ISO/TR 23211:2009

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 23211
First edition
2009-07-01
Hydrometry — Measuring the water level
in a well using automated pressure
transducer methods
Hydrométrie — Méthodes automatisées, utilisant des transducteurs de
pression, pour mesurer le niveau d'eau dans un puits

Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Applications of the use of pressure transducers to ground-water resource investigations .1
4.1 Ground-water monitoring .1
4.2 Long-term monitoring.2
4.3 Short-term monitoring .4
4.4 Reducing well-bore storage .4
5 Planning considerations for sensor systems.8
5.1 General .8
5.2 Study duration and system reliability .8
5.3 Required accuracy .8
5.4 Installation location and site accessibility.9
5.5 System components and compatibility.9
5.6 Water quality .9
5.7 Number of wells.9
5.8 Well location, diameter and depth .10
5.9 Data-collection frequency.10
5.10 Data transfer .11
5.11 Cost.11
6 Assembly, calibration and testing .11
6.1 General .11
6.2 Familiarization with transducer performance.11
6.3 Linear transducer calibration.13
6.4 Sources of error in linear calibrations .14
6.5 Temperature-corrected transducer calibration .14
7 Installation.16
7.1 General .16
7.2 Care and handling .17
7.3 Shelter.18
7.4 Power requirements .19
7.5 Hanging transducers in wells .20
7.6 Measuring system drift .22
7.7 Desiccation systems .23
7.8 Transducer field calibration .23
7.9 Optimizing measurement-system performance.26
8 Data collection .27
8.1 General .27
8.2 Frequency of visits.27
8.3 Field checks .27
8.4 Data recording and retrieval.28
8.5 Verification .30
8.6 Use with data loggers .30
8.7 Field documentation .30
8.8 Maintenance.30
9 Data processing.31
9.1 General.31
9.2 Adjustments .31
9.3 Documentation.31
Annex A (informative) Pressure transducers — Characterization, common problems and
solutions .33
A.1 Pressure transducer characterization .33
A.1.1 General.33
A.1.2 Types of pressure measurements .33
A.1.3 Common pressure units used in hydrology .34
A.1.4 Basic types of transducers for measuring pressure .35
A.1.5 Understanding pressure-transducer specifications .47
A.2 Common problems and solutions.53
A.2.1 General.53
A.2.2 Leakage.53
A.2.3 Open and short circuits .55
A.2.4 Grounding problems .56
A.2.5 Diaphragm failure .56
A.2.6 Power-supply failure .56
A.2.7 Data logger channel failure.56
A.2.8 Voltage surges .57
A.2.9 Faulty shielding.57
A.2.10 Over-range problems .57
Bibliography .58

iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Foreword
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In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
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simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 23211 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometry, Subcommittee SC 8, Ground
water.
[8]
This Technical Report is based on, and much of the material is from, Freeman and others . It complements
ISO 4373, Hydrometry — Water level measuring devices.
Introduction
Submersible
...