ISO/IEC 15944-5:2008

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 15944-5
First edition
2008-06-01
Information technology — Business
Operational View —
Part 5:
Identification and referencing of
requirements of jurisdictional domains as
sources of external constraints
Technologies de l'information — Vue opérationnelle d'affaires —
Partie 5: Identification et référence des exigences de domaines
juridictionnels en tant que sources de contraintes externes

Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2008
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ii © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Index of Figures.vii
Foreword .viii
0      Introduction.ix
0.1 Purpose and overview .ix
0.1.1 ISO/IEC 14662 "Open-edi Reference Model" .ix
0.1.2 ISO/IEC 15944-1 “Business Agreement Semantic Descriptive Techniques”.x
0.2 Use of “Person”, “organization” and “party” in the context of business transactions and
commitment exchange.xii
0.3 Importance and role of terms and definitions .xiii
0.4 Importance of the two classes of constraints of the Business Transaction Model (BTM).xiv
0.5 Standard based on rules and guidelines .xiv
0.6 Use of “jurisdictional domain” and “jurisdiction” (and “country”) in the context of
business transactions and commitment exchange.xv
0.7 Use of “identifier” as “identifier (in business transactions)”.xvi
0.8 Organization and description of this part of ISO/IEC 15944 .xvi
1 Scope.1
1.1 Statement of scope .1
1.2 Exclusions.2
1.2.1 Mutual recognition of jurisdictional domain by other jurisdictional domains.2
1.2.2 Formation of jurisdictional domains .2
1.2.3 “Overlap” of and/or conflict among jurisdictional domains as sources of external
constraints .2
1.2.4 Artificial languages, programming languages, mark-up languages, etc.2
1.3 Aspects not currently addressed .3
1.4 IT systems environment neutrality .3
2 Normative references.4
2.1 ISO/IEC, ISO and ITU .4
2.2 Referenced specifications .6
3 Terms and definitions .8
4 Symbols and abbreviations.35
5 Fundamental principles and assumptions .36
5.1 Introduction.36
5.2 Key constructs.37
5.2.1 Principles and rules .37
5.2.2 Collaboration space – internal constraints only .38
5.2.3 Collaboration space - the role of "regulator" representing "external constraints" .39
5.3 Jurisdictional domain as a source of external constraints.41
5.4 Jurisdictional domains as "Persons" and “public administrations".42
5.5 UN member states as "pivot" jurisdictional domains .43
5.6 Jurisdictional domains as "peers" .44
5.7 Identification and mapping of external constraints to business transactions, scenarios
and their components as business objects.45
6 Principal requirements of jurisdictional domains.46
6.1 Introduction.46
6.2 Jurisdictional domains and official languages .46
6.2.1 Introduction - choice of use of language (in a business transaction) .46
6.2.2 Jurisdictional domain as an external constraint on choice of language(s) .48
6.2.3 What is an "official language?" .50
© ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved iii

6.2.4 What is a “de facto language”?.51
6.2.5 What is a “legally recognized language (LRL)”?.52
6.2.6 Gender and official languages .53
6.2.7 Official languages and human interchange equivalents (HIEs) of semantic components.54
6.2.8 UN member states and their official (or de facto) languages .56
6.2.9 International organizations and official languages.57
6.3 Jurisdictional domains and public policy requirements .58
6.3.1 Introduction.58
6.3.2 Person and external constraints: consumer protection .59
6.3.3 Privacy protection.60
6.3.4 Individual accessibility.61
6.3.5 Human rights.62
6.4 Jurisdictional domains and identification systems .62
6.5 Jurisdictional domains and classification systems.64
6.6 Jurisdictional domains and the components of a business transaction.65
6.6.1 6.6.1 Introduction.65
6.6.2 Person component .65
6.6.2.1 Introduction .65
6.6.2.2 Role qualification of a Person.65
6.6.2.3 Personae as legally recognized names (LRNs) .66
6.6.2.4 Truncation of a persona .69
6.6.3 Process component .70
6.6.4 Data component.71
6.6.4.1 General .71
6.6.4.2 Record retention.71
6.6.4.3 State Changes .74
6.6.4.4 Business transaction identifier (BTI) .77
6.6.4.5 Date/time referencing .78
7 Rules governing the formation and identification of jurisdictional domains .81
7.1 Introduction.81
7.2 As single entities - UN member states .82
7.3 Jurisdictional domains resulting from international treaties.83
7.3.1 Treaties as jurisdictional domains and their registration.83
7.3.2 Bilateral treaties.84
7.3.3 Plurilateral treaties.85
7.3.4 Multilateral treaties (or conventions).86
7.4 As a supranational organization .86
7.5 As an international organization.86
7.6 As a regional entity.87
7.7 As sub-types of a UN member state .87
7.8 Unambiguous identification and referencing of jurisdictional domains .87
7.8.1 Introduction.87
7.8.2 Unambiguous identification and referencing UN member states including their
administrative sub-divisions .87
7.8.3 Unambiguous identification and referencing of jurisdictional domains resulting from
legally binding treaties.88
8 Template for the identification of external constraints of jurisdictional domains.91
8.1 Introduction and basic principles .91
8.2 Template structure and contents.91
8.3 Template for specifying the scope of an open-edi scenario.92
8.4 Consolidated template of attributes of Open-edi scenarios, roles and information bundles .96
iv © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved

Annex A (normative) Consolidated list of terms and definitions with cultural adaptability: ISO
English and ISO French language equivalency .100
A.1 Introduction.100
A.2 ISO English and ISO French.100
A.3 Cultural adaptability and quality control.101
A.4 List of terms in French alphabetical order.101
A.5 Organization of Annex A, “Consolidated matrix of terms and definitions”.106
A.6 Consolidated Matrix of ISO/IEC 15944-4 Terms and Definitions in English and French .108
Annex B (normative) Consolidated set of rules of ISO/IEC 15944-1:2002 governing business
transactions, their scoping and specification as Open-edi scenarios and their
components of particular relevance to "external constraints" .157
B.1 Introduction.157
B.2 Organization of Annex B: consolidated list in matrix form.157
B.3 Consolidated list of rules in ISO/IEC 15944-1:2002 pertaining to external constraints .158
Annex C (normative) BusinessTransaction Model (BTM): classes of constraints .161
Annex D (normative) Unambiguous semantic components and jurisdictional domains: Standard
default convention for the identification, interworking and referencing of combinations of
codes representing countries, languages, and currencies .166
D.1 Introduction.166
D.2 Purpose .168
D.3 Exclusions to Annex D.168
D.4 Current issues and approach taken .169
D.4.1 Summary of nature of issues pertaining to interworking of codes representing countries,
languages, and currencies .169
D.4.1.1 ISO 3166-1 “Country Codes" .170
D.4.1.2 ISO 639-2 "Language Codes" .171
D.4.1.3 ISO 4217 "Currency Codes" .171
D.4.2 Principles governing approach taken .172
D.5 Common default conventions.172
D.5.1 Default convention #1 for the unambiguous identification and referencing of
combinations of codes representing countries, languages and currencies .172
D.5.2 Default convention #2 for the ordering of codes representing countries, languages and
currencies .173
D.6 Application of default convention #1 for identifying codes representing countries,
languages and currencies with default convention #2 for ordering them .173
Annex E (informative) Codes representing UN member states and their official (or de facto)
languages.174
E.1 Introduction to Annex E.174
E.2 Purpose of Annex E .176
E.3 Exclusions to Annex E.177
E.4 Organization of Annex E.177
E.5 Informative notes.179
E.6 15944-5:08 coded domain of “codes representing UN member states and their official (or
de facto) languages”.181
Annex F (informative) Examples of multiple human interface equivalents (HIE) for a single IT-
interface identifier .200
F.1 Purpose and use of Annex F.200
F.2 Example 1: taken from ISO 19135:2005(E).200
F.3 Example 2: Taken from ISO/IEC 5218:2004.202
Annex G (informative) Examples of various ontologies resulting from modelling business
scenarios with (1) internal constraints only; and, (2) with external constraints: use case -
“buyer", "seller", "third party" and "regulator".205
G.1 Introduction.205
G.2 Modelling buyer, seller and third party - internal constraints only.205
G.3 Modelling buyer, seller and regulator .208
G.4 Modelling buyer, seller and regulator using a third party.209
© ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved v

Annex H (informative) Levels of international regulatory regimes .211
Annex I (informative) Example of classification system: Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature of
the World Customs Organization (WCO) .213
Annex J (informative) Coded domain for non-UN member states listed in ISO 3166-1:1997.215
J.1 Introduction.215
J.2 Organization of Annex J – Coded domain “15944-5:09” .216
J.3 ISO/IEC 15944-5:08 Codes representing non-UN member states listed in ISO 3166-1 .218
Annex K (informative) Examples of the need for specifying gender of terms and nouns to ensure
unambiguity in use of an official language.220
K.1 Introduction.220
K.2 Organization of the Annex K matrix.220
K.3 Examples of the same word having two gender forms and two different meanings .221
Bibliography .223

vi © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved

Index of Tables
Table 1 — ISO/IEC 15944-5:01 Codes representing gender in natural languages.54
Table 2 — ISO/IEC 15944-5:02 Codes Representing Specification of Records Retention
Responsibility.73
Table 3 — ISO/IEC 15944-5:03 Codes representing disposition of recorded information.73
Table 4 — ISO/IEC 15944-5:04 Codes representing retention triggers.74
Table 5 — ISO/IEC 15944-5:05 Codes for specifying state changes allowed for the values of
Information Bundles and Semantic Components.75
Table 6 — ISO/IEC 15944-5:06 Codes representing store change type for Information Bundles and
Semantic Components.76
Table 7 — Coded Domain 15944-5:07 Codes Representing UN member states and their Official
(or de facto) Languages.181
Table 8 — ISO/IEC 15944-5:08 Codes representing Non-UN member states listed in ISO 3166-1.218
Index of Figures
Figure 1 — Open-edi environment.ix
Figure 2 — Integrated View – Business Operational Requirements: External Constraints Focus.xi
Figure 3 — Accounting and economic ontology (internal constraints only): Buyer, seller and
common collaboration space (Graphic illustration) .39
Figure 4 — Accounting and economic ontology (internal constraints only): Buyer, seller and
common collaboration space with a third party (Graphic illustration).39
Figure 5 — Illustration of accounting and economic ontology with external constraints: Common
collaboration space — Buyer, seller and regulator (Graphic illustration).40
Figure 6 — Accounting and economic ontology with external constraints: Common Collaboration
Space — Buyer, Seller and Regulator utilizing a Third Party (Graphic Illustration).41
Figure 7 — Integrated View of (1) two classes of constraints, (2) the three (primitive) roles of a
Person and (3) three sub-types of Person .42
Figure 8 — Business Transaction Model — Fundamental elements (Graphic illustration) .161
Figure 9 — UML-based Representation of Figure 8 — Business Transaction Model — .162
Figure 10 — Business Transaction Model: Classes of constraints .165
Figure 11 — Example of the distinction between identifiers used in an information technology
interface and representations used in a human interface.201
Figure 12 — Accounting and Economic Ontology (internal constraints only): Buyer, Seller and
Common Collaboration Space (Graphic illustration).205
Figure 13 — Accounting and Economic Ontology (internal constraints only): Buyer, Seller and
Common Collaboration Space with a Third Party (Graphic Illustration) .206
Figure 14 — Accounting and economic ontology with external constraints: Common Collaboration
Space - Buyer, Seller and Regulator (Graphic Illustration).209
Figure 15 — Accounting and economic ontology with external constraints: Common Collaboration
Space – Buyer, Seller and Regulator utilizing a Third Party (Graphic illustration) .209
Figure 16 — Examples of the same word having two gender forms and two different meanings .221

© ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved vii

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 15944-5 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange.
ISO/IEC 15944 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Business
Operational View:
⎯ Part 1: Operational aspects of Open-edi for implementation
⎯ Part 2: Registration of scenarios and their components as business objects
⎯ Part 4: Business transaction scenarios — Accounting and economic ontology
⎯ Part 5: Identification and referencing of requirements of jurisdictional domains as sources of external
constraints
The following parts are under preparation:
⎯ Part 6: Technical introduction of e-Business modelling
⎯ Part 7: e-Business vocabulary

viii © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved

0 Introduction
0.1 Purpose and overview
0.1.1 ISO/IEC 14662 "Open-edi Reference Model"
The ISO/IEC 14662 Open-edi Reference Model provides the conceptual architecture necessary for carrying
out electronic business transactions. That architecture describes the need to have two separate and related
views of the business transaction. The first is the Business Operational View (BOV). The second is the
Functional Service View (FSV). Figure 1, taken from ISO/IEC 14662:2004, illustrates the Open-edi
environment. For definitions of the terms in Figure 1, see Clause 3.
B
Open-edi Reference Model
U
S
Business
Operational View
I
Comply with
N
BOV RELATED
Business aspects
E
Covered by
STANDARDS
of
S
business transactions
S
Viewed as
T
Inter-related
R
A
Functional Service View
N
S
Information technology
Comply with
A
FSV RELATED
aspects of
C
Covered by
STANDARDS
Business transactions
T
I
O
N
S
Figure 1 — Open-edi environment
ISO/IEC 14662:2004, Clause 5 contains the following text:
“The intention is that the sending, by an Open-edi Party, of information from a scenario, conforming
to Open-edi standards, shall allow the acceptance and processing of that information in the context
of that scenario by one or more Open-edi Parties by reference to the scenario and without the need
for agreement. However, the legal requirements and/or liabilities resulting from the engagement of an
organization in any Open-edi transaction may be conditioned by the competent legal environment(s)

ISO/IEC 14662:2004, Information technology — Open-edi reference model/Technologies de l'information — Modèle
de référence EDI-ouvert. The English and French versions of this ISO/IEC standard are publicly available. (See
http://www.jtc1.org and go to “Freely Available Documents”.)
© ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved ix

of the formation of a legal interchange agreement between the participating organizations. Open-edi
Parties need to observe rule-based behaviour and possess the ability to make commitments in
Open-edi, (e.g., business, operational, technical, legal, and/or audit perspectives)”.
In addition, ISO/IEC 14662:2004, Annex A contains a Figure A.1 “Relationships of Open-edi standardization
areas with other standards and import of the legal environment”. This part of ISO/IEC 15944 focuses on the
legal environment from an Open-edi perspective and, as required, follow-up standards development in support
of the “Open-edi Reference Model”.
This part of ISO/IEC 15944 is thus directed at being able to identify and reference laws and regulations
impacting scenarios and scenario components as external constraints. The primary source of such external
constraints is jurisdictional domains.
In ISO/IEC 15944-1, constant reference is made and many rules are stated pertaining to the specification of
external constraints when modelling business transactions through scenarios, scenario attributes and scenario
components. These are consolidated in Annex B of this part of ISO/IEC 15944.
Finally, it is noted that the approach taken in ISO/IEC 15944-1:2002 in Clause 7 “Guidelines for scoping
Open-edi Scenarios” is as stated in 7.1:
“The approach taken is that of identifying the most primitive common components of a business
transaction and then moving from the general to the more detailed, the simplest aspects to the more
complex, from no external constraints on a business transaction to those which incorporate external
constraints, from no special requirements on functional services to specific requirements, and so on.”
This part of ISO/IEC 15944 focuses on addressing the more simple, i.e. definable, aspects of external
constraints for which the source is a jurisdictional domain. A useful characteristic of external constraints is that
at the sectoral, national and international levels, etc. focal points and recognized authorities often already exist.
The rules and common business practices in many sectoral areas are already known. Use of this standard
(and related standards) will facilitate the transformation of these external constraints (business rules) into
specified, registered and re-useable scenarios and scenario components.
0.1.2 ISO/IEC 15944-1 “Business Agreement Semantic Descriptive Techniques”
ISO/IEC 15944-1:2002 is the first part of a multipart BOV standard which focuses on the many requirements
of the business operational view aspects of Open-edi in support of electronic business transactions. These
requirements need to be integrated and taken into account in the development of business semantic
descriptive techniques for modelling e-business transactions and components thereof as re-useable business
objects. They include:
¾ commercial frameworks and associated requirements;
¾ legal frameworks and associated requirements;
¾ public policy requirements particularly those of a generic nature, such as consumer protection,
privacy, accommodation of handicapped/disabled;
¾ requirements arising from the need to support cultural adaptability. This includes meeting localization
and multilingual requirements (e.g. as may be required by a particular jurisdictional domain or
desired to provide a good, service and/or right in a particular market. Here one needs the ability to
distinguish the specification of scenarios, scenario components and their semantics in the context of
making commitments between:
(1) the use of unique, unambiguous and linguistically neutral identifiers (often as composite
identifiers) at the information technology (IT) interface level among the IT systems of
participation parties on the one hand; and, on the other,
(2) their multiple human interface equivalent (HIE) expressions in a representation form
appropriate to the Persons involved in the making of the resulting commitments.
x © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved

Figure 2 provides an integrated view of these business operational requirements. Figure 2 is based on
Figure 3 from ISO/IEC 15944-1:2002. Since the focus of this part of ISO/IEC 15944 is that of external
constraints for which jurisdictional domains are the primary source, these have been highlighted here (in
shaded form).
SourSourcceses of of Req Requiruiremementsents o on then the Bus Busiinesnesss O Operperaattioionanall Vi Vieeww ( (BBOOVV)) as aspecpectsts of of
Open-edi which need to be integrated and/or taken into account
Open-edi which need to be integrated and/or taken into account
BusBusiinnesesss T Trransansacactionstions
ComCommmeerrcciialal LegaLegal l
(Open-edi based)
(Open-edi based)
Framework & Framework &
Framework & Framework &
• Characteristics of Open-edi
• Characteristics of Open-edi
RequRequiriremementsents RequRequiriremementsents
•• Rule- Rule-BBasased ed
•• Com Commmititmment ent ExExcchange hange
•• Unam Unambiguousbiguous IIdendentiftifiiccatiationon
• Business Transaction
• Business Transaction
MMooddeell (B (BTTMM) )
KeKeyy Com Componenponentsts
PerPerssonon
Information
Information
PrPrococesesss
TTeecchnologhnologyy
DataData
Requirements
PubPubliclic Po Policlicyy Requirements
•• BusBusiinnesesss T Trransansacaction Mtion Mododel: el:
Req’mts & S& Sttanandardardsds
Req’mts
Classes of Constraints
Classes of Constraints
(P(Pririvavaccyy, ,
• Specification, Identification &
ConsConsumumerer, , • Specification, Identification &
ClasClasssiiffiiccatiation on ofof O Open-pen-ededi i
etcetc.))
scenarios (and components)
scenarios (and components)
TTeeleclecoommmmuni-uni-
•• FFSV SV BusBusiinesnesss Dem Demandsands on on
cations
OOpen-pen-ededi Supi Supporport t InfInfrrasastrtruuccturture e cations
Req’mReq’mttss & &
• Open-edi Scenario Templates
• Open-edi Scenario Templates
StanStandardardsds
((FForor us use in ve in varariiousous appappliclicatatiionsons
areas such as: e-commerce,
areas such as: e-commerce,
SecSecttororaall((&&
e-e-admadmininisistrtratioation, e-n, e-busbusininesesss,,
cross-sectoral)
cross-sectoral)
e-logistics, e-government,
e-logistics, e-government,
Req’mReq’mttss
e-learning, e-medicine etc.)
e-learning, e-medicine etc.)
IISSO & OtO & Othheerr
Standards
Standards
EnEnvirviroonmnmentsents
CultCulturural Adal Adaptaaptabbiilitlityy
Localization &
Localization &
MultMultililininguagualislismm
(IT vs Human Interface)
(IT vs Human Interface)
AdaptaAdaptabbililityity
FFuunnccttiiononalal Se Serrvviicceess V Viiewew ( (FFSSVV))

Figure 2 — Integrated View – Business Operational Requirements: External Constraints Focus
© ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved xi

0.2 Use of “Person”, “organization” and “party” in the context of business transactions and
commitment exchange
In electronic business transactions, whether undertaken on a for-profit or not-for-profit basis, the key element
of any type of business transaction is commitment exchange among Persons made among the Decision
Making Applications (DMAs) of the Information Technology Systems (IT Systems) acting on behalf of
“Persons”. “Persons” are the only entities able to make commitments . Quoting from ISO/IEC 15944-1:2002,
0.4:
‘When the ISO/IEC 14662 Open-edi Reference Model standard was being developed, the “Internet”
and “WWW” were at an embryonic stage and their impact on private and public sector organizations
was not fully understood. The Business Operational View (BOV) was therefore initially defined as:
“a perspective of business transactions limited to those aspects regarding the making of
business decisions and commitments among organizations which are needed for the
description of a business transaction”.’
The existing and widely-used ISO/IEC 6523 definition of “organization” was used in ISO/IEC 14662. The fact
that today Open-edi through the Internet and WWW also involves “individuals” has now been taken into
account in this standard. Further, ISO/IEC 14662:1997 did not define “commitment”, nor the discrete
properties and behaviours an entity must have to be capable of making a “commitment” as well as bridging
legal and IT perspectives in the dematerialized world of the Internet.
During the development of ISO/IEC 15944-1, the term “commitment” was defined. At the same time it was
recognized that in order to be able to make a commitment, the term “Open-edi Party” was not specific enough
to satisfy scenario specifications when the legal aspects of commitment were considered. In many instances,
commitments were noted as being actually among IT systems acting under the direction of those legally
capable of making commitment, rather than the individuals in their own capacities. It was also recognized that
in some jurisdictions a commitment could be made by “artificial” persons such as corporate bodies. Finally, it
was recognized that there are occasions where agents act, either under the instruction of a principal or as a
result of requirement(s) laid down by a jurisdiction, or where an individual is prevented by a relevant
jurisdiction from being able to make a commitment.
To address these extended requirements an additional concept and term of “Person” was defined. The
construct of Person has been defined in such a way that it is capable of having the potential legal and
regulatory constraints applied to it.
There are three broad categories, i.e. sub-types, of Persons as players in Open-edi, namely:
(1) the Person as “individual”,
(2) the Person as “organization”; and
(3) the Person as “public administration”.
There are also three basic (or primitive) roles of Persons in business transactions, namely “buyer”, “seller” and
“regulator”.
In modelling business transactions, jurisdictional domains prescribe their external constraints in the role of
“regulator” and execute them as “public administration”. See 5.4.

See further 5.2 “Functional Services View” in ISO/IEC 14662:2004.
The text in this section is based on existing text in 0.3 of ISO/IEC 15944-1:2002 and ISO/IEC 14662:2004.
xii © ISO/IEC 2008 – All rights reserved

Very often the requirements of jurisdictional domains are specified through the use of sets of “Codes
representing X.”. These sets of codes are created and maintained by Source Authorities via a rulebase with
a resulting coded domain(s) in the form of a data element(s) whose permitted values represent predefined
semantics and in a structured form, i.e. as a type of semantic component. As such, jurisdictional domains
serve as Source Authorities for coded domains.
These three sub-types of Persons are also the possible Source Authorities for coded domains. On the whole,
Source Authorities for coded domains are either “organizations” or “public administrations”.
Within this part of ISO/IEC 15944,
¾ the use of Person with a capital “P” represents Person as a defined term, i.e. as the entity within an
Open-edi Party that carries the legal responsibility for making commitment(s);
¾ “individual”, “organization” and “public administration” are defined terms representing the three
common sub-types of “Person”; and
¾ the
...