ISO 2493-2:2011
(Main)Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance — Part 2: Taber-type tester
Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance — Part 2: Taber-type tester
ISO 2493-2:2011 specifies procedures to measure the bending resistance of paper and paperboard. ISO 2493-2:2011 is used to determine the bending moment required to deflect the free end of a 38 mm wide vertically clamped specimen by 15° when the load is applied at a bending length of 50 mm. For boards that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be used. The bending resistance is expressed in terms of the bending moment and parameters set by the manufacturer of the Taber-type tester. The method is primarily used for papers with a high grammage.
Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion — Partie 2: Rigidimètre Taber
L'ISO 2493-2:2011 spécifie des modes opératoires de mesure de la résistance à la flexion des papiers et des cartons. L'ISO 2493-2:2011 est utilisée pour déterminer le moment de flexion nécessaire pour fléchir d'un angle de 15° l'extrémité libre d'une éprouvette de 38 mm de large, fixée verticalement, lorsque la charge est appliquée à une longueur de flexion de 50 mm. Pour les cartons qui ont tendance à se déformer de façon permanente s'ils sont pliés à 15°, la moitié de l'angle de flexion peut être utilisée, c'est-à-dire 7,5°. La résistance à la flexion est exprimée en termes de moment de flexion et de paramètres fixés par le fabricant du rigidimètre Taber. La méthode est principalement utilisée pour des papiers de grammage élevé.
Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne odpornosti - 2. del: Metoda po Taberju
Ta del standarda ISO 2493 določa postopke za merjenje upogibne odpornosti papirja, kartona in lepenke. Ta del standarda ISO 2493 se uporablja za določanje upogibnega momenta, ki je potreben za upogib prostega konca 38 mm širokega vpetega vzorca za 15°, pri čemer se vzorec obteži na upogibni dolžini 50 mm. Pri kartonu in lepenki, ki se lahko pri upogibu za 15° trajno deformirata, se lahko uporabi polovični kot upogibanja, tj. 7,5°. Upogibna odpornost je izražena v obliki upogibnega momenta in parametrov, ki jih določi proizvajalec merilnika po Taberju. Metoda se uporablja predvsem za papir z visoko gramaturo.
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Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
01-marec-2013
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 2493:1996
Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne odpornosti - 2. del: Metoda po
Taberju
Paper and board -- Determination of bending resistance -- Part 2: Taber-type tester
Papier et carton -- Détermination de la résistance à la flexion -- Partie 2: Rigidimètre
Taber
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 2493-2:2011
ICS:
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2493-2
First edition
2011-11-15
Paper and board — Determination of
bending resistance —
Part 2:
Taber-type tester
Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion —
Partie 2: Rigidimètre Taber
Reference number
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2493-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This first edition, together with ISO 2493-1, cancels and replaces ISO 2493:1992, which has been technically
revised. In the revision, ISO 2493:1992 was divided into two parts due to different measuring principles.
ISO 2493-1 describes the constant rate of deflexion and this part of ISO 2493 describes the Taber-type tester.
ISO 2493-1 also gives the possibility to use a smaller bending length and a lower bending angle if needed.
Optional calculation in index form has been added. A precision statement has been added in informative
Annex A.
ISO 2493 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of bending
resistance:
— Part 1: Constant rate of deflection
— Part 2: Taber-type tester
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Introduction
In ISO 2493:1992, two principles for determining the bending resistance were incorporated in the same standard
although the two principles are very different.
One principle involved the deflection of an equal number of test pieces with opposing surfaces towards the
direction of deflection; this principle is described in ISO 2493-1.
The other principle used a Taber-type tester, where the test piece is inserted and deflected to the top side and
then, without changing the test piece, it is deflected in the opposite direction. This principle is described in this
[4]
part of ISO 2493. The method is based on TAPPI Test Method T 489 om-08 .
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance —
Part 2:
Taber-type tester
1 Scope
This part of ISO 2493 specifies procedures to measure the bending resistance of paper and paperboard.
This part of ISO 2493 is used to determine the bending moment required to deflect the free end of a 38 mm
wide vertically clamped specimen by 15° when the load is applied at a bending length of 50 mm. For boards
that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be used. The
bending resistance is expressed in terms of the bending moment and parameters set by the manufacturer of
the Taber-type tester.
The method is primarily used for papers with a high grammage.
NOTE This part of ISO 2493 does not cover the low-range version of the Taber-type instrument that uses a bending
length of 10 mm(Reference [5]).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bending moment
M
moment required to bend a rectangular test piece clamped at one end, the moment being measured under the
conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
NOTE Bending moment is expressed in millinewton metres (mN·m).
3.2
bending resistance
B
mean bending moment required to bend a rectangular test piece fastened at one end in a clamp, the bending
moment being measured under the conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
NOTE Bending resistance is expressed in millinewton metres (mN·m).
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
3.3
bending angle
α
angle through which the clamp rotates while moving from its initial position to the position at which the bending
resistance is measured
NOTE The bending angle is 15° or 7,5° (see Clause 10).
3.4
bending length
constant radial distance between the clamp and the position on the test piece at which the force is applied
3.5
bending resistance index
bending resistance divided by the grammage to the third power
4 Principle
A test piece of defined dimensions is bent through a specified bending angle (3.3) using a specific type of
testing instrument. The resulting bending moment is read from the instrument scale.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Bending resistance tester (see Figure 1), consisting of the following components.
5.1.1 Pendulum, P, rotating around a centre-point, CP, on low-friction bearings, carrying a clamp, C, that
has two screws for holding and centring the test piece, TP. At the high end, a centre-line, L, is engraved that
coincides with the centre of the test piece. At the lower end of the pendulum is a stud, S1, to which weights may
be attached and that loads the pendulum at a distance of 100,0 mm ± 0,1 mm from the centre-point. Without
added weights, the loading is 10,000 g ± 0,001 g.
5.1.2 Vertical disc, VD, rotating around the centre-point, CP, and driven by a motor, carries two driving arm
attachments, DAA, so located as to provide the test piece, TP, with a cantilevered loading length via two driving
arms, DA. The bending length (3.4) is 50,0 mm ± 0,1 mm. The driving arms are adjustable by means of screws
which enables testing of test pieces of different thicknesses. The ends of the driving arms have rollers as means
of transmitting the force to the test piece. It is possible to adjust the length of the arms so that the distance
between the test piece and each roller is 0,33 mm ± 0,03 mm.
On the edge of the upper part of the disc, a centre-line mark is engraved. Two reference lines are engraved
on the periphery of the vertical disc, VD, at an angular distance of 7,5° and 15° on both sides of the centre-line
mark.
A driving mechanism drives the vertical disc, VD, at a nominal constant rate which is allowed to vary between
170° and 210° per minute.
5.1.3 Fixed annular disc, FAD, located around the periphery of the vertical disc, VD. The fixed annular disc
has a scale from 0 to 100 on both sides of a centre-line mark, zero. The scale shows the bending moment
required to bend the test piece to the right or to the left. (For clarity, only the scale marks 0, 20 and 40 are shown
in Figure 1.)
5.1.4 Stand, to support the pendulum, P, the vertical disc, VD, and the fixed annular disc, FAD, equipped with
a means for levelling the instrument.
5.1.5 Various loading weights, in stiffness units defined by the manufacturer to be mounted on the stud, S1,
to give a maximum bending moment of 490 mN·m.
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
5.2 Preparation of apparatus
Place the instrument on a firm, flat surface. Set the vertical disc, VD, at zero and place a chosen weight, W,
on the stud, S1. Close the clamp, C, so that the faces meet on the centre-line of the pendulum. Level the
instrument so that the pendulum is vertical.
Displace the pendulum by 15° and release it to check the bearing friction. It should make at least 20 complete
swings before coming to rest.
Key
VD vertical disc DAA driving arm attachments
P pendulum DA driving arms
TP test piece FAD fixed annular disc
C clamp S 0 reference line stiffness 0
CP centre-point S 20 reference line stiffness 20
S1 stud S 40 reference line stiffness 40
A 7,5 reference line, 7,5° deflection L centre-line of the pendulum
A 15 reference line, 15° deflection
Figure 1 — Taber-type tester
6 Calibration
Calibrate the instrument and check the accuracy of the apparatus at regular intervals. The method of calibration
depends on the type of instrument and shall be done by following the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE Spring-steel test pieces are commonly supplied by the manufacturer of the instrument for calibration purposes.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3
----------------------
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2493-2
First edition
2011-11-15
Paper and board — Determination of
bending resistance —
Part 2:
Taber-type tester
Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion —
Partie 2: Rigidimètre Taber
Reference number
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2493-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This first edition, together with ISO 2493-1, cancels and replaces ISO 2493:1992, which has been technically
revised. In the revision, ISO 2493:1992 was divided into two parts due to different measuring principles.
ISO 2493-1 describes the constant rate of deflexion and this part of ISO 2493 describes the Taber-type tester.
ISO 2493-1 also gives the possibility to use a smaller bending length and a lower bending angle if needed.
Optional calculation in index form has been added. A precision statement has been added in informative
Annex A.
ISO 2493 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of bending
resistance:
— Part 1: Constant rate of deflection
— Part 2: Taber-type tester
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Introduction
In ISO 2493:1992, two principles for determining the bending resistance were incorporated in the same standard
although the two principles are very different.
One principle involved the deflection of an equal number of test pieces with opposing surfaces towards the
direction of deflection; this principle is described in ISO 2493-1.
The other principle used a Taber-type tester, where the test piece is inserted and deflected to the top side and
then, without changing the test piece, it is deflected in the opposite direction. This principle is described in this
[4]
part of ISO 2493. The method is based on TAPPI Test Method T 489 om-08 .
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance —
Part 2:
Taber-type tester
1 Scope
This part of ISO 2493 specifies procedures to measure the bending resistance of paper and paperboard.
This part of ISO 2493 is used to determine the bending moment required to deflect the free end of a 38 mm
wide vertically clamped specimen by 15° when the load is applied at a bending length of 50 mm. For boards
that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be used. The
bending resistance is expressed in terms of the bending moment and parameters set by the manufacturer of
the Taber-type tester.
The method is primarily used for papers with a high grammage.
NOTE This part of ISO 2493 does not cover the low-range version of the Taber-type instrument that uses a bending
length of 10 mm(Reference [5]).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bending moment
M
moment required to bend a rectangular test piece clamped at one end, the moment being measured under the
conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
NOTE Bending moment is expressed in millinewton metres (mN·m).
3.2
bending resistance
B
mean bending moment required to bend a rectangular test piece fastened at one end in a clamp, the bending
moment being measured under the conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
NOTE Bending resistance is expressed in millinewton metres (mN·m).
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
3.3
bending angle
α
angle through which the clamp rotates while moving from its initial position to the position at which the bending
resistance is measured
NOTE The bending angle is 15° or 7,5° (see Clause 10).
3.4
bending length
constant radial distance between the clamp and the position on the test piece at which the force is applied
3.5
bending resistance index
bending resistance divided by the grammage to the third power
4 Principle
A test piece of defined dimensions is bent through a specified bending angle (3.3) using a specific type of
testing instrument. The resulting bending moment is read from the instrument scale.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Bending resistance tester (see Figure 1), consisting of the following components.
5.1.1 Pendulum, P, rotating around a centre-point, CP, on low-friction bearings, carrying a clamp, C, that
has two screws for holding and centring the test piece, TP. At the high end, a centre-line, L, is engraved that
coincides with the centre of the test piece. At the lower end of the pendulum is a stud, S1, to which weights may
be attached and that loads the pendulum at a distance of 100,0 mm ± 0,1 mm from the centre-point. Without
added weights, the loading is 10,000 g ± 0,001 g.
5.1.2 Vertical disc, VD, rotating around the centre-point, CP, and driven by a motor, carries two driving arm
attachments, DAA, so located as to provide the test piece, TP, with a cantilevered loading length via two driving
arms, DA. The bending length (3.4) is 50,0 mm ± 0,1 mm. The driving arms are adjustable by means of screws
which enables testing of test pieces of different thicknesses. The ends of the driving arms have rollers as means
of transmitting the force to the test piece. It is possible to adjust the length of the arms so that the distance
between the test piece and each roller is 0,33 mm ± 0,03 mm.
On the edge of the upper part of the disc, a centre-line mark is engraved. Two reference lines are engraved
on the periphery of the vertical disc, VD, at an angular distance of 7,5° and 15° on both sides of the centre-line
mark.
A driving mechanism drives the vertical disc, VD, at a nominal constant rate which is allowed to vary between
170° and 210° per minute.
5.1.3 Fixed annular disc, FAD, located around the periphery of the vertical disc, VD. The fixed annular disc
has a scale from 0 to 100 on both sides of a centre-line mark, zero. The scale shows the bending moment
required to bend the test piece to the right or to the left. (For clarity, only the scale marks 0, 20 and 40 are shown
in Figure 1.)
5.1.4 Stand, to support the pendulum, P, the vertical disc, VD, and the fixed annular disc, FAD, equipped with
a means for levelling the instrument.
5.1.5 Various loading weights, in stiffness units defined by the manufacturer to be mounted on the stud, S1,
to give a maximum bending moment of 490 mN·m.
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
5.2 Preparation of apparatus
Place the instrument on a firm, flat surface. Set the vertical disc, VD, at zero and place a chosen weight, W,
on the stud, S1. Close the clamp, C, so that the faces meet on the centre-line of the pendulum. Level the
instrument so that the pendulum is vertical.
Displace the pendulum by 15° and release it to check the bearing friction. It should make at least 20 complete
swings before coming to rest.
Key
VD vertical disc DAA driving arm attachments
P pendulum DA driving arms
TP test piece FAD fixed annular disc
C clamp S 0 reference line stiffness 0
CP centre-point S 20 reference line stiffness 20
S1 stud S 40 reference line stiffness 40
A 7,5 reference line, 7,5° deflection L centre-line of the pendulum
A 15 reference line, 15° deflection
Figure 1 — Taber-type tester
6 Calibration
Calibrate the instrument and check the accuracy of the apparatus at regular intervals. The method of calibration
depends on the type of instrument and shall be done by following the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE Spring-steel test pieces are commonly supplied by the manufacturer of the instrument for calibration purposes.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
7 Sampling
If the tests are being made to evaluate a lot, the sample shall be selected in accordance with ISO 186. If the
tests are made on another type of sample, make sure that the test pieces taken are representative of the
samples received.
8 Conditioning
Condition the samples of paper or board as specified in ISO 187. Keep them in the conditioning atmosphere
throughout the test proced
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
01-februar-2013
Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne odpornosti - 2. del: Metoda po
Taberju
Paper and board -- Determination of bending resistance -- Part 2: Taber-type tester
Papier et carton -- Détermination de la résistance à la flexion -- Partie 2: Rigidimètre
Taber
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 2493-2:2011
ICS:
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2493-2
First edition
2011-11-15
Paper and board — Determination of
bending resistance —
Part 2:
Taber-type tester
Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion —
Partie 2: Rigidimètre Taber
Reference number
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 2493-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2,
Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board .
This first edition, together with ISO 2493-1, cancels and replaces ISO 2493:1992, which has been technically
revised. In the revision, ISO 2493:1992 was divided into two parts due to different measuring principles.
ISO 2493-1 describes the constant rate of deflexion and this part of ISO 2493 describes the Taber-type tester.
ISO 2493-1 also gives the possibility to use a smaller bending length and a lower bending angle if needed.
Optional calculation in index form has been added. A precision statement has been added in informative
Annex A.
ISO 2493 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board — Determination of bending
resistance:
— Part 1: Constant rate of deflection
— Part 2: Taber-type tester
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Introduction
In ISO 2493:1992, two principles for determining the bending resistance were incorporated in the same standard
although the two principles are very different.
One principle involved the deflection of an equal number of test pieces with opposing surfaces towards the
direction of deflection; this principle is described in ISO 2493-1.
The other principle used a Taber-type tester, where the test piece is inserted and deflected to the top side and
then, without changing the test piece, it is deflected in the opposite direction. This principle is described in this
[4]
part of ISO 2493. The method is based on TAPPI Test Method T 489 om-08 .
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance —
Part 2:
Taber-type tester
1 Scope
This part of ISO 2493 specifies procedures to measure the bending resistance of paper and paperboard.
This part of ISO 2493 is used to determine the bending moment required to deflect the free end of a 38 mm
wide vertically clamped specimen by 15° when the load is applied at a bending length of 50 mm. For boards
that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be used. The
bending resistance is expressed in terms of the bending moment and parameters set by the manufacturer of
the Taber-type tester.
The method is primarily used for papers with a high grammage.
NOTE This part of ISO 2493 does not cover the low-range version of the Taber-type instrument that uses a bending
length of 10 mm (Reference [5]).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bending moment
M
moment required to bend a rectangular test piece clamped at one end, the moment being measured under the
conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
NOTE Bending moment is expressed in millinewton metres (mN·m).
3.2
bending resistance
B
mean bending moment required to bend a rectangular test piece fastened at one end in a clamp, the bending
moment being measured under the conditions specified in this part of ISO 2493
NOTE Bending resistance is expressed in millinewton metres (mN·m).
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oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
3.3
bending angle
α
angle through which the clamp rotates while moving from its initial position to the position at which the bending
resistance is measured
NOTE The bending angle is 15° or 7,5° (see Clause 10).
3.4
bending length
constant radial distance between the clamp and the position on the test piece at which the force is applied
3.5
bending resistance index
bending resistance divided by the grammage to the third power
4 Principle
A test piece of defined dimensions is bent through a specified bending angle (3.3) using a specific type of
testing instrument. The resulting bending moment is read from the instrument scale.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Bending resistance tester (see Figure 1), consisting of the following components.
5.1.1 Pendulum, P, rotating around a centre-point, CP, on low-friction bearings, carrying a clamp, C, that
has two screws for holding and centring the test piece, TP. At the high end, a centre-line, L, is engraved that
coincides with the centre of the test piece. At the lower end of the pendulum is a stud, S1, to which weights may
be attached and that loads the pendulum at a distance of 100,0 mm ± 0,1 mm from the centre-point. Without
added weights, the loading is 10,000 g ± 0,001 g.
5.1.2 Vertical disc, VD, rotating around the centre-point, CP, and driven by a motor, carries two driving arm
attachments, DAA, so located as to provide the test piece, TP, with a cantilevered loading length via two driving
arms, DA. The bending length (3.4) is 50,0 mm ± 0,1 mm. The driving arms are adjustable by means of screws
which enables testing of test pieces of different thicknesses. The ends of the driving arms have rollers as means
of transmitting the force to the test piece. It is possible to adjust the length of the arms so that the distance
between the test piece and each roller is 0,33 mm ± 0,03 mm.
On the edge of the upper part of the disc, a centre-line mark is engraved. Two reference lines are engraved
on the periphery of the vertical disc, VD, at an angular distance of 7,5° and 15° on both sides of the centre-line
mark.
A driving mechanism drives the vertical disc, VD, at a nominal constant rate which is allowed to vary between
170° and 210° per minute.
5.1.3 Fixed annular disc, FAD, located around the periphery of the vertical disc, VD. The fixed annular disc
has a scale from 0 to 100 on both sides of a centre-line mark, zero. The scale shows the bending moment
required to bend the test piece to the right or to the left. (For clarity, only the scale marks 0, 20 and 40 are shown
in Figure 1.)
5.1.4 Stand, to support the pendulum, P, the vertical disc, VD, and the fixed annular disc, FAD, equipped with
a means for levelling the instrument.
5.1.5 Various loading weights, in stiffness units defined by the manufacturer to be mounted on the stud, S1,
to give a maximum bending moment of 490 mN·m.
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO 2493-2:2013
ISO 2493-2:2011(E)
5.2 Preparation of apparatus
Place the instrument on a firm, flat surface. Set the vertical disc, VD, at zero and place a chosen weight, W,
on the stud, S1. Close the clamp, C, so that the faces meet on the centre-line of the pendulum. Level the
instrument so that the pendulum is vertical.
Displace the pendulum by 15° and release it to check the bearing friction. It should make at least 20 complete
swings before coming to rest.
Key
VD vertical disc DAA driving arm attachments
P pendulum DA driving arms
TP test piece FAD fixed annular disc
C clamp S 0 reference line stiffness 0
CP centre-point S 20 reference line stiffness 20
S1 stud S 40 reference line stiffness 40
A 7,5 reference line, 7,5° deflection L centre-line of the pendulum
A 15 reference line, 15° deflection
Figure 1 — Taber-type tester
6 Calibration
Calibrate the instrument and check the accuracy of the apparatus at regular intervals. The method of calibration
depends on the type of instrument and shall be done by following the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE Spring-steel test pieces are commonly supplied by the manufacturer of the instrument for calibration purposes.
© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved 3
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oSIST ISO 2
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 2493-2
Première édition
2011-11-15
Papier et carton — Détermination de la
résistance à la flexion —
Partie 2:
Rigidimètre Taber
Paper and board — Determination of bending resistance —
Part 2: Taber-type tester
Numéro de référence
ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
©
ISO 2011
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2011
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l’accord écrit
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ISO copyright office
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Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales,
en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d’élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l’approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de droits
de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir
identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L’ISO 2493-2 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 6, Papiers, cartons et pâtes, sous-comité SC 2,
Méthodes d’essais et spécifications de qualité des papiers et cartons.
Cette première édition, conjointement avec l’ISO 2493-1, annule et remplace l’ISO 2493:1992 qui a fait l’objet
d’une révision technique. Dans la révision, l’ISO 2493:1992 a été divisée en deux parties en raison des
différents principes de mesure. L’ISO 2493-1 décrit la valeur à gradient de flexion constant et la présente partie
de l’ISO 2493 décrit le rigidimètre Taber. L’ISO 2493-1 offre également la possibilité d’utiliser, si nécessaire,
une longueur de flexion et un angle de flexion plus faibles. Un calcul optionnel sous forme d’indice a été ajouté.
Des données de fidélité ont été ajoutées en Annexe A informative.
L’ISO 2493 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Papier et carton — Détermination
de la résistance à la flexion:
— Partie 1: Valeur à gradient de flexion constant
— Partie 2: Rigidimètre Taber
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ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
Introduction
Deux principes de détermination de la résistance à la flexion avaient été incorporés dans l’ISO 2493:1992 bien
que ces deux principes soient très différents.
Un principe impliquait la flexion d’un nombre égal d’éprouvettes en inversant les faces orientées vers le sens
de flexion; ce principe est décrit dans l’ISO 2493-1.
L’autre principe utilisait un rigidimètre Taber, dans lequel l’éprouvette est insérée et fléchie vers le recto ou bien
d’un côté puis, sans changer l’éprouvette, elle est fléchie dans la direction opposée. Ce principe est décrit dans
[4]
la présente partie de l’ISO 2493. La méthode repose sur la méthode d’essai TAPPI T 489 om-08 .
iv © ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
Papier et carton — Détermination de la résistance à la flexion —
Partie 2:
Rigidimètre Taber
1 Domaine d’application
La présente partie de l’ISO 2493 spécifie des modes opératoires de mesure de la résistance à la flexion des
papiers et des cartons.
La présente partie de l’ISO 2493 est utilisée pour déterminer le moment de flexion nécessaire pour fléchir
d’un angle de 15° l’extrémité libre d’une éprouvette de 38 mm de large, fixée verticalement, lorsque la charge
est appliquée à une longueur de flexion de 50 mm. Pour les cartons qui ont tendance à se déformer de façon
permanente s’ils sont pliés à 15°, la moitié de l’angle de flexion peut être utilisée, c’est-à-dire 7,5°. La résistance
à la flexion est exprimée en termes de moment de flexion et de paramètres fixés par le fabricant du rigidimètre
Taber.
La méthode est principalement utilisée pour des papiers de grammage élevé.
NOTE La présente partie de l’ISO 2493 ne couvre pas la version d’entrée de gamme de l’instrument Taber qui utilise
une longueur de flexion de 10 mm (Référence [5]).
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l’application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence (y compris les éventuels amendements) s’applique.
ISO 186, Papier et carton — Échantillonnage pour déterminer la qualité moyenne
ISO 187, Papier, carton et pâtes — Atmosphère normale de conditionnement et d’essai et méthode de
surveillance de l’atmosphère et de conditionnement des échantillons
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
3.1
moment de flexion
M
moment requis pour fléchir une éprouvette rectangulaire fixée à l’une de ses extrémités, le moment de flexion
étant mesuré dans les conditions spécifiées dans la présente partie de l’ISO 2493
NOTE Le moment de flexion est exprimé en millinewton mètres (mN·m).
3.2
résistance à la flexion
B
moment de flexion moyen requis pour fléchir une éprouvette rectangulaire fixée à l’une de ses extrémités dans
une mâchoire, le moment de flexion étant mesuré dans les conditions spécifiées dans la présente partie de
l’ISO 2493
NOTE La résistance à la flexion est exprimée en millinewton mètres (mN·m).
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ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
3.3
angle de flexion
α
angle selon lequel la mâchoire tourne en se déplaçant de sa position initiale jusqu’à la position à laquelle la
résistance à la flexion est mesurée
NOTE L’angle de flexion est 15° ou 7,5° (voir Article 10).
3.4
longueur de flexion
distance radiale constante entre la ligne d’encastrement et le point d’application de la force sur l’éprouvette
3.5
indice de résistance à la flexion
résistance à la flexion divisée par le grammage à la puissance trois
4 Principe
Une éprouvette de dimensions définies est fléchie d’un angle de flexion (3.3) spécifié en utilisant un type
spécifique d’appareil d’essai. Le moment de flexion obtenu est lu sur l‘échelle graduée de l’appareil.
5 Appareillage
5.1 Appareil d’essai de résistance à la flexion (voir Figure 1), constitué des éléments suivants.
5.1.1 Pendule, P, tournant autour d’un point central, CP, sur des paliers à faible frottement, portant une
mâchoire, C, munie de deux vis pour maintenir et centrer l’éprouvette, TP. Au niveau de l’extrémité supérieure,
un axe, L, est gravé coïncidant avec le centre de l’éprouvette. Au niveau de l’extrémité inférieure du pendule se
trouve un goujon, S1, permettant de fixer des poids et de charger le pendule à une distance de 100,0 mm ± 0,1 mm
du point central. En l’absence de poids additionnels, la charge est de 10,000 g ± 0,001 g.
5.1.2 Disque vertical, VD, tournant autour du point central, CP, entraîné par un moteur, portant deux fixations
de bras de commande, DAA, positionnées de manière à conférer à l’éprouvette, TP, une longueur de charge en
porte-à-faux au moyen de deux bras de commande, DA. La longueur de flexion (3.4) est de 50,0 mm ± 0,1 mm.
Les bras de commande sont réglables au moyen de vis afin de pouvoir soumettre à essai des éprouvettes de
différentes épaisseurs. Les extrémités des bras de commande sont munies de galets pour transmettre la force
à l’éprouvette. Il est possible de régler la longueur des bras de manière que la distance entre l’éprouvette et
chaque galet soit de 0,33 mm ± 0,03 mm.
Sur le bord de la partie supérieure du disque, une ligne médiane est gravée. Deux lignes de référence sont
gravées sur la périphérie du disque vertical, VD, à une distance angulaire de 7,5° et de 15° de chaque côté du
repère médian.
Un mécanisme d’entraînement entraîne le disque vertical, VD, à une vitesse nominale constante qui peut varier
de 170° à 210° par minute.
5.1.3 Disque annulaire fixe, FAD, situé à la périphérie du disque vertical, VD. Le disque annulaire fixe est
gradué de 0 à 100 de chaque côté d’un repère médian zéro. La graduation indique le moment de flexion requis
pour fléchir l’éprouvette vers la droite ou vers la gauche. (Pour plus de clarté, seules les graduations 0, 20 et 40
sont représentées à la Figure 1.)
5.1.4 Socle, pour supporter le pendule, P, le disque vertical, VD, et le disque annulaire fixe, FAD, équipé d’un
moyen permettant une mise à niveau de l’appareil.
5.1.5 Différentes masses de chargement, en unités de rigidité définies par le fabricant, devant être montées
sur le goujon, S1, pour obtenir un moment de flexion maximal de 490 mN·m.
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ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
5.2 Préparation de l’appareillage
Placer l’appareil sur une surface solide et plane. Régler le disque vertical, VD, à zéro et placer un poids choisi,
W, sur le goujon, S1. Fermer la mâchoire, C, de sorte que les faces se rencontrent sur l’axe du pendule. Mettre
l’appareil à niveau afin que le pendule soit vertical.
Déplacer le pendule de 15° et le relâcher pour vérifier le frottement des paliers. Il convient qu’il effectue au
moins 20 balancements complets avant de s’immobiliser.
Légende
VD disque vertical DAA fixations des bras de commande
P pendule DA bras de commande
TP éprouvette FAD disque annulaire fixe
C mâchoire S 0 ligne de référence, rigidité 0
CP point central S 20 ligne de référence, rigidité 20
S1 goujon S 40 ligne de référence, rigidité 40
A 7,5 ligne de référence, flexion de 7,5° L axe du pendule
A 15 ligne de référence, flexion de 15°
Figure 1 — Rigidimètre de type Taber
6 Étalonnage
Étalonner l’appareil et vérifier la précision de l’appareillage à intervalles réguliers. La méthode d’étalonnage
dépend du type d’appareil et l’étalonnage doit être réalisé selon les instructions du fabricant.
NOTE Des éprouvettes en acier à ressort sont couramment fournies par le fabricant de l’appareil aux fins d’étalonnage.
© ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés 3
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ISO 2493-2:2011(F)
7 Échantillonnage
Si les essais sont réalisés pour évaluer un lot, l’échantillon doit être sélectionné conformément à l’ISO 186. Si
les essais sont effectués sur un autre type d’échantillon, s’assurer que les éprouvettes sont représentatives
des échantillons reçus.
8 Conditionnement
Conditionner les échantillons de papier ou de carton comme spécifié dans l’ISO 187. Les conserver dans
l’atmosphère de conditionnement tout au long du mode opératoire d’essai.
9 Préparation des éprouve
...
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