ISO 13315-2:2014

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13315-2
First edition
2014-05-01
Environmental management for
concrete and concrete structures —
Part 2:
System boundary and inventory data
Management environnemental du béton et des structures en béton —
Partie 2: Limite du système et données d’inventaire
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
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ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 System boundary . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Constituents. 2
4.3 Reinforcing and prestressing steel . 7
4.4 Formwork, falsework, and machinery . 8
4.5 Concrete . 9
4.6 Precast concrete .10
4.7 Execution of concrete structures .11
4.8 Use of concrete structures .13
4.9 End phase of concrete and concrete structures .14
5 Inventory data .17
5.1 General .17
5.2 Constituents.18
5.3 Reinforcing and prestressing steel .21
5.4 Formwork, falsework, and machinery .22
5.5 Production of concrete .23
5.6 Execution of concrete structures .24
5.7 Use of concrete structures .25
5.8 End phase of concrete and concrete structures .26
6 Critical review and its storage .27
Bibliography .28
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed
concrete, Subcommittee SC 8, Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures.
ISO 13315 consists of the following parts, under the general title Environmental management for concrete
and concrete structures:
— Part 1: General principles
— Part 2: System boundary and inventory data
NOTE The ISO 13315 series provides specifications for concrete and ensures consistency with the
existing environmental ISO 14000 series, ISO 15392, ISO 21930, etc.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13315-2:2014(E)
Environmental management for concrete and concrete
structures —
Part 2:
System boundary and inventory data
1 Scope
This part of ISO 13315 provides a general framework, principles, and requirements related to the
determination of system boundaries and the acquisition of inventory data necessary for conducting a
life cycle assessment (LCA) of concrete, precast concrete, and concrete structures.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13315-1, Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures — Part 1: General principles
ISO 14025, Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — Principles and
procedures
ISO 14050, Environmental management — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13315-1 and ISO 14050 and
the following apply.
3.1
data collection boundary
boundary between the region, within which data shall be collected, and another region
3.2
input
resources, energy, materials, or components which enter a product system
3.3
inventory data
set of items that should be considered in an LCA and the corresponding quantitative measurements
3.4
life cycle inventory analysis
phase of LCA involving the compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs, for a given product
system throughout its life cycle
3.5
output
products, byproducts, emissions to air and water, wastes, and other releases which leave a product
system
3.6
system boundary
boundary between the system under assessment and the outer region, specifying which unit processes
are part of a product system
3.7
unit-based inventory data
inventory data per unit quantity in time, mass, length, area, volume, etc.
4 System boundary
4.1 General
When conducting an LCA of concrete or a concrete structure, its system boundary shall be demarcated.
Demarcation of a system boundary means defining the range of consideration for the assessment. For
comparison among multiple alternatives, the system boundary shall be the same for all alternatives.
When the acquisition of inventory data are difficult or cost-constrained, the target data can be excluded
from the system boundary, but the exclusion should be expressly indicated.
For system boundary demarcation, the life cycle stages and geographical system ranges to consider
should be appropriately defined.
The system boundary of concrete and concrete structures shall be based on a cradle-to-gate or cradle-
to-grave basis and shall precisely describe what is included in the following activities: production of
cement, water, additions, admixtures, and aggregates, which are constituents of concrete; production
of reinforcing steel; production of concrete; construction of concrete structures; use of concrete
structures; demolition of concrete structures; reuse of concrete members; recycling and disposal of
demolished concrete.
It is not necessary in principle to include in the system boundary the environmental impacts related to
the production of equipment/machinery necessary for the production of concrete or the construction,
use, demolition, and recycling of concrete structures.
When explicit consideration of environmental impacts related to the production of equipment/machinery
is deemed necessary, care shall be taken to eliminate double counting or omissions.
Activities indirectly related to the production of each material or to the construction of concrete
structures, such as sales/administration, might have to be included in the system boundary.
4.2 Constituents
4.2.1 Cement
The system boundary related to the production of cement is generally expressed in Figure 2.
The system boundary for the production of cement shall include the following:
— the processes of quarrying, transporting, and treating raw materials necessary for the production
of clinker;
— transportation of the fuel necessary for the production of clinker;
— transportation of byproducts;
— transportation related to waste-derived fuels;
— all of the processes of material/fuel treatment, calcination, and finishing of cement;
— the process of additional treatment to byproducts used for the production of clinker;
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

— the process of additional treatment to waste-derived fuels for the production of clinker;
— transportation of cement from cement plants to supply stations (SS).
NOTE 1 The material/fuel treatment process includes crushing and adjustment of the materials/fuels.
NOTE 2 The finishing process includes clinker crushing and addition blending.
The system boundary for the production of cement shall not include transportation of cement from SS
or cement plants to the place of use.
Natural
resources Byproducts
(Limestone,
(Slag, coal
clay, etc.) ash, etc.)
System boundary
Quarrying
Data collection Trans.
Trans.
boundary
Releases
Electricity
Raw materials processing (CO , etc.)
•Crushing
• Pre-homogenization
Utility
• Raw meal grinding
Intermediate
Trans.
Waste treatment plant
Fuels
Final disposal sites
Trans.
Alternative fuels
Clinker production in kiln
Trans.
(Tires, plastics, (Trans.)
• Preheating
biomass, etc.)
• Pre-calcining
•Burning fuel
Finish and storing process
• Cooling
•Grinding
•Blending
•Storing
•Packing
Cement
Trans.
Trans.
SS
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 2 — System boundary of cement production
4.2.2 Additions and admixtures
The system boundary related to the production of additions and admixtures is generally expressed in
Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
Clinker
Trans.
Slag, fly ash,
natural pozzolans
Trans.
Gypsum
Trans.
•Activities related to sales/administration
•Other related activities in plant operation

The system boundary for the production of additions and admixtures shall include the following:
— transportation and storage of raw materials;
— transportation of fuels necessary for the production of additions and admixtures;
— physicochemical treatment of raw materials at addition and admixture production plants;
— transportation of waste to intermediate treatment sites and/or final disposal sites.
NOTE Since the combinations of raw materials for concrete admixtures widely vary, it is advisable to define
the system boundary based on whether the raw materials are supplied at the expense of the user or the supplier.
Transportation of additions and admixtures from their production plants to the place of use shall not be
included in the system boundary.
Byproducts
(Granulated
blast furnace
slag, byproduct
Natural gypsum,
desulfurized
resources
(Limestone, gypsum, coal
silica stone, ash, silica
gypsum, etc.) fume, etc.)
Trans.
System boundary
Trans. Storage
Data collection
Storage
boundary
Intermediate
Trans.
Electricity
Physical/Chemical treatment and/or burning Waste
treatment plant
Final disposal sites
Utility
•Activities related
Releases
Fuels to sales/
Products
(CO , etc.)
Trans.
administration
(Ground granulated blast-furnace
•Other related
slag, fly ash, silica fume, limestone
activities in plant
powder, etc.)
operation
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 3 — System boundary of additions
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Industrial products
(rosin, cornstarch,
caustic soda,
calcium hydroxide,
naphthalene, sulfuric
acid, formalin,
sodium hydroxide,
methanol, ethylene
oxide, methacrylic
Byproducts
acid, etc.)
(Black liquor,
etc.)
Trans.
System boundary
Trans. Storage
Data collection
Storage
boundary
Intermediate
Trans.
Electricity
Physical/Chemical treatment Waste
treatment plant
Final disposal sites
Utility
•Activities related
Releases
Fuels to sales/
Products
(CO , etc.)
Trans.
administration
(Air-entraining agent, water-reducing
•Other related
agent, superplasticizer, etc.)
activities in plant
operation
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 4 — System boundary of admixtures
4.2.3 Aggregate
The system boundary related to the production of aggregate is generally expressed in Figures 5, 6, and 7.
The system boundary for the production of aggregate shall include the following:
— mining and transportation of natural resources;
— transportation of fuels necessary for the production of aggregate;
— all processes related to the production of aggregate;
— transportation of waste generated in the process of aggregate production to intermediate treatment
plants and/or final disposal sites.
The system boundary for the production of aggregate shall not include the following:
— transportation of crushed concrete and byproducts necessary for the production of aggregate;
— transportation of aggregate from aggregate production plants to the place of use.
Natural resources
(Sand, gravel, rock, etc.)
System boundary
Quarrying
Data collection
Trans.
boundary
Intermediate
Trans.
Electricity
Production of aggregate Waste treatment plant
• Crushing Final disposal sites
Utility
• Screening
•Washing
•Activities related
Releases
to sales/
Fuels
(CO , etc.)
Trans.
administration
• Other related
activities in plant
Fine aggregate/Coarse aggregate
operation
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 5 — System boundary of natural resource-derived aggregate
Crushed concrete
Trans.
System boundary
Data collection
boundary
Intermediate
Trans.
Electricity
Production of aggregate
Waste
treatment plant
• Crushing
Final disposal sites
Utility
• Screening
•(Washing)
•Activities related
Releases
Fuels
to sales/
(CO , etc.)
Trans. 2
administration
• Other related
activities in plant
Recycled fine aggregate/
operation
Recycled coarse aggregate
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 6 — System boundary of recycled aggregate
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Byproducts
(Slags)
Trans.
System boundary
Data collection
boundary
Intermediate
Trans.
Electricity
Production of aggregate
Waste
treatment plant
• Crushing
Final disposal sites
Utility
• Screening
•(Washing)
Releases
Fuels
(CO , etc.)
Trans. 2
•Activities related
to sales/
Byproduct-derived fine
administration
aggregate/
• Other related
Byproduct-derived coarse
activities in plant
aggregate
operation
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 7 — System boundary of byproduct-derived aggregate
4.2.4 Other materials
The system boundary related to the production of other materials such as non-metallic fibres, non-
metallic fibre-reinforced plastics, etc., shall be appropriately set.
4.3 Reinforcing and prestressing steel
The system boundary related to the production of reinforcing and prestressing steel is generally
expressed in Figure 8.
NOTE Relevant standards such as ISO 14404-1 and ISO 14404-2 can be used.
The system boundary for the production of reinforcing and prestressing steel shall include the following:
— transportation of raw materials;
— transportation of fuels necessary for the production of reinforcing and prestressing steel;
— all processes related to the production of reinforcing and prestressing steel;
— transportation of waste generated in the process of reinforcing and prestressing steel production to
intermediate treatment plants and/or final disposal sites;
— transportation of reinforcing and prestressing steel from plants to supply stations (SS).
Transportation of reinforcing and prestressing steel from the production plants or SS to the place of use
shall not be included in the system boundary.
Natural
resources Byproducts
Trans.
System boundary
Trans. Storage
Data collection
Storage
boundary
Intermediate
Trans.
Electricity
Production of reinforcing &
Waste
treatment plant
prestressing steel
Final disposal sites
Utility
•Activities related
to sales/
Releases
Fuels
administration
(CO , etc.)
Trans. 2
• Other related
Reinforcing & prestressing
activities in plant
steel
operation
Trans.
Trans.
SS
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 8 — System boundary of reinforcing and prestressing steel
4.4 Formwork, falsework, and machinery
The system boundary related to the production of formwork/falsework components and machinery is
generally expressed in Figure 9.
The system boundary for the production of formwork/falsework components and machinery shall
include the following:
— transportation of natural resources;
— transportation of fuels necessary for the production of formwork/falsework components and
machinery;
— all processes related to the production of formwork/falsework components and machinery;
— transportation of waste generated in the process of the production of formwork/falsework
components and machinery to the intermediate treatment plants and/or final disposal sites;
— transportation of formwork/falsework components and machinery from their production plants to
supply stations (SS).
The system boundary for the production of formwork/falsework components and machinery shall not
include the following:
— transportation of formwork/falsework components and machinery from their production plants or
SS to the place of use;
— transportation of byproducts used for production of formwork/falsework components and
machinery.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Natural Industrial
Byproducts
resources products
Trans.
System boundary
Trans. Trans. Storage
Data collection
Storage Storage
boundary
Electricity Intermediate
Trans.
Production of formwork/falsework
Waste
treatment plant
components & machinery
Final disposal sites
Utility
•Activities related
Fuels to sales/
Releases
Trans.
administration
(CO , etc.)
Formwork/falsework components &
•Other related
machinery
activities in plant
operation
Trans.
Trans.
SS
Trans.
User
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 9 — System boundary of formwork/falsework components, and machinery
4.5 Concrete
The system boundary related to the production of concrete is generally expressed in Figure 10.
The system boundary for the production of concrete shall include the following:
— transportation and storage of constituents;
— transportation of fuels necessary for the production of concrete;
— all processes related to the production of fresh concrete;
— in-plant treatment of waste generated in the production/supply process of concrete and
transportation of such waste to intermediate treatment plants and/or final disposal sites.
Transportation of concrete from production plants to the place of use shall not be included in the system
boundary.
Additions and
Cement Water Aggregate
admixtures
System boundary
Trans. (Trans.) Trans. Trans.
Data collection
Storage (Storage) Storage Storage
boundary
Intermediate
Sludge Waste
treatment plant
Electricity
Production of concrete
Trans.
Final disposal sites
• Measuring
• Batching
Utility
Reusable water and
•Mixing
Aggregates
Releases
Fuels (CO , etc.)
Trans.
•Activities related to sales/
administration
Ready-mixed concrete
•Other related activities in
plant operation
Trans.
Construction sites
Precast concrete plants
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 10 — System boundary of concrete production
4.6 Precast concrete
The system boundary related to the production of precast concrete is generally expressed in Figure 11.
The system boundary for the production of precast concrete shall include the following:
— transportation and storage of constituents;
— transportation of fuels necessary for the production of precast concrete;
— all processes related to the production of fresh concrete;
— in-plant treatment of waste generated in the production/supply process of concrete and
transportation of such waste to intermediate treatment plants and/or final disposal sites;
— in the production of precast concrete, the placement, consolidation, curing, and demoulding of
concrete.
Transportation of precast concrete from production plants to the place of use shall not be included in
the system boundary.
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Ready-mixed concrete
Reinforcing &
Additions and
prestressing steel
Forms Cement Water Aggregate admixtures
System boundary
Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans.
Data
Storage Storage Storage
Storage
collection
Intermediate
boundary
Sludge Waste treatment plant
Production of concrete
Trans.
Electricity Final disposal sites
• Measuring
• Batching
Reusable water and
• Mixing
Utility
Aggregates
Releases
Fuels
(CO , etc.)
Trans.
Production of precast concrete
• Placing (Form assembly, arrangement of reinforcement)
• Curing
• Demolding
•Activities related to
sales/ administration
•Other related
activities in plant
Precast concrete
operation
Trans.
Construction sites
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities in plant operation might have
to be considered.
Figure 11 — System boundary of precast concrete production
4.7 Execution of concrete structures
4.7.1 Composing items
The system boundary related to the execution of concrete structures is generally expressed in Figure 12.
The execution of concrete structures is composed of
— earthwork and foundation work,
— formwork,
— reinforcement work,
— concreting work, and
— waste treatment.
Form panel, timbers,
Ready-mixed concrete
form ties, etc.
Reinforcing &
Heavy equipment Scaffolding
Piles Precast concrete
and machinery materials
prestressing steel
System boundary
Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans.
Data Storage Storage
collection
Earth work process
boundary
Waste
Electricity
•Soil
•Solid waste
Foundation work process
Utility •Dust
•Waste water
•Used form
Fuels
•Steel waste
Trans.
Form work process
•Concrete waste
Waste treatment
Reinforcement work process
Intermediate
•Collection
• Cutting
treatment plant
• Segregation
•Bending
•Storage of waste Final disposal sites
• Assembling
Concrete work process
Releases
•Placement and consolidation of ready-mixed concrete (CO , etc.)
•Form removal and curing of concrete
•Placement of precast concrete
•Activities related to sales/ administration
•Other related activities in plant operation
Reinforced concrete structure
NOTE Activities related to sales/administration and/or other related activities might have to be considered.
Figure 12 — System boundary of execution of concrete structures
4.7.2 Earthwork and foundation work
The system boundary related to the earthwork and foundation work shall include the following:
— transportation of scaffolding materials, piles, and other materials to the construction site;
— assembly of scaffolding materials for earthwork and foundation work;
— transportation, storage, and operation of heavy equipment and machinery necessary for earthwork
and foundation work.
4.7.3 Formwork
The system boundary related to the formwork shall include the following:
— transportation of scaffolding, form panels, timbers, form ties, and other materials to the construction
site;
— transportation, storage, and operation of heavy equipment and machinery necessary for formwork.
4.7.4 Reinforcement work
The system boundary related to the reinforcement work shall include the following:
— transportation of reinforcing and prestressing steel to the construction site;
— cutting, bending, and assembly of reinforcing and prestressing steel;
12 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Trans.
— transportation, storage, and operation of heavy equipment and machinery necessary for the
execution of reinforcement work.
4.7.5 Concreting work
The system boundary related to the concreting work shall include the following:
— transportation of concrete and precast concrete;
— placement, consolidation, curing, and form removal of concrete;
— installation and jointing of precast concrete;
— transportation, storage, and operation of heavy equipment and machinery necessary for concreting
work.
4.7.6 Waste treatment
The system boundary related to the treatment of waste generated during the execution of concrete
structures shall include the following:
— collection, segregation, and storage of waste;
— transportation of waste to intermediate treatment plants and/or final disposal sites.
4.8 Use of concrete structures
4.8.1 Composing items
The system boundary related to the use of concrete structures is generally expressed in Figure 13.
The use of concrete structures is composed of
— operation, and
— maintenance and remedial activity.
System System
boundary boundary
Use
End phase of
Execution of
Operation
concrete and
concrete
concrete
structures
Maintenance Maintenance
structures
Remedial Remedial Remedial
activity activity activity
Releases (CO , etc.)
NOTE 1 When remedial activities are addressed, the system boundary can collectively include all remedial
activities or can be individually defined for each remedial activity.
NOTE 2 The input of CO into the system can be considered.
Figure 13 — System boundary of use of concrete structures
4.8.2 Operation
The system boundary for the operation of a co
...