avec le présent document est a priori
possible (pas de barrière scientifique connue) avec des éléments consolidés, notamment sur les phénomènes de
piégeage (par exemple impact de la différence entre β+/β-). Certaines adaptations sont possibles, notamment pour la
sécurité des travailleurs.
Légende
1 piège à iode soumis à essai 4 injection de CH3 I
2 conduit de ventilation 5 ligne d’échantillonnage amont du CH I (avec un piège à iode d’échantillonnage)
3 flux d’air 6 ligne d’échantillonnage aval du CH I (avec un piège à iode d’échantillonnage)
a
La forme gris clair en aval du piège est un exemple de concentration non homogène du traceur dans le conduit en
cas de défaut du piège et révèle l’importance de la représentativité de l’échantillonnage aval en plus de
l’échantillonnage amont.
Figure 1 — Principe général de la méthode d’essai du CH I
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
4.3 Paramètres ayant une influence sur l’épuration de l’iode
4.3.1 Généralités
La performance des pièges à iode dépend de nombreux paramètres qui peuvent être classés en deux
catégories : les paramètres liés au sorbant et les paramètres liés aux conditions de fonctionnement. En plus
de ceux mentionnés en 4.4 dans l’ISO 16659-1, les paramètres suivants doivent être pris en compte.
4.3.2 Effet lié au sorbant
La méthode de production du charbon actif (carbonisation, activation et modification ultérieure,
par exemple sélection de la taille des grains), ainsi que la nature des matières premières, jouent un rôle clé
dans l’épuration de l’iode, car elles déterminent les propriétés texturales du charbon actif
(surface spécifique, distribution granulométrique des pores, volume des pores), ainsi que ses
caractéristiques chimiques (groupes fonctionnels de surface : type, molécules et quantité). Et ces paramètres
physiques et chimiques déterminent les performances d’adsorption de l’iode (capacités d’adsorption et
stabilité du piégeage).
Dans le contexte nucléaire, pour améliorer son efficacité de piégeage de l’iode, le charbon actif est
généralement imprégné d’une combinaison d’iodure de potassium (KI, généralement à 1 %) et de
triéthylènediamine (TEDA, généralement à 5 %). La quantité typique d’iode recueillie dans un piège est
d’environ 1 milligramme d’iode par gramme de charbon actif.
Même s’il existe des variabilités des caractéristiques de l’adsorbant, cette méthode est tout à fait pertinente
pour déterminer le facteur de décontamination d’un piège à iode, car elle prend en compte tous les
phénomènes de piégeage.
4.3.3 Effets liés aux conditions de fonctionnement
4.3.3.1 Introduction
En fonctionnement normal, les pièges à iode peuvent être utilisés de différentes manières (en dérivation,
en service continu, avec débit d’air réduit, etc.) avec des conditions d’air variables (humidité relative et
température), régulées ou non. Lors d’un accident (par exemple accident grave sur un réacteur),
ces conditions peuvent être très différentes. Les conditions de l’essai d’efficacité peuvent donc être
différentes de celles pour lesquelles les pièges à iode sont valorisés dans la démonstration de sûreté. Il est
donc important de mesurer ces paramètres pour évaluer leur impact sur le facteur de décontamination.
De nombreuses études ont été menées pour déterminer la performance de piégeage de l’iodure de méthyle
dans différentes conditions pour le charbon actif imprégné. Les facteurs les plus importants sont l’humidité
relative, la température, la vitesse de front (et le temps de contact), ainsi que les phénomènes de
vieillissement.
Le présent document fournit des recommandations sur ces paramètres d’influence afin de s’assurer de la
reproductibilité de l’essai dans des conditions contrôlées. Il est important de noter que, pour comparer les
résultats d’essai aux valeurs de référence, les conditions d’essai doivent être aussi proches que possible des
conditions d’un accident.
Les autres paramètres non développés ci-dessous sont considérés comme du second ordre dans l’influence
sur le facteur de décontamination.
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
4.3.3.2 Humidité relative et température
L’humidité relative dans l’air a un effet négatif sur l’efficacité des pièges à iode pour collecter l’iodure de
méthyle en raison de la réduction des sites d’adsorption disponibles du charbon actif. Les molécules d’eau à
la surface du charbon actif créent des accumulations liées dans un réseau par des liaisons hydrogène,
puis remplissent la structure poreuse du charbon actif, ce qui entraîne une diminution des sites disponibles
pour les espèces iodées. Il existe donc une compétition entre les espèces iodées et l’eau pour l’adsorption
[26]
dans le charbon actif . Une manière simple de réduire l’humidité relative dans l’air et ses effets sur
l’efficacité des pièges à iode est d’augmenter la température de l’air. Cependant, plus la température de l’air
est élevée, plus l’adsorption physique est mauvaise (en raison du mouvement brownien plus important).
D’autre part, plus la température de l’air est élevée, meilleures sont les réactions impliquées dans la
chimisorption (imprégnation au TEDA) ou l’échange isotopique (imprégnation au KI).
Comme l’efficacité est une combinaison de tous ces phénomènes antagonistes, plus la température de l’air
est élevée, meilleure est l’efficacité globale en ce qui concerne le facteur de décontamination d’un piège à
iode (même si l’adsorption de l’iode gazeux est inférieure, le gain global sur l’efficacité est meilleur en raison
[18],[20],[28]
de la réduction de l’impact de l’humidité relative ). Ce comportement du charbon actif en fonction de
l’humidité relative et de la température est bien établi avec les travaux multiparamétriques précédents de
[16]
Shiomi .
Dans la pratique, des dispositifs de chauffage électriques sont couramment placés en amont des pièges à
iode dans les installations nucléaires afin d’améliorer l’efficacité des pièges à iode. La température de service
des dispositifs de chauffage est généralement d’environ 70 °C, ce qui, dans les conditions d’essai, est suffisant
pour réduire l’humidité relative en dessous de 40 %.
NOTE 1 En dessous de 40 % d’humidité relative, un charbon actif adsorbe peu de molécules d’eau (le charbon actif est
hydrophobe). Au-dessus de 40 %, l’adsorption de l’eau augmente significativement (voir isothermes d’adsorption de
[27]
l’eau pour le charbon actif ).
NOTE 2 La température de service peut être supérieure, mais toujours inférieure à une plage de 100 °C à 120 °C afin
d’éviter une augmentation du phénomène de désorption ou une dégradation de l’imprégnation au TEDA qui peut
entraîner le dégagement de l’iode collecté précédemment (note : à des températures plus élevées, il faut s’attendre à
l’inflammation d’un charbon actif neuf).
Étant donné que cette méthode permet aux exploitants d’installations nucléaires de comparer un résultat à
des valeurs de référence (par exemple à des critères de sûreté, à la législation nationale, etc.), il est
important de réaliser l’essai avec les dispositifs de chauffage en fonctionnement, lorsqu’ils sont présents,
afin d’être aussi proches que possible des conditions d’utilisation (conditions pour lesquelles les pièges à
iode sont valorisés dans la démonstration de sûreté).
De plus, la réalisation de l’essai avec les dispositifs de chauffage en fonctionnement conduit à un domaine
caractérisé de température (température de service des dispositifs de chauffage) et d’humidité relative
(inférieure à 40 %) favorable à la reproductibilité de l’essai.
En plus de la température et de l’humidité relative de l’air en amont du piège à iode, comme indiqué dans
l’ISO 16659-1, il est important d’atteindre l’équilibre hygrométrique et thermique du piège à iode pour
assurer une comparaison fiable d’un essai à l’autre. Cet équilibre est généralement atteint après une durée
assez longue après la mise en service des dispositifs de chauffage (l’ISO 16659–1:2022 indique 16 h). Cette
durée peut être réduite si l’humidité relative de l’air pendant l’essai est très faible (par exemple air sec) ou si
le volume de charbon actif dans le piège à iode est très faible, ou encore s’il existe des contraintes
opérationnelles (par exemple impossibilité de mettre les dispositifs de chauffage en fonctionnement
pendant une longue période avant l’essai). L’équilibre hygrométrique et thermique peut alors être considéré
comme atteint, par exemple si la température de l’air en aval du piège est suffisamment éloignée de la
température de rosée ou si la température et l’humidité relative de l’air en amont et en aval du piège à iode
sont proches (par exemple ΔT < 5 °C et ΔHR < 5 % mesurées conformément aux Normes nationales comme
indiqué dans les Références [7] ou [8]).
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
Pour les essais réalisés sans dispositif de chauffage, cette méthode est aussi valable et donne le facteur de
décontamination réel du piège à iode dans les conditions d’essai. Cependant et premièrement, les conditions
d’essai peuvent être très différentes des conditions d’un accident. Deuxièmement, les conditions d’essai
peuvent être différentes d’un essai à l’autre et, par conséquent, l’établissement de courbes de tendance est
plus délicat.
Certaines corrélations permettent de calculer le facteur de décontamination d’un piège à iode à la
température ou à l’humidité relative souhaitées à partir du résultat donné dans les conditions d’essai.
Ces corrélations empiriques doivent être utilisées avec une extrême prudence en ce qui concerne la validité
du domaine (notamment la nature du charbon actif ou de son imprégnation, voir Annexe C).
Enfin, en raison de l’importance de l’humidité relative et de la température sur l’efficacité des pièges à iode,
ces paramètres doivent être mesurés et consignés dans le rapport.
4.3.3.3 Temps de contact entre l’air et l’adsorbant
Comme indiqué dans l’ISO 16659-1, le temps de contact (couplage de la vitesse de l’air et de l’épaisseur du lit
de charbon) est un paramètre essentiel, car l’adsorption n’est pas un phénomène instantané. Si le modèle de
pièges à iode mis en œuvre est toujours le même, le débit d’air devient donc le paramètre déterminant pour
le temps de contact et doit être mesuré et consigné dans le rapport.
NOTE Le temps de contact pour les pièges à iode de l’industrie est généralement compris entre 0,2 s et 0,4 s.
De même, pour assurer la détermination d’un facteur de décontamination représentatif de celui rencontré
en cas d’accident (représentativité de l’essai), cette méthode actuelle exige de réaliser l’essai au débit d’air le
plus proche possible de celui rencontré en cas d’accident (et donc au temps de contact).
Si l’essai est réalisé à un débit d’air réduit (ce qui augmente le temps de contact et donc l’efficacité),
il convient d’utiliser les corrélations données par la R&D pour déterminer le facteur de décontamination au
débit d’air nominal.
Pour s’assurer de la reproductibilité des essais, il convient que le débit d’air soit équivalent d’un essai à
l’autre (environ 10 % à 15 % en tenant compte des incertitudes). Si des essais d’efficacité périodiques sont
effectués avec des débits d’air variables pour un piège à iode, il est plus délicat d’effectuer la comparaison
d’un essai à l’autre et donc, l’établissement de courbes de tendance.
4.3.3.4 Phénomènes de vieillissement
En plus de 4.4.5 de l’ISO 16559-1:2022, concernant la durée de vie assez courte d’un piège à iode avec un
facteur de décontamination élevé, l’utilisation d’un traceur radioactif dans le présent document implique une
attention particulière lorsqu’une grande quantité d’iode est injectée dans le cadre d’un essai d’un vieux piège
à iode (plus de 4 ans à 6 ans). Ainsi, pour calculer l’activité de l’iode 131 à injecter (voir 8.1.2), il convient
que la détermination du facteur de décontamination attendu du piège à iode soumis à essai prenne en
compte les phénomènes de vieillissement. Le retour d’expérience d’exploitation peut fournir des éléments.
[13]
Il est également possible d’utiliser des corrélations comme celles développées par Taylor et Taylor .
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
4.4 Autres spécificités de la méthode
4.4.1 Utilisation du traceur CH I
4.4.1.1 Avantages par rapport au traceur I
Les espèces d’iode gazeux radioactives impliquées dans les accidents graves des réacteurs sont
généralement majoritairement le I et, dans une plus faible proportion, le CH I (d’autres molécules d’iodure
2 3
gazeux existent, mais elles ne sont pas prises en compte en raison de leurs quantités négligeables).
Une méthode employant du CH I plutôt que du I est cependant plus pertinente en raison des propriétés de
3 2
dépôt/adsorption nettement plus faibles de l’iodure de méthyle par rapport à l’iode moléculaire. En effet,
le présent document exploite cette caractéristique en :
— évitant l’injection préalable d’iode non radioactif dans les conduits de ventilation qui entraîne un
vieillissement artificiel des systèmes de ventilation, le I étant corrosif (cette injection préalable est
habituellement réalisée afin de distinguer l’iode collecté dans le piège à iode, donc le facteur de
décontamination, de celui collecté par les équipements du système de ventilation [conduits, vannes,
etc.]) ;
— limitant l’activité de l’iode 131 injecté, car un facteur de décontamination plus faible est attendu avec le
CH I qu’avec le I ;
3 2
— limitant la contamination par l’iode radioactif des équipements d’essai, ce qui réduit le risque de
contamination des travailleurs et facilite l’évacuation des équipements hors de la zone nucléaire
contrôlée.
4.4.1.2 Pureté du CH I gazeux
Le CH I gazeux est habituellement généré par la réaction chimique du sulfate de diméthyle et de l’iodure
[14],[23]
de sodium radioactif , mais il peut également être généré par échange isotopique entre l’iodure de
méthyle stable et l’iodure de sodium radioactif (voir 8.1.2).
Quelle que soit la réaction, si les paramètres ne sont pas bien contrôlés, la génération de CH I peut
produire d’autres espèces d’iodures (autres formes organiques, radioactives ou non) ayant des propriétés
physiques et chimiques différentes (ce qui pourrait conduire à un biais dans la détermination du facteur de
décontamination) ou libérer des réactifs indésirables (par exemple le sulfate de diméthyle pour les
travailleurs).
Malheureusement, il n’existe pas de méthode en temps réel pour vérifier la composition des espèces
d’iodure libérées en particulier la forme CH I. Il est donc fondamental de respecter la procédure de
génération du CH I afin de bien réaliser la réaction en vérifiant des paramètres tels que la température ou
le bullage/mélange, mais aussi de veiller à la pureté des différents réactifs utilisés (par exemple le sulfate de
diméthyle). Le respect de ces procédures contribue à la reproductibilité des essais d’efficacité.
NOTE 1 Le retour d’expérience et le savoir-faire des exploitants nucléaires sont des éléments essentiels des
procédures éprouvées pour des méthodes reproductibles.
NOTE 2 Pour le développement de nouvelles procédures ou l’optimisation de procédures existantes, en phase de
laboratoire et avant l’introduction de matières radioactives, des méthodes comme la spectroscopie infrarouge
(par exemple IRTF, spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier) ou la chromatographie en phase gazeuse
peuvent être utilisées pour déterminer les valeurs optimales des paramètres pour ces réactions de génération de
CH3 I gazeux.
ISO/DIS 16659-2:2025(fr)
4.4.1.3 Désorption du CH I dans un piège à iode
En raison des phénomènes de piégeage réversibles de l’iode gazeux sur le charbon actif
(adsorption physique et échange isotopique, mais pas la chimisorption), une désorption peut se produire.
Le pic de désorption arrive généralement plusieurs heures environ après l’injection, en fonction de
nombreux paramètres liés au sorbant (par exemple la surface spécifique et l’épaisseur du lit de charbon
actif) ou aux conditions de fonctionnement (par exemple l’humidité relative et le temps de contact).
Pour tenir compte de la désorption de l’iodure de méthyle, cette méthode exige une durée des
échantillonnages (en particulier l’échantillonnage aval) supérieure à la durée d’injection. Néanmoins,
une longue durée d’échantillonnage peut ne pas être compatible avec les contraintes de l’industrie.
En général, la durée d’échantillonnage in situ est courte (par exemple 1 heure, ce qui est une pratique
habituelle dans l’industrie). Il est important d’utiliser cette durée pour tous les essais du même piège à iode
afin de s’assurer de la reproductibilité. Il est également important de garder à l’esprit qu’il s’agit d’une limite
de cette méthode (une durée d’échantillonnage courte ne tient pas compte de la totalité du phénomène de
désorption).
4.4.1.4 Demi-vie du I
La demi-vie du I doit être prise en compte pour l’activité de la source lors de l’essai, mais aussi pour le
temps qui s’écoule entre l’échantillonnage et le comptage.
4.4.2 Toxicité
Le dispositif de génération doit être dans une enceinte de confinement (par exemple une boîte à gants)
131 131
en raison des toxicités chimiques et radiologiques (sulfate de diméthyle, Na I liquide et CH I gazeux),
ainsi que de la volatilité des solutions à utiliser et du gaz produit.
4.4.3 Échantillonnage
4.4.3.1 Représentativité
L’échantillonnage doit être représentatif de la concentration en I dans le conduit de ventilation amont et
aval du piège à iode soumis à essai afin de déterminer son facteur de décontamination. À cet effet,
les exigences générales définies dans l’ISO 2889, qui décrit les critères
...
















Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...