ISO/FDIS 16659-3
(Main)Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
This proposed standard is recommended a method for determining the performances and leak tightness of iodine adsorbers in nuclear air cleaning systems of personnel habitable spaces of nuclear facilities to solve the radiation safety and environmental safety problems of traditional test methods. The test flowchart and evaluation procedure of the cyclohexane method are given in the attachments of this standard.
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide — Partie 3: Méthode du débit de fuite au cyclohexane gazeux
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 85/SC 2 - Radiological protection
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 85/SC 2 - Radiological protection
- Current Stage
- 5000 - FDIS registered for formal approval
- Start Date
- 02-Feb-2026
- Completion Date
- 05-Nov-2025
Overview
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 sets out an in-situ efficiency test method for assessing the leakage rate of iodine traps with solid sorbent in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities using cyclohexane gas as a tracer. This standard addresses performance verification and leak tightness of iodine adsorbers, particularly within personnel habitable spaces, where traditional test methods may pose environmental or radiation safety risks. The cyclohexane gas leakage rate method provides a reproducible, environmentally safer alternative for evaluating iodine trap integrity in nuclear air cleaning systems.
Key Topics
- Applicability: Focuses on nuclear facility ventilation systems requiring confirmation of iodine adsorber leak tightness, such as main control rooms or emergency centers.
- Test Principle: Cyclohexane gas is injected upstream of the iodine adsorber. Its concentrations upstream and downstream are measured to determine the leakage rate, ensuring the adsorber's mechanical integrity.
- Safety Considerations: The method uses cyclohexane due to its low toxicity, minimizing risks to workers and the environment, while requiring fire safety protocols due to its flammability.
- Parameters Influencing Test Accuracy:
- Relative humidity: Should be kept below 70% to ensure complete adsorption.
- Contact time & air velocity: Sufficient interaction between cyclohexane and sorbent is critical.
- Temperature: Elevated temperatures can increase desorption, leading to inaccurate results.
- Grain size & density: Affect sorption and pressure drop.
- Initial tracer concentration: Optimized to ensure detectability while limiting environmental release.
- Test Equipment: Requires a cyclohexane injection system, gas chromatograph or PID-based VOC detector, qualified hygrometer, and anemometer to measure key variables.
- Reporting & Evaluation: Includes standardized procedures for result calculation and detailed test reports ensuring results’ comparability and reliability.
Applications
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 is directly applicable in the following areas:
- Nuclear Facility Safety: Used in performance and integrity testing of iodine adsorbers during facility commissioning, regular maintenance, or after modifications.
- Habitable Spaces: Ideal for environments where personnel presence prohibits use of more hazardous test gases, such as main control rooms.
- Quality Assurance: Supports acceptance testing and periodic verification processes for iodine traps prior to delivery and during operational life.
- Environmental Protection: By ensuring effective iodine adsorption, the method helps prevent uncontrolled radioactive releases to the environment.
- System Maintenance: Assists operators in detecting bypass leaks or improper installation of adsorption equipment.
Related Standards
- ISO 16659-1: Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities - General requirements for in-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent.
- ISO/DIS 16659-2: In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps using the radioactive methyl iodide (CH₃I) method.
- ISO 17873: Criteria for the design and operation of nuclear ventilation systems, complementary for system design and operational best practices.
- ISO 10780: Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts, supporting accurate ventilation assessment.
- ISO 18417: Methods for quantifying iodine charcoal sorbents’ capacity, aiding in media selection and system design.
Implementing ISO 16659-3 enhances the reliability, worker safety, and environmental performance of nuclear ventilation systems, reinforcing compliance with international nuclear safety norms and operational standards.
Buy Documents
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 - Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method/26/2025
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 - Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
REDLINE ISO/FDIS 16659-3 - Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 - Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide — Partie 3: Méthode du débit de fuite au cyclohexane gazeux/24/2025
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method". This standard covers: This proposed standard is recommended a method for determining the performances and leak tightness of iodine adsorbers in nuclear air cleaning systems of personnel habitable spaces of nuclear facilities to solve the radiation safety and environmental safety problems of traditional test methods. The test flowchart and evaluation procedure of the cyclohexane method are given in the attachments of this standard.
This proposed standard is recommended a method for determining the performances and leak tightness of iodine adsorbers in nuclear air cleaning systems of personnel habitable spaces of nuclear facilities to solve the radiation safety and environmental safety problems of traditional test methods. The test flowchart and evaluation procedure of the cyclohexane method are given in the attachments of this standard.
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.280 - Radiation protection; 27.120.20 - Nuclear power plants. Safety. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/FDIS 16659-3 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 16659-3
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
2025-04-23
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
2025-07-16
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate
method
ICS: 27.120.20; 13.280
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Reference number
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 16659-3
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate
method
ICS: 27.120.20; 13.280
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
© ISO 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat. BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Method . 2
4.1 Scope of the method . .2
4.2 Principle of the method .3
4.3 Parameters affecting the achievements .4
4.3.1 Relative humidity .4
4.3.2 Influence of contact time between air and the sorbent (air velocity) .5
4.3.3 Temperature .5
4.3.4 Particulate size and density .5
4.3.5 Initial tracer gas concentration .5
4.4 Other specificities of the method .6
5 Test equipment . 6
5.1 Injection device .6
5.1.1 Test medium .6
5.1.2 Generators of cyclohexane gas .7
5.2 Measurement device.9
5.2.1 Concentration (gas chromatograph/VOC detector with a PID detector) .9
5.2.2 Relative humidity (hygrometer) .9
5.2.3 Ventilation flow rate (anemometer) .9
6 Safety of workers, the public, and the environment .10
6.1 Facility arrangements .10
6.2 Main safety provisions for workers .10
6.3 Environment safety provisions .10
6.4 Management of cyclohexane .10
7 Mode of performing the test .11
7.1 Test preparation .11
7.2 Test execution . .11
7.3 Other specificities . 12
8 Establishment of the test result .13
8.1 Expression of the test result . 13
8.2 Accuracy of the result. 13
8.3 Evaluation and test report . 13
8.3.1 Leakage rate test of iodine absorber . 13
8.3.2 Performance test of absorbent .14
Annex A (informative) Schematic layout of the method of test .15
Annex B (informative) Example text for test report .16
Bibliography . 17
iii
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16659 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
Introduction
The iodine adsorber is a key piece of equipment in a nuclear power plant to control the safe release of
radioactive iodine from the gaseous effluent. Iodine adsorbers require field performance testing during
initial installation as well as during operation. The test methods are usually the radioactive methyl iodide
method and the Freon method. However, the test reagents used in these two methods are not suitable for use
in all iodine adsorber systems due to environment and safety concerns, especially in spaces where people
stay (e.g., main control rooms, emergency command centres, etc.). Cyclohexane is currently used in some
countries as a tracer in field tests of iodine adsorber leakage rate due to its low toxicity, easy retention by
activated carbon and ease of measurement. This iodine adsorber test method using cyclohexane as a tracer
is suitable for determining the mechanical leakage rate of iodine adsorbers in all ventilation systems.
This document provides the cyclohexane method for measuring the leakage rate of iodine adsorbers as part
3 of ISO 16659.
v
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency
test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent —
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
1 Scope
ISO 16659 series provide different test methods aiming at assessing the performances of radioactive iodine
traps in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities. This series deals with iodine traps with solid sorbent,
mainly activated and impregnated charcoal, the most common solid sorbents used in ventilation systems of
nuclear facilities, as well as other sorbents for special conditions (e.g. high temperature zeolites). ISO 16659-1
provides the general requirements to be applied for all methods of the series.
The scope of this document is to provide general and generic requirements for the test method using
cyclohexane (C H ) as a tracer to determine the mechanical leakage rate of iodine trap. This reproducible
6 12
method can support nuclear operators to compare the result with reference values given in safety reports.
Unlike the method of radioactive methyl iodide described in ISO/DIS 16659-2, the cyclohexane field test
method covered in this document does not directly give a decontamination factor for the iodine trap,
but only the iodine trap performance information of an integrity test, and the interpretation of whether
the performance of the iodine trap meets the requirements needs to be combined with the results of the
radioiodine efficiency test of the adsorbent in the iodine trap.
Due to the use of the environmentally friendly test reagent of low-toxicity in the field tests, the method is
mainly suitable for ventilation systems of those habitable spaces (e.g. main control rooms of nuclear power
plants), and performance test of a single iodine adsorber before its delivery and acceptance. In addition,
the method can also be used for iodine traps with activated carbon sampling canister (e.g. Deep Bed Iodine
Adsorber Type III and Drawer Iodine Adsorber Type II).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts
ISO 16659-1, Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with
solid sorbent — Part 1: General requirements
ISO/DIS 16659-2, Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities - In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with
solid sorbent - Part 2: CH I method
ISO 17873, Nuclear facilities — Criteria for the design and operation of ventilation systems for nuclear
installations other than nuclear reactors
ISO 18417, Iodine charcoal sorbents for nuclear facilities — Method for defining sorption capacity index
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
acceptance testing
test to verify the design function of a system or component after initial field installation, abnormal accident,
replacement, repair, and modification affecting the test reference value
3.2
adsorbent
solid medium capable of concentrating other substances on its surface
3.3
adsorber
device containing an adsorbent
3.4
adsorber bank
combination of one or more adsorbers installed on the same installation rack, or one or more side-by-side
units containing air treatment medium fixed on the air duct, pressure ventilation system or arch cavity
section, sometimes also called a group of filter sections
3.5
adsorber efficiency
ratio of the quantity of species retained by the adsorption medium to the quantity entering it
3.6
challenge gas
gas with known characteristics for field test of iodine adsorber
3.7
leakage rate
untreated gas directly passing through or bypassing the air cleaning system, indicated in leakage percentage
3.8
system
combination consisting of various assemblies, including relevant instruments and control devices, used to
perform functions of ventilation, air conditioning and cleaning
3.9
test canister
specially designed sample collector, which contains enough adsorbent to represent the adsorbent of
adsorbers but not affect the performance of adsorbers, can be removed from adsorber bank and sent to a
laboratory for testing the performance of adsorbent
4 Method
4.1 Scope of the method
This document recommends a method for measuring the leakage rate of iodine adsorbers used in nuclear
air cleaning systems. This document is applicable to nuclear ventilation facilities and nuclear air cleaning
systems that need to confirm the efficiency of iodine adsorbers by measuring the leakage rate of the iodine
adsorber systems and comparing it with a reference value given in safety reports, the method can also be
used in exhaust ventilation network, without providing a decontamination factor.
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
The scope of the method is to specify the methodology, the tools requirements, their accuracy, and the
provisions needed to ensure safely (for workers, public and environment) the measurement of the efficiency
of iodine traps based on the injection of cyclohexane gas.
It is important to note that this test method proposed in this document can only test mechanical leakage of
the iodine trap and does not fully reflect the effectiveness of the removal of radioactive iodine. Therefore,
the leakage rate determined by this method may not be used directly transposed as a reference value for
the estimation of radiological consequences for population. However, the test results of this method can
accurately reflect whether the iodine trap is mounted in place and whether there is bypass leakage inside
the iodine trap.
4.2 Principle of the method
When a volatile organic gas, such as cyclohexane mixture comes into contact with a porous solid, the
organic components of the mixture are adsorbed and retained on the surface of the solid by the unbalanced
molecular attraction or chemical bonding forces that exist on the surface of the solid. This property of the
activated carbon layer and the adsorbent is used to detect the leakage rate of the activated carbon iodine
adsorber.
Key
a upstream concentration
b downstream concentration due to bypass leak
c downstream concentration due to desorption
1 concentration
2 time
Figure 1 — Concentration of organic gas over time
In principle, when the iodine adsorber itself is intact and installed correctly, the cyclohexane injected
upstream of the iodine adsorber is completely adsorbed and retained by the solid adsorbent. The detected
downstream concentration of cyclohexane is very low. If there is a bypass leak point in the iodine adsorber,
part of cyclohexane gas flows into the downstream directly without passing through the activated carbon
layer, causing the downstream concentration to rise rapidly. Therefore, the presence of mechanical leakage
in the iodine adsorber system can be determined by measuring the cyclohexane concentration in the
upstream and downstream airflow of the iodine adsorber.
The principle of the method consists in the injection of a certain amount of cyclohexane gas at a position far
away from the upstream of the iodine adsorber running at a rated air volume, and at the same time, sampling
of the upstream and downstream gas. The cyclohexane concentrations of upstream and downstream
samples shall be detected and compared to calculate the leakage rate of the tested iodine adsorber. The
sampling probes shall be set to ensure that the samples of cyclohexane and air are uniformly mixed on the
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(en)
sampling air flow section and representative. Calculate the leakage rate of the iodine adsorber according to
the Formula (1):
C
d
P =⋅100% (1)
C
u
where
P the leakage rate in %
C the cyclohexane concentration of the downstream gas, ppm
d
C the cyclohexane concentration of the upstream gas, ppm
u
4.3 Parameters affecting the achievements
Cyclohexane method aims at assessing the leakage rate of radioactive iodine traps in ventilation systems
of nuclear facilities. It’s necessary to ensure that cyclohexane is completely adsorbed on the solid iodine
sorbents to obtain accurate mechanical leakage rate. The adsorption between cyclohexane and the solid
iodine sorbents used in the ventilation systems of nuclear facilities is physical adsorption.
The physical adsorption or physisorption involves very weak interaction energy, such as Van der Waals
forces. These forces are sensitive to the distance between the adsorbent and the adsorbed molecule so-
called “adsorbate”. Physisorption interaction occurs without modification of the molecular structure of
the adsorbent and is totally reversible. The desorption may occur by a simple changing of gas conditioning
process (temperature increase, pressure decrease, replacing the iodine flow with an inert gas, etc.).
In addition, physisorption depends mainly on the accessibility of the adsorbate to the adsorption sites
(pores). This is governed by the relative size of the adsorbate molecule to the pore size distribution of the
sorbent used. Hence, this mechanism is not specific for iodine species.
4.3.1 Relative humidity
Relative humidity is a key parameter of the effectiveness of an
...
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
2026-03-17
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
2026-05-12
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate
method
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires —
Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant
solide —
Partie 3: Méthode du débit de fuite au cyclohexane gazeux
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Ventilation systems for nuclear
Secretariat: AFNOR
facilities — In-situ efficiency test
Voting begins on:
methods for iodine traps with solid
sorbent —
Voting terminates on:
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate
method
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires —
Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant
solide —
Partie 3: Méthode du débit de fuite au cyclohexane gazeux
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2026
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Method . 2
4.1 Scope of the method . .2
4.2 Principle of the method .2
4.3 Parameters affecting the achievements .3
4.3.1 General .3
4.3.2 Relative humidity .4
4.3.3 Influence of contact time between air and the sorbent (air velocity) .4
4.3.4 Temperature .5
4.3.5 Particulate size and density .5
4.3.6 Initial tracer gas concentration .5
4.4 Other specificities of the method .5
5 Test equipment . 5
5.1 Injection device .5
5.1.1 Test medium .5
5.1.2 Generators of cyclohexane gas .6
5.2 Measurement device.8
5.2.1 Concentration (gas chromatograph/VOC detector with a PID detector) .8
5.2.2 Relative humidity (hygrometer) .9
5.2.3 Ventilation flow rate (anemometer) .9
5.2.4 Temperature (thermometer) .9
6 Safety of workers, the public, and the environment . 9
6.1 Facility arrangements .9
6.2 Main safety provisions for workers .10
6.3 Environment safety provisions .10
6.4 Management of cyclohexane .10
7 Mode of performing the test . 10
7.1 Test preparation .10
7.2 Test execution . .11
7.3 Other specificities . 12
8 Establishment of the test result .12
8.1 Expression of the test result . 12
8.2 Accuracy of the result. 13
8.3 Evaluation and test report . 13
8.3.1 Leakage rate test of iodine absorber . 13
8.3.2 Performance test of absorbent .14
Annex A (informative) Schematic layout of the method of test .15
Annex B (informative) Example text for test report .16
Bibliography . 17
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16659 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The iodine trap is a key piece of equipment in a nuclear power plant to control the safe release of radioactive
iodine from the gaseous effluent. Iodine traps require field performance testing during initial installation as
well as during operation. The test methods are usually the radioactive methyl iodide method and the Freon
[1]to[5]
method . However, the test reagents used in these two methods are not suitable for use in all iodine
trap systems due to environment and safety concerns, especially in spaces where people stay (e.g. main
control rooms, emergency command centres, etc.). Cyclohexane is currently used in some countries as a
tracer in field tests of iodine trap leakage rate due to its low toxicity, easy retention by activated carbon and
ease of measurement. This iodine trap test method using cyclohexane as a tracer is suitable for determining
[6]
the mechanical leakage rate of iodine traps in all ventilation systems .
This document provides the cyclohexane method for measuring the leakage rate of iodine traps as
ISO 16659-3.
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 16659-3:2026(en)
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency
test methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent —
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
1 Scope
ISO 16659 series provide different test methods aiming at assessing the performances of radioactive iodine
traps in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities. This series deals with iodine traps with solid sorbent,
mainly activated and impregnated charcoal, the most common solid sorbents used in ventilation systems of
nuclear facilities, as well as other sorbents for special conditions (e.g. high temperature zeolites). ISO 16659-1
provides the general requirements to be applied for all methods of the series.
The scope of this document is to provide general and generic requirements for the test method using
cyclohexane (C H ) as a tracer to determine the mechanical leakage rate of iodine trap. This reproducible
6 12
method can support nuclear operators to compare the result with reference values given in safety reports.
Unlike the method of radioactive methyl iodide described in ISO 16659-2, the cyclohexane field test method
covered in this document does not directly give a decontamination factor for the iodine trap, but only the
iodine trap performance information of an integrity test.
Due to the use of the environmentally friendly test reagent of low-toxicity in the field tests, the method is
mainly suitable for ventilation systems of those habitable spaces (e.g. main control rooms of nuclear power
plants), and performance test of a single iodine trap before its delivery and acceptance. In addition, the
method can also be used for iodine traps with activated carbon sampling canister (e.g. deep bed iodine trap
Type III and Drawer iodine trap Type II).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10780, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in ducts
ISO 16659-1, Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with
solid sorbent — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 18417, Iodine charcoal sorbents for nuclear facilities — Method for defining sorption capacity index
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
adsorbent
solid medium capable of concentrating other substances on its surface
3.2
challenge gas
gas with known characteristics for field test of iodine trap
3.3
leakage rate
gas directly passing through or bypassing the air cleaning system, indicated in leakage percentage
3.4
system
combination consisting of various assemblies, including relevant instruments and control devices, used to
perform functions of ventilation, air conditioning and cleaning
4 Method
4.1 Scope of the method
This document defines a method for measuring the leakage rate of iodine traps used in nuclear air cleaning
systems. This document is applicable to nuclear ventilation facilities and nuclear air cleaning systems that
need to confirm the integrity of iodine traps by measuring the leakage rate of the iodine trap systems
and comparing it with a reference value given in safety reports, the method can also be used in exhaust
ventilation network, without providing a decontamination factor.
The scope of the method is to specify the methodology, the tools requirements, their accuracy and the
provisions needed to ensure safely (for workers, public and environment) the measurement of the integrity
of iodine traps based on the injection of cyclohexane gas.
It is important to note that this test method proposed in this document can only test mechanical leakage of
the iodine trap and does not fully reflect the effectiveness of the removal of radioactive iodine. Therefore,
the leakage rate determined by this method may not be used directly transposed as a reference value for
the estimation of radiological consequences for population. However, the test results of this method can
accurately reflect whether the iodine trap is mounted in place and whether there is bypass leakage inside
the iodine trap.
4.2 Principle of the method
When a volatile organic gas, such as cyclohexane mixture comes into contact with a porous solid, the
organic components of the mixture are adsorbed and retained on the surface of the solid by the unbalanced
molecular attraction or chemical bonding forces that exist on the surface of the solid. This property of the
activated carbon layer and the adsorbent is used to detect the leakage rate of the activated carbon iodine
trap.
Key
X time
Y concentration
1 upstream concentration
2 downstream concentration due to bypass leak
3 downstream concentration due to desorption
Figure 1 — Concentration of organic gas over time
In principle, when the iodine trap itself is intact and installed correctly, the cyclohexane injected upstream
of the iodine trap is completely adsorbed and retained by the solid adsorbent. The detected downstream
concentration of cyclohexane is very low. If there is a bypass leak point in the iodine trap, part of cyclohexane
gas flows into the downstream directly without passing through the activated carbon layer, causing the
downstream concentration to rise rapidly, see Figure 1. Therefore, the presence of mechanical leakage in
the iodine trap system can be determined by measuring the cyclohexane concentration in the upstream and
downstream airflow of the iodine trap.
The principle of the method consists in the injection of a certain amount of cyclohexane gas at a position far
away from the upstream of the iodine trap running at a rated air volume, and at the same time, sampling of
the upstream and downstream gas. The cyclohexane concentrations of upstream and downstream samples
shall be detected and compared to calculate the leakage rate of the tested iodine trap. The sampling probes
shall be set to ensure that the samples of cyclohexane and air are uniformly mixed on the sampling air flow
section and representative. Calculate the leakage rate of the iodine trap according to Formula (1):
C
d
P 100% (1)
C
u
where
P is the leakage rate, in %;
-1
C is the cyclohexane concentration of the downstream gas, in μg·l ;
d
-1
C is the cyclohexane concentration of the upstream gas, in μg·l .
u
4.3 Parameters affecting the achievements
4.3.1 General
Cyclohexane method aims at assessing the leakage rate of radioactive iodine traps in ventilation systems
of nuclear facilities. It’s necessary to ensure that cyclohexane is completely adsorbed on the solid iodine
sorbents to obtain accurate mechanical leakage rate. The adsorption between cyclohexane and the solid
iodine sorbents used in the ventilation systems of nuclear facilities is physical adsorption.
The physical adsorption or physisorption involves very weak interaction energy, such as Van der Waals
forces. These forces are sensitive to the distance between the adsorbent and the adsorbed molecule so-
called “adsorbate”. Physisorption interaction occurs without modification of the molecular structure of
the adsorbent and is totally reversible. The desorption may occur by a simple changing of gas conditioning
[7]
process (temperature increase, pressure decrease, replacing the iodine flow with an inert gas, etc.) .
In addition, physisorption depends mainly on the accessibility of the adsorbate to the adsorption sites
(pores). This is governed by the relative size of the adsorbate molecule to the pore size distribution of the
sorbent used. Hence, this mechanism is not specific for iodine species.
4.3.2 Relative humidity
Relative humidity is a key parameter of the effectiveness of an iodine trap. It is important for the retention
of cyclohexane since the filled pores with the condensed water are not available for the adsorption of the
incoming cyclohexane molecules. So, it is important to conduct the measurements and to verify that the
relative humidity is kept below 70 % to exclude the detection of cyclohexane in the downstream due to
incomplete adsorption.
Figure 2 gives the relationship between relative humidity and cyclohexane desorption.
Key
X elapsed time (min)
-1
Y concentration of downstream (nl·l )
Figure 2 — Concentration of cyclohexane in downstream air flow of a ventilation system over time
4.3.3 Influence of contact time between air and the sorbent (air velocity)
The adsorption is not an instantaneous phenomenon. It is then necessary to ensure a sufficient contact
time (versus frontal speed) between the adsorbent and the cyclohexane. The minimum contact time of the
cyclohexane shall be specified and quantified, obtain
...
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Secretariat: AFNOR
Date: 2026-02-11xx
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — — In-situ efficiency test
methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — —
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate test method
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à
iode à sorbant solide —
Partie 3: Méthode du débit de fuite au cyclohexane gazeux
FDIS stage
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Method . 2
4.1 Scope of the method. 2
4.2 Principle of the method . 2
4.3 Parameters affecting the achievements . 4
4.4 Other specificities of the method . 5
5 Test equipment . 6
5.1 Injection device . 6
5.2 Measurement device . 8
6 Safety of workers, the public, and the environment . 9
6.1 Facility arrangements . 9
6.2 Main safety provisions for workers . 10
6.3 Environment safety provisions . 10
6.4 Management of cyclohexane . 10
7 Mode of performing the test . 11
7.1 Test preparation . 11
7.2 Test execution . 11
7.3 Other specificities . 13
8 Establishment of the test result . 13
8.1 Expression of the test result . 13
8.2 Accuracy of the result . 13
8.3 Evaluation and test report . 13
Annex A (informative) Schematic layout of the method of test . 15
Annex B (informative) Example text for test report . 16
Bibliography . 17
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and
radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16659 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The iodine trap is a key piece of equipment in a nuclear power plant to control the safe release of radioactive
iodine from the gaseous effluent. Iodine traps require field performance testing during initial installation as
well as during operation. The test methods are usually the radioactive methyl iodide method and the Freon
[1]to[5][1-5]
method . However, the test reagents used in these two methods are not suitable for use in all iodine
trap systems due to environment and safety concerns, especially in spaces where people stay (e.g.,. main
control rooms, emergency command centres, etc.). Cyclohexane is currently used in some countries as a tracer
in field tests of iodine trap leakage rate due to its low toxicity, easy retention by activated carbon and ease of
measurement. This iodine trap test method using cyclohexane as a tracer is suitable for determining the
[6][6]
mechanical leakage rate of iodine traps in all ventilation systems .
This document provides the cyclohexane method for measuring the leakage rate of iodine traps as ISO 16659-
3.
v
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test
methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent — —
Part 3:
Cyclohexane gas leakage rate test method
1 Scope
ISO 16659 series provide different test methods aiming at assessing the performances of radioactive iodine
traps in ventilation systems of nuclear facilities. This series deals with iodine traps with solid sorbent, mainly
activated and impregnated charcoal, the most common solid sorbents used in ventilation systems of nuclear
facilities, as well as other sorbents for special conditions (e.g. high temperature zeolites). ISO 16659-1
provides the general requirements to be applied for all methods of the series.
The scope of this document is to provide general and generic requirements for the test method using
cyclohexane (C H ) as a tracer to determine the mechanical leakage rate of iodine trap. This reproducible
6 12
method can support nuclear operators to compare the result with reference values given in safety reports.
Unlike the method of radioactive methyl iodide described in ISO 16659-2, the cyclohexane field test method
covered in this document does not directly give a decontamination factor for the iodine trap, but only the
iodine trap performance information of an integrity test.
Due to the use of the environmentally friendly test reagent of low-toxicity in the field tests, the method is
mainly suitable for ventilation systems of those habitable spaces (e.g. main control rooms of nuclear power
plants), and performance test of a single iodine trap before its delivery and acceptance. In addition, the method
can also be used for iodine traps with activated carbon sampling canister (e.g. deep bed iodine trap Type III
and Drawer iodine trap Type II).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10780:1994, Stationary source emissions — Measurement of velocity and volume flowrate of gas streams in
ducts
ISO 16659--1, Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with
solid sorbent — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 18417, Iodine charcoal sorbents for nuclear facilities — Method for defining sorption capacity index
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 3.1
adsorbent
solid medium capable of concentrating other substances on its surface
3.2
adsorber
Commented [eXtyles1]: The term "adsorber" is used only
in terms and definitions section
device containing an adsorbent (3.1)
3.3
adsorber bank
Commented [eXtyles2]: The term "adsorber bank" has
not been used anywhere in this document
combination of one or more adsorbers installed on the same installation rack, or one or more side-by-side
units containing air treatment medium fixed on the air duct, pressure ventilation system or arch cavity section,
sometimes also called a group of filter sections
3.2 3.4
challenge gas
gas with known characteristics for field test of iodine trap
3.3 3.5
leakage rate
gas directly passing through or bypassing the air cleaning system, indicated in leakage percentage
3.4 3.6
system
combination consisting of various assemblies, including relevant instruments and control devices, used to
perform functions of ventilation, air conditioning and cleaning
4 Method
4.1 Scope of the method
This document recommends defines a method for measuring the leakage rate of iodine traps used in nuclear
air cleaning systems. This document is applicable to nuclear ventilation facilities and nuclear air cleaning
systems that need to confirm the integrity of iodine traps by measuring the leakage rate of the iodine trap
systems and comparing it with a reference value given in safety reports, the method can also be used in
exhaust ventilation network, without providing a decontamination factor.
The scope of the method is to specify the methodology, the tools requirements, their accuracy, and the
provisions needed to ensure safely (for workers, public and environment) the measurement of the integrity
of iodine traps based on the injection of cyclohexane gas.
It is important to note that this test method proposed in this document can only test mechanical leakage of the
iodine trap and does not fully reflect the effectiveness of the removal of radioactive iodine. Therefore, the
leakage rate determined by this method may not be used directly transposed as a reference value for the
estimation of radiological consequences for population. However, the test results of this method can
accurately reflect whether the iodine trap is mounted in place and whether there is bypass leakage inside the
iodine trap.
4.2 Principle of the method
When a volatile organic gas, such as cyclohexane mixture comes into contact with a porous solid, the organic
components of the mixture are adsorbed and retained on the surface of the solid by the unbalanced molecular
attraction or chemical bonding forces that exist on the surface of the solid. This property of the activated
carbon layer and the adsorbent is used to detect the leakage rate of the activated carbon iodine trap.
16659-3_ed1fig1.EPS
Key
X time
Y concentration
Y time
1 upstream concentration
2 downstream concentration due to bypass leak
3 downstream concentration due to desorption
Figure 1 — Concentration of organic gas over time
In principle, when the iodine trap itself is intact and installed correctly, the cyclohexane injected upstream of
the iodine trap is completely adsorbed and retained by the solid adsorbent. The detected downstream
concentration of cyclohexane is very low. If there is a bypass leak point in the iodine trap, part of cyclohexane
gas flows into the downstream directly without passing through the activated carbon layer, causing the
downstream concentration to rise rapidly, see Figure 1. Therefore, the presence of mechanical leakage in the
iodine trap system can be determined by measuring the cyclohexane concentration in the upstream and
downstream airflow of the iodine trap.
The principle of the method consists in the injection of a certain amount of cyclohexane gas at a position far
away from the upstream of the iodine trap running at a rated air volume, and at the same time, sampling of
the upstream and downstream gas. The cyclohexane concentrations of upstream and downstream samples
shall be detected and compared to calculate the leakage rate of the tested iodine trap. The sampling probes
shall be set to ensure that the samples of cyclohexane and air are uniformly mixed on the sampling air flow
section and representative. Calculate the leakage rate of the iodine trap according to Formula (1)the
Formula (1)::
𝐶𝐶
d
𝑃𝑃 = ⋅100 % (1)
𝐶𝐶
u
where
P is the leakage rate, in %%;
-1
Cd is the cyclohexane concentration of the downstream gas, μin μg·l ;
-1
Cu is the cyclohexane concentration of the upstream gas, μin μg·l .
4.3 Parameters affecting the achievements
4.3.1 General
Cyclohexane method aims at assessing the leakage rate of radioactive iodine traps in ventilation systems of
nuclear facilities. It’s necessary to ensure that cyclohexane is completely adsorbed on the solid iodine sorbents
to obtain accurate mechanical leakage rate. The adsorption between cyclohexane and the solid iodine sorbents
used in the ventilation systems of nuclear facilities is physical adsorption.
The physical adsorption or physisorption involves very weak interaction energy, such as Van der Waals forces.
These forces are sensitive to the distance between the adsorbent and the adsorbed molecule so-called
“adsorbate”. Physisorption interaction occurs without modification of the molecular structure of the
adsorbent and is totally reversible. The desorption may occur by a simple changing of gas conditioning process
[7] [7]
(temperature increase, pressure decrease, replacing the iodine flow with an inert gas, etc.) .) .
In addition, physisorption depends mainly on the accessibility of the adsorbate to the adsorption sites (pores).
This is governed by the relative size of the adsorbate molecule to the pore size distribution of the sorbent used.
Hence, this mechanism is not specific for iodine species.
4.3.14.3.2 Relative humidity
Relative humidity is a key parameter of the effectiveness of an iodine trap. It is important for the retention of
cyclohexane since the filled pores with the condensed water are not available for the adsorption of the
incoming cyclohexane molecules. So, it is important to conduct the measurements and to verify that the
relative humidity is kept below 70 % to exclude the detection of cyclohexane in the downstream due to
incomplete adsorption.
Figure 2Figure 2 gives the relationship between relative humidity and cyclohexane desorption.
16659-3_ed1fig2.EPS
Key
X elapsed time (min)
-1
Y concentration of downstream (nl·l )
Figure 2 — Concentration of cyclohexane in downstream air flow of a ventilation system over time
4.3.24.3.3 Influence of contact time between air and the sorbent (air velocity)
The adsorption is not an instantaneous phenomenon. It is then necessary to ensure a sufficient contact time
(versus frontal speed) between the adsorbent and the cyclohexane. The minimum contact time of the
cyclohexane shall be specified and quantified, obtained by knowing the nominal flow rate and the thickness of
the iodine trap. In general, the contact time between cyclohexane and the adsorbent layer is sufficient for
leakage rate testing of iodine traps at or below the nominal flow rate (in this case the contact time is greater
than 0,2 s). However, in special cases, e.g. with high gas velocity or thin adsorbent layers, the contact time
between cyclohexane and the adsorbent layer needs to be considered.
4.3.34.3.4 Temperature
Temperature is an important parameter affecting the residence time of cyclohexane in the activated carbon
layer, where cyclohexane is retained by physical adsorption. Normally, physical adsorption is an exothermic
process, and an increase in temperature is not favourable to the adsorption of cyclohexane, but is favourable
to the desorption of cyclohexane. This results in a much shorter retention time of cyclohexane in the adsorbent
layer at elevated temperature. It is possible that the desorbed cyclohexane from the adsorption layer may mix
with cyclohexane leaking downstream, leading to failure of the test experiment.
4.3.44.3.5 Particulate size and density
Range of granulated/crushed grains sizes and bulk density of the sorbent are important parameters for the
gas trapping, the finer the grain sizes, the longer the retention time for cyclohexane, but also the higher the
filters pressure drops. ISO 18417 provides elements for quantifying these elements.
4.3.54.3.6 Initial tracer gas concentration
The concentration of tracer gas plays an important role in the retention of cyclohexane within a porous
material. It is one of the parameters that govern adsorption at the pore level. A compromise should be obtained
when fixing the initial amount of cyclohexane. The ideal amount of tracer gas should be levels that are easily
measured (far enough from the detection limit) while minimizing the amount released to the environment,
--1
for example, the recommended initial tracer gas concentration is not exceeding 100 μμg·l . This quantity is
adjusted on the operator's knowledge about the adsorption capacity for cyclohexane and its supposed leakage
rate.
4.4 Other specificities of the method
Cyclohexane is a hydrocarbon organic solvent with the molecular formula of C H , which is volatile and
6 12
insoluble in water. The substance is stable under normal conditions. Generally, metal containers are used to
store cyclohexane. Before use, special reagents should be used to test whether the containers and solvents are
compatible. Glass containers can also
...
PROJET
Norme
internationale
ISO/DIS 16659-3
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Systèmes de ventilation pour les
Secrétariat: AFNOR
installations nucléaires — Méthodes
Début de vote:
d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des
2025-04-23
pièges à iode à sorbant solide —
Vote clos le:
2025-07-16
Partie 3:
Méthode du débit de fuite au
cyclohexane gazeux
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In-situ efficiency test
methods for iodine traps with solid sorbent —
Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
ICS: 27.120.20; 13.280
CE DOCUMENT EST UN PROJET DIFFUSÉ
POUR OBSERVATIONS ET APPROBATION. IL
EST DONC SUSCEPTIBLE DE MODIFICATION
ET NE PEUT ÊTRE CITÉ COMME NORME
INTERNATIONALE AVANT SA PUBLICATION EN
TANT QUE TELLE.
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES
FINS INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET
COMMERCIALES, AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE
DES UTILISATEURS, LES PROJETS DE NORMES
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE
Le présent document est distribué tel qu’il est parvenu du secrétariat
CONSIDÉRÉS DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR
du comité.
POSSIBILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES NORMES
POUVANT SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA
RÉGLEMENTATION NATIONALE.
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET
SONT INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS
OBSERVATIONS, NOTIFICATION DES DROITS
DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS AURAIENT
ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE
ET À FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION
EXPLICATIVE.
Numéro de référence
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Date : 2025-04-23
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
ISO/TC 85/SC 2
Secrétariat : AFNOR
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes
d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide —
Partie 3 : Méthode du débit de fuite au cyclohexane gazeux
Ventilation systems for nuclear facilities — In–situ efficiency test methods for iodine traps with solid
sorbent — Part 3: Cyclohexane gas leakage rate method
ICS : 27.120.20 ; 13.280
Avertissement
Ce document n’est pas une Norme internationale de l’ISO. Il est distribué pour examen et observations.
Il est susceptible de modification sans préavis et ne peut être cité comme Norme internationale.
Les destinataires du présent projet sont invités à présenter, avec leurs observations, notification des
droits de propriété dont ils auraient éventuellement connaissance et à fournir une documentation
explicative.
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publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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Publié en Suisse
Sous-type du document :
Stade du document : (40) Enquête
Langue du document : F
ii
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos . iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Méthode . 3
4.1 Domaine d’application de la méthode . 3
4.2 Principe de la méthode . 3
4.3 Paramètres affectant les évaluations . 5
4.3.1 Humidité relative . 5
4.3.2 Influence du temps de contact entre l’air et le sorbant (vitesse de l’air) . 6
4.3.3 Température. 6
4.3.4 Dimension et masse volumique des particules . 6
4.3.5 Concentration initiale en gaz traceur . 6
4.4 Autres spécificités de la méthode . 6
5 Équipement d’essai . 7
5.1 Dispositif d’injection . 7
5.1.1 Médium d’essai . 7
5.1.2 Générateurs de cyclohexane gazeux . 8
5.2 Dispositif de mesure . 10
5.2.1 Concentration (chromatographe en phase gazeuse/détecteur de COV avec détecteur à
photo-ionisation) . 10
5.2.2 Humidité relative (hydromètre) . 10
5.2.3 Débit de ventilation (anémomètre) . 11
6 Sûreté des travailleurs, du public et de l’environnement . 11
6.1 Dispositions de l’installation . 11
6.2 Principales dispositions de sûreté des travailleurs . 11
6.3 Dispositions de sûreté d’environnement . 11
6.4 Gestion du cyclohexane . 12
7 Mode de réalisation de l’essai . 12
7.1 Préparation aux essais . 12
7.2 Réalisation de l’essai . 12
7.3 Autres spécificités. 14
8 Établissement du résultat d’essai . 15
8.1 Expression du résultat d’essai. 15
8.2 Exactitude du résultat . 15
8.3 Évaluation et rapport d’essai . 16
8.3.1 Essai de débit de fuite de l’adsorbeur d’iode . 16
8.3.2 Essai de performance de l’adsorbant . 16
Annexe A (informative) Configuration schématique de la méthode d’essai . 17
Annexe B (informative) Exemple de texte pour le rapport d’essai . 18
Bibliographie . 19
iii
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont décrites
dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents critères
d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été rédigé
conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2
(voir www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n’avait pas
reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois,
il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations plus
récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l’adresse
www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de
brevet.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de
l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 85, Énergie nucléaire,
technologies nucléaires, et radioprotection, sous-comité SC 2, Radioprotection.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 16659 se trouve sur le site Web de l’ISO.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
iv
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
Introduction
L’adsorbeur d’iode constitue un équipement essentiel d’une centrale nucléaire en permettant de maîtriser
les rejets d’iode radioactif dans les effluents gazeux. Les adsorbeurs d’iode nécessitent qu’ils soient soumis à
des essais de performance in situ lors de leur installation et pendant l’exploitation. Les méthodes d’essai
sont généralement la méthode à l’iodure de méthyle radioactif et la méthode au fréon. Toutefois, les réactifs
d’essai utilisés dans ces deux méthodes ne sont pas appropriés à tous les systèmes d’adsorption d’iode pour
des raisons d’environnement et de sûreté, en particulier dans les espaces où des personnes sont présentes
(par exemple les salles de commande principales, les centres de commandement d’urgence, etc.).
Le cyclohexane est actuellement utilisé dans certains pays comme traceur pour des essais in situ du débit de
fuite des adsorbeurs d’iode en raison de sa faible toxicité, de sa rétention aisée par le charbon actif et de sa
facilité de mesurage. Cette méthode d’essai des adsorbeurs d’iode qui utilise le cyclohexane comme traceur
permet de déterminer le débit de fuite physique des adsorbeurs d’iode dans tous les systèmes de ventilation.
Le présent document fournit la méthode au cyclohexane pour mesurer le débit de fuite des adsorbeurs
d’iode et constitue la Partie 3 de l’ISO 16659.
v
PROJET DE NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires —
Méthodes d’essai in situ de l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant
solide — Partie 3 : Méthode du débit de fuite au cyclohexane
gazeux
1 Domaine d’application
La série ISO 16659 fournit différentes méthodes d’essai visant à évaluer la performance des pièges à iode
radioactif dans les systèmes de ventilation des installations nucléaires. La présente série concerne les pièges
à iode à sorbant solide, principalement du charbon actif imprégné, les sorbants solides les plus
communément utilisés dans les systèmes de ventilation des installations nucléaires, ainsi que d’autres
sorbants pour des conditions particulières (par exemple les zéolites à haute température). L’ISO 16659-1
fournit les exigences générales à appliquer pour toutes les méthodes de la série.
Le domaine d’application du présent document est de fournir des exigences générales et génériques pour la
méthode d’essai qui utilise le cyclohexane (C H ) comme traceur pour déterminer le débit de fuite physique
6 12
d’un piège à iode. Cette méthode reproductible peut aider les exploitants nucléaires à comparer les résultats
avec les valeurs de référence indiquées dans les rapports de sûreté.
Contrairement à la méthode au iodure de méthyle radioactif décrite dans l’ISO/DIS 16659-2, la méthode
d’essai in situ au cyclohexane traitée par le présent document ne donne pas directement un facteur de
décontamination du piège à iode, mais seulement des informations sur la performance du piège à iode dans
le cadre d’un essai d’intégrité, et il est nécessaire que la vérification du respect des exigences de performance
du piège à iode soit combinée avec les résultats de l’essai d’efficacité à l’iode radioactif de l’adsorbant du
piège à iode.
Comme les essais in situ utilisent un réactif respectueux de l’environnement et peu toxique, la méthode
convient principalement aux systèmes de ventilation des locaux occupés par du personnel (par exemple les
salles de commande principales des centrales nucléaires) et à l’essai de performance d’un seul adsorbeur
d’iode avant sa livraison et sa recette sur site. En outre, la méthode peut également être utilisée pour les
pièges à iode avec cartouche d’essai de charbon actif (par exemple les adsorbeurs d’iode à lit profond de type
III et les adsorbeurs d’iode à tiroir de type II).
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 10780, Émissions de sources fixes — Mesurage de la vitesse et du débit-volume des courants gazeux dans
des conduites.
ISO 16659-1, Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in-situ de l’efficacité
des pièges à iode à sorbant solide — Partie 1 : Exigences générales.
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
ISO/DIS 16659-2, Systèmes de ventilation pour les installations nucléaires — Méthodes d’essai in situ de
l’efficacité des pièges à iode à sorbant solide — Partie 2 : Méthode au CH I.
ISO 17873, Installations nucléaires — Critères pour la conception et l’exploitation des systèmes de ventilation
des installations nucléaires autres que les réacteurs nucléaires.
ISO 18417, Pièges à iode pour installations nucléaires — Méthode pour définir la capacité de rétention.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes :
— ISO Online browsing platform : disponible à l’adresse https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia : disponible à l’adresse https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
essai d’acceptation
essai permettant de vérifier la fonction d’un système ou d’un composant après l’installation in situ,
un accident anormal, un remplacement, une réparation et une modification affectant la valeur de référence
de l’essai
3.2
adsorbant
médium solide capable de piéger des substances à sa surface
3.3
adsorbeur
dispositif contenant un adsorbant
3.4
batterie d’adsorbeurs
combinaison d’un ou plusieurs adsorbeurs installés sur le même support d’installation, ou d’une ou
plusieurs unités côte à côte contenant un médium de traitement de l’air fixé sur le conduit d’air, le système
de ventilation de mise en dépression ou la section de la cavité d’arche, parfois également appelée groupe de
sections filtrantes
3.5
efficacité de l’adsorbeur
rapport de la quantité d’espèces retenues sur le médium d’adsorption sur la quantité qui entre dans celui-ci
3.6
gaz d’essai
gaz aux caractéristiques connues pour l’essai in situ de l’adsorbeur d’iode
3.7
débit de fuite
gaz non traité traversant directement ou contournant le système d’épuration de l’air, indiqué en
pourcentage de fuite
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
3.8
système
combinaison constituée de divers ensembles, y compris les instruments et les dispositifs de commande
correspondants, utilisée pour assurer les fonctions de ventilation, de conditionnement d’air et d’épuration
3.9
cartouche d’essai
collecteur d’échantillonnage spécialement conçu, qui contient suffisamment d’adsorbant pour représenter
l’adsorbant des adsorbeurs sans en affecter la performance ; il peut être retiré de la batterie d’adsorbeurs et
envoyé à un laboratoire pour soumettre à essai la performance de l’adsorbant
4 Méthode
4.1 Domaine d’application de la méthode
Le présent document recommande une méthode de mesurage du débit de fuite des adsorbeurs d’iode
utilisés dans les systèmes d’épuration d’air des installations nucléaires. Le présent document s’applique aux
installations de ventilation nucléaire et aux systèmes d’épuration d’air des installations nucléaires qui
nécessitent une évaluation de l’efficacité des adsorbeurs d’iode en mesurant le débit de fuite des systèmes
d’adsorption d’iode et en le comparant à une valeur de référence donnée dans les rapports de sûreté.
La méthode peut également être utilisée dans un réseau de ventilation d’extraction d’air, sans fournir de
facteur de décontamination.
Le domaine d’application de la méthode est la spécification de la méthodologie, des exigences relatives aux
outils, de leur exactitude et des dispositions nécessaires pour assurer en toute sécurité (pour les travailleurs,
le public et l’environnement) le mesurage de l’efficacité au cyclohexane gazeux des pièges à iode.
Il est important de noter que la méthode d’essai proposée dans le présent document peut soumettre à essai
uniquement les fuites physiques du piège à iode et ne reflète pas pleinement l’efficacité de l’élimination de
l’iode radioactif. Par conséquent, le débit de fuite déterminé par cette méthode ne peut pas être directement
transposé comme valeur de référence pour l’estimation des conséquences radiologiques sur la population.
Cependant, les résultats d’essai de cette méthode peuvent indiquer avec précision si le piège à iode est bien
monté et s’il y a une fuite par dérivation à l’intérieur du piège à iode.
4.2 Principe de la méthode
Lorsqu’un gaz organique volatil, tel qu’un mélange de cyclohexane, entre en contact avec un solide poreux,
les composants organiques du mélange sont adsorbés et retenus à la surface du solide par le déséquilibre de
l’attraction moléculaire ou les forces de liaison chimique qui existent à la surface du solide. Cette propriété
de la couche de charbon actif et de l’adsorbant est utilisée pour détecter le débit de fuite de l’adsorbeur
d’iode à charbon actif.
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
Légende
a concentration en amont
b concentration en aval due à une fuite de dérivation
c concentration en aval due à la désorption
1 concentration
2 temps
Figure 1 — Concentration de gaz organique en fonction du temps
En principe, lorsque l’adsorbeur d’iode lui-même est intact et installé correctement, le cyclohexane injecté en
amont de l’adsorbeur d’iode est complètement adsorbé et retenu par l’adsorbant solide. La concentration
détectée en aval du cyclohexane est très faible. En cas de fuite par dérivation dans l’adsorbeur d’iode, une
partie du cyclohexane gazeux passe directement en aval sans traverser la couche de charbon actif,
provoquant une augmentation rapide de la concentration en aval. Par conséquent, la présence de fuites
physiques dans le système d’adsorption d’iode peut être déterminée en mesurant la concentration en
cyclohexane dans les flux d’air amont et aval de l’adsorbeur d’iode.
La méthode consiste à injecter une certaine quantité de cyclohexane gazeux en un point éloigné en amont de
l’adsorbeur d’iode fonctionnant à un débit d’air nominal et, en même temps, à échantillonner les gaz en
amont et en aval. Les concentrations en cyclohexane des échantillonnages amont et aval doivent être
détectées et comparées pour calculer le débit de fuite de l’adsorbeur d’iode soumis à essai. Les sondes
d’échantillonnage doivent être réglées de manière à ce que les échantillons de cyclohexane et d’air soient
mélangés uniformément sur la section de flux d’air d’échantillonnage et qu’ils soient représentatifs.
Calculer le débit de fuite de l’adsorbeur d’iode à l’aide de la Formule (1) :
C
d
P100 % (1)
C
u
où
P débit de fuite en % ;
C concentration en cyclohexane du gaz en aval, en ppm ;
d
C concentration en cyclohexane du gaz en amont, en ppm.
u
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
4.3 Paramètres affectant les évaluations
La méthode au cyclohexane vise à évaluer le débit de fuite des pièges à iode radioactif dans les systèmes de
ventilation des installations nucléaires. Il est nécessaire de s’assurer que le cyclohexane est complètement
adsorbé sur les sorbants solides de l’iode afin d’obtenir un débit de fuite physique exact. L’adsorption entre
le cyclohexane et les sorbants solides de l’iode utilisés dans les systèmes de ventilation des installations
nucléaires est une adsorption physique.
L’adsorption physique ou physisorption implique une énergie d’interaction très faible, telle que les forces de
Van der Waals. Ces forces sont sensibles à la distance entre l’adsorbant et la molécule adsorbée, dénommée
« adsorbat ». Une interaction de physisorption se produit sans modification de la structure moléculaire de
l’adsorbant et est totalement réversible. La désorption peut se produire par un simple changement du
conditionnement du gaz (augmentation de la température, réduction de la pression, remplacement du flux
d’iode par un gaz inerte…).
En outre, la physisorption dépend principalement de l’accessibilité aux sites d’adsorption (pores) pour
l’adsorbat. Celle-ci est influencée par la taille relative de la molécule d’adsorbat par rapport à la distribution
des tailles des pores du sorbant utilisé. Ainsi, ce mécanisme n’est pas propre aux espèces de l’iode.
4.3.1 Humidité relative
L’humidité relative est un paramètre clé de l’efficacité d’un piège à iode. Elle est importante pour la rétention
du cyclohexane puisque les pores remplis d’eau condensée ne sont pas disponibles pour l’adsorption des
molécules de cyclohexane arrivant. Il est donc important d’effectuer les mesurages et de vérifier que
l’humidité relative est maintenue en dessous de 70 % afin d’exclure la détection de cyclohexane en aval en
raison d’une adsorption incomplète.
La Figure 2 donne la relation entre l’humidité relative et la désorption du cyclohexane.
Légende
1 concentration en aval (ppb)
2 temps écoulé (min)
Figure 2 — Concentration de cyclohexane dans le flux d’air aval d’un système de ventilation en
fonction du temps
ISO/DIS 16659-3:2025(fr)
4.3.2 Influence du temps de contact entre l’air et le sorbant (vitesse de l’air)
L’adsorption n’est pas un phénomène instantané. Il est donc nécessaire de s’assurer d’un temps de contact
suffisant (par rapport à la vitesse de front) entre l’adsorbant et le cyclohexane. Le temps de contact minimal
du cyclohexane doit être spécifié et quantifié, obtenu en connaissant le débit nominal et l’épaisseur du piège
à iode. En général, le temps de contact entre le cyclohexane et la couche d’adsorbant est suffisant pour le
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