IEC 62282-6-101:2024

IEC 62282-6-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2024-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 6-101: Micro fuel cell power systems – Safety – General requirements

Technologies des piles à combustible –
Partie 6-101: Systèmes à micropiles à combustible – Sécurité – Exigences
générales
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IEC 62282-6-101 ®
Edition 1.0 2024-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Fuel cell technologies –
Part 6-101: Micro fuel cell power systems – Safety – General requirements

Technologies des piles à combustible –

Partie 6-101: Systèmes à micropiles à combustible – Sécurité – Exigences

générales
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 27.070  ISBN 978-2-8322-8158-1

– 2 – IEC 62282-6-101:2024 © IEC 2024
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
1.1 General . 8
1.2 Fuels and technologies covered . 8
1.3 Equivalent level of safety . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 10
4 Safety principles . 14
4.1 General . 14
4.2 Chemical safety principles . 14
4.3 Materials considerations . 15
4.4 Mechanical safety . 15
4.4.1 General . 15
4.4.2 Micro fuel cell power system . 16
4.4.3 Fuel cartridge . 17
4.5 Electrical safety . 17
4.5.1 General . 17
4.5.2 Shock hazard . 17
4.5.3 Fire hazard . 17
4.5.4 Electric components and attachments . 17
4.6 Hazard analysis and risk assessment. 17
4.7 Functional safety . 17
5 General safety requirements . 18
5.1 General . 18
5.1.1 Cartridge . 18
5.1.2 Fuel quantity limits. 18
5.2 Chemical safety requirements . 18
5.3 Material requirements . 19
5.3.1 General . 19
5.3.2 Micro fuel cell power systems . 20
5.3.3 Parts exposed to moisture, fuel or by-products . 20
5.3.4 Elastomeric materials . 21
5.3.5 Polymeric materials . 21
5.4 Mechanical design requirements . 21
5.4.1 General . 21
5.4.2 Micro fuel cell power system . 22
5.4.3 Fuel cartridge . 22
5.4.4 Fuel valves and connections . 23
5.5 Electrical requirements . 24
5.5.1 Shock hazard . 24
5.5.2 Fire hazard . 24
5.5.3 Output terminal area . 24
5.5.4 Electric components and attachments . 24
5.5.5 Electrical conductors and wiring . 24
5.5.6 Requirements related to potential ignition sources . 25

5.6 Hazard analysis and risk assessment. 26
5.7 Functional safety requirements . 26
5.7.1 General . 26
5.7.2 Software or electronics controls . 27
5.8 Small parts . 27
6 Abnormal operating and fault conditions testing and requirements . 27
6.1 General . 27
6.2 Abnormal operation – Electromechanical components . 27
6.3 Abnormal operation of micro fuel cell power systems with integrated

batteries . 28
6.4 Abnormal operation – Simulation of faults based on hazard analysis . 28
7 Instructions and warnings for micro fuel cell power systems and fuel cartridges . 28
7.1 General . 28
7.2 Minimum markings required on the fuel cartridge . 28
7.3 Minimum markings required on the micro fuel cell power system . 29
7.4 Additional information required either on the fuel cartridge or on
accompanying written information or on the micro fuel cell power system . 29
7.5 Technical documentation . 29
8 Type tests for micro fuel cell power systems and fuel cartridges . 30
8.1 General . 30
8.2 General leakage and gas loss measurement protocols . 32
8.2.1 General protocols . 32
8.2.2 Tests . 32
8.2.3 Protocol for performing concentration-based measurements . 32
8.2.4 Protocols for the assessment of point-source hydrogen gas loss . 35
8.2.5 Liquid leak detector test protocol . 37
8.2.6 Water immersion test protocol . 37
8.2.7 Mass loss measurement protocols . 38
8.2.8 Methods for the detection of accessible hazardous liquids . 38
8.2.9 Protocol for gas loss test for devices to be used in close proximity to
user’s mouth or nose . 38
8.3 Type tests . 40
8.3.1 Pressure differential tests . 40
8.3.2 Vibration test . 42
8.3.3 Temperature cycling test . 43
8.3.4 High-temperature exposure test . 44
8.3.5 Drop test . 44
8.3.6 Compressive loading test . 45
8.3.7 External short-circuit test . 46
8.3.8 Surface, component and exhaust gas temperature test . 47
8.3.9 Long-term storage test . 47
8.3.10 High-temperature connection test . 47
8.3.11 Connection cycling tests . 48
8.3.12 Gas loss tests . 50
Annex A (informative) Background and rationale for type tests. 52
Bibliography . 54

Figure 1 – Micro fuel cell power system block diagram . 9
Figure 2 – Ingestion gauge . 27

– 4 – IEC 62282-6-101:2024 © IEC 2024
Figure 3 – Gas loss test apparatus . 34
Figure 4 – Operational gas loss concentration testing apparatus . 39
Figure 5 – Temperature cycling . 44

Table 1 – Technology specific parts . 8
Table 2 – Scenarios and control volumes . 14
Table 3 – Guidelines for determining leakage and gas loss limits for mitigating hazards . 15
Table 4 – Gas loss limits for concentration-based testing . 19
Table 5 – List of type tests . 30
Table 6 – Laboratory conditions . 31
Table A.1 – Purpose of tests . 52

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 6-101: Micro fuel cell power systems –
Safety – General requirements
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in
respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s), which
may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent
the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 62282-6-101 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 105: Fuel cell technologies. It
is an International Standard.
This first edition, together with the other parts of the IEC 62282-6-1XX series, cancels and
replaces IEC 62282-6-100:2010 and IEC 62282-6-100:2010/AMD1:2012.
This edition constitutes a technical revision.

– 6 – IEC 62282-6-101:2024 © IEC 2024
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to
IEC 62282-6-100:2010 and IEC 62282-6-100:2010/AMD1:2012:
a) A new structure has been set up: IEC 62282-6-101 covers the general safety requirements
common to all fuel types whereas IEC 62282-6-102 and subsequent parts of the
IEC 62282-6-1XX series cover particular requirements for specific fuel types based on the
requirements given in IEC 62282-6-101.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
105/1010/FDIS 105/1023/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62282 series, published under the general title Fuel cell
technologies, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
NOTE The attention of National Committees is drawn to the fact that equipment manufacturers and testing
organizations may need a transitional period following publication of a new, amended or revised IEC publication in
which to make products in accordance with the new requirements and to equip themselves for conducting new or
revised tests.
It is the recommendation of the committee that the content of this publication be adopted for implementation nationally
not earlier than 12 months from the date of publication.

INTRODUCTION
IEC 62282-6-100 has been restructured to make it more user friendly.
The new IEC 62282-6-1XX series consists of IEC 62282-6-101 and subsequent parts of the
IEC 62282-6-1XX series which will replace IEC 62282-100 on a case-by-case basis. Until
subsequent specific parts of the IEC 62282-6-1XX series are completed, a suitable transition
period will apply.
IEC 62282-6-101 covers general safety requirements common to all fuel types.
IEC 62282-6-102 and subsequent parts in the IEC 62282-6-1XX series will cover detailed
requirements for specific fuel cartridges based on the requirements of IEC 62282-6-101, as
shown in Table 1: Technology specific parts.

– 8 – IEC 62282-6-101:2024 © IEC 2024
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES –
Part 6-101: Micro fuel cell power systems –
Safety – General requirements
1 Scope
1.1 General
a) This part of IEC 62282 covers micro fuel cell power systems and fuel cartridges that are
wearable or easily carried by hand, providing direct current outputs that do not exceed 60
V DC and power outputs that do not exceed 240 VA. Portable fuel cell power systems that
provide output levels that exceed these electrical limits are covered by IEC 62282-5-100.
b) Externally accessible circuitry is therefore considered to be ES1 energy source as defined
in IEC 62368-1, and as limited power source if further compliance with IEC 62368-1:2023,
Annex Q is demonstrated. Micro fuel cell power systems that have internal circuitry
exceeding 60 V DC or 240 VA are addressed with the separate criteria of IEC 62368-1.
c) This document covers micro fuel cell power systems and fuel cartridges. This document
establishes the requirements for micro fuel cell power systems and fuel cartridges to ensure
a reasonable degree of safety for normal use, reasonably foreseeable misuse, and cargo
and consumer transportation and storage of such items. Fuel cartridges refilled by the
manufacturer or by trained technicians are covered by this document. The fuel cartridges
covered by this document are not intended to be refilled by the consumer.
d) Micro fuel cell power systems and fuel cartridges that are covered by this document are not
intended for use in hazardous areas as defined by IEV 426-03-01.
1.2 Fuels and technologies covered
a) A micro fuel cell power system block diagram is shown in Figure 1.
b) This document, including all annexes, apply to micro fuel cell power systems and fuel
cartridges as defined in 1.1 above.
c) Clause 4 to Clause 8 cover the general safety requirements for all micro fuel cell power
systems. IEC 62282-6-101 together with the appropriate technology specific parts shown in
Table 1 cover the requirements for the specific technologies in the IEC 62282-6-1XX series.
Table 1 – Technology specific parts
Specific technology supplement Title
standard
IEC 62282-6-106 Fuel cell technologies – Part 6-106:
Micro fuel cell power systems – Safety – Indirect Class 8
(corrosive) compounds
IEC 62282-6-107 Fuel cell technologies – Part 6-107:
Micro fuel cell power systems – Safety – Indirect water reactive
(Division 4.3) compounds
Figure 1 – Micro fuel cell power system block diagram
1.3 Equivalent level of safety
a) The requirements of this document are not intended to constrain innovation. The
manufacturer can consider fuels, materials, designs or constructions not specifically dealt
with in this document. These alternatives can be evaluated as to their ability to yield levels
of safety equivalent to those specified in this document.
b) It is understood that all micro fuel cell power systems and fuel cartridges comply with
applicable country and local requirements including, but not limited to, those concerning
transportation, child-resistance and storage, where required.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60086-4, Primary batteries – Part 4: Safety of lithium batteries
IEC 60086-5, Primary batteries – Part 5: Safety of batteries with aqueous electrolyte
IEC 60730-1:2022, Automatic electrical controls – Part 1: General requirements
IEC 61032:1997, Protection of persons and equipment by enclosures – Probes for verification
IEC 62133 (all parts), Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid
electrolytes – Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells, and for batteries made
from them, for use in portable applications
IEC 62281, Safety of primary and secondary lithium cells and batteries during transport
IEC 62368-1:2023, Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment –
Part 1: Safety requirements
– 10 – IEC 62282-6-101:2024 © IEC 2024
IEC 62282-6-300:2012, Fuel cell technologies – Part 6-300: Micro fuel cell power systems –
Fuel cartridge interchangeability
ISO 175, Plastics – Methods of test for the determination of the effects of immersion in liquid
chemicals
ISO 188, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Accelerated ageing and heat resistance tests
ISO 1817, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of the effect of liquids
ISO 7010:2019, Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs – Registered safety signs
ISO 11114-4, Transportable gas cylinders – Compatibility of cylinder and valve materials with
gas contents – Part 4: Test methods for selecting steels resistant to hydrogen embrittlement
ISO 16000-3, Indoor air – Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds
in indoor and test chamber air – Active sampling method
ISO 16000-6, Indoor air – Part 6: Determination of organic compounds (VVOC, VOC, SVOC) in
indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas
chromatography using MS or MS FID
ISO 16017-1, Indoor, ambient and workplace air – Part 1: Sampling and analysis of volatile
organic compounds by sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography – Part 1:
Pumped sampling
United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods: Model Regulations
Twentieth revised edition, Manual of Tests and Criteria: Seventh revised edition, available at
https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/manual/Rev7/Manual_Rev7_E.pdf (viewed
2023-08-08)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
air management system
set of components that can be used to control air properties, if necessary, to support the micro
fuel cell power system operation
3.2
attached cartridge
fuel cartridge, which has its own enclosure that connects to the device powered by the micro
fuel cell power system
3.3
aqueous reservoir
optional reservoir within a fuel cartridge which contains an aqueous solution used in fuel
processing
Note 1 to entry: Any hazards associated with aqueous solutions should be addressed in the hazard analysis and
risk assessment or in a fuel specific standard.
3.4
control system
set of components of the micro fuel cell power system that coordinates properties of the micro
fuel cell power system and reactants using any combination of the following to effect proper
micro fuel cell power system start-up, operation and shutdown, when necessary: electrical,
mechanical, or digital inputs, outputs, software, or functions
3.5
corrosive liquid
aqueous solution with a pH < 3,5 or pH > 10,5 or any liquid which can cause the full thickness
destruction of skin after not more than 60 min exposure when observed after 14 days, or which
otherwise meets the criteria of UN class 8 materials
3.6
exterior cartridge
fuel cartridge, which has its own enclosure that forms a portion of the enclosure of the device
powered by the micro fuel cell power system
3.7
flammable liquid
liquid meeting the criteria for inclusion in UN Class 3 "flammable liquids" (i.e. having a flash
point of not more than 60,5 °C)
3.8
flammable gas
gas meeting the criteria for inclusion in UN division 2.1 "flammable gas" (i.e. any material which
is a gas at 20 °C or less and at a pressure of 101,3 kPa which is ignitable at 101,3 kPa when
in a mixture of 13 % or less by volume with air; or has a flammable range at 101,3 kPa with air
of at least 12 % regardless of the lower limit)
3.9
fuel
energy containing material used directly from the cartridge or indirectly, after processing and
conversion, in the electrochemical reaction of the fuel cell
3.10
fuel cartridge
article that stores fuel
3.11
fuel cell
electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant to electrical
energy (DC power), heat and reaction products
3.12
fuel cell power system
system that uses a fuel cell to generate electric power and heat
Note 1 to entry: A fuel cell power system is composed of all or some of the systems shown in Figure 1.

– 12 – IEC 62282-6-101:2024 © IEC 2024
3.13
fuel management system
optional set of components used to control fuel or hydrogen properties (e.g. concentration, flow
rate, purity, temperature, humidity or pressure), if necessary to support the micro fuel cell power
system operation or the storage of generated reactants or both
Note 1 to entry: Not all micro fuel cell power systems will include all functions. Some micro fuel cell power systems
will include additional functions.
3.14
gas loss
hazardous gas emission, as determined in accordance with 4.2 and 5.2
3.15
hazardous substance
any solid, liquid or gas which meets the criteria for being hazardous as defined in 4.2 and 5.2
3.16
internal reservoir
structure in a micro fuel cell power system that stores fuel and cannot be removed but not
including fuel lines or fittings not intended to provide sustained fuel storage
3.17
insert cartridge
fuel cartridge, which has its own enclosure and is installed within the enclosure of the device
powered by the micro fuel cell power system
3.18
in-service cartridge
fuel cartridge representative of fuel cartridges put into use and then removed from a system
Note 1 to entry: For systems that allow removal of a fuel cartridge from the system at any time during operation, an
in-service cartridge would be a fuel cartridge that has been put into operation such that approximately half of the
initial fuel charge has been utilized and the cartridge allowed to stabilize; for systems that include a lock-out
mechanism to prevent removal of a cartridge during operation, an in-service cartridge shall mean the fuel cartridge
in the state in which it is removable from the system.
3.19
leakage
accessible hazardous solid or hazardous liquid substance (fuel, hazardous fuel by-products,
electrolyte, or hazardous liquid fuel) outside the micro fuel cell power system or fuel cartridge
3.20
limited power source
electrical supply either isolated from a mains supply or supplied by a battery or other device
(i.e. fuel cell power unit) where the voltage, current and power levels are either inherently or
non-inherently limited to levels that do not result in an electric shock or fire hazard as defined
in IEC 62368-1
Note 1 to entry: An inherently limited power source does not rely on a current-limiting device to meet limited power
requirements although it may rely on an impedance to limit its output. However, a non-inherently limited power source
relies upon a current-limiting device such as a fuse to meet limited power requirements.
3.21
maximum developed pressure
maximum gauge pressure seen inside the fuel cartridge under operation, transport and storage
EXAMPLE Pressure at the maximum temperature (at least 70 °C in accordance with 8.3.4) to which the cartridge
can be exposed during operation, transport and storage.

3.22
micro fuel cell module
assembly incorporating one or more fuel cells and, if applicable, additional components, which
is intended to be integrated into a micro fuel cell power system
3.23
micro fuel cell power system
micro fuel cell power unit and associated fuel cartridges that is wearable or easily carried by
hand
3.24
micro fuel cell power unit
fuel cell based electric generator providing a DC voltage that does not exceed 60 V and a
continuous net electrical power that does not exceed 240 VA
Note 1 to entry: The micro fuel cell power unit does not include a fuel cartridge.
3.25
non-operating
turned "off" or no longer operational
3.26
primary battery
non-rechargeable battery
3.27
rated power
maximum continuous electric output power that a fuel cell power system is designed to achieve
under normal operating conditions, specified by the manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: The rated power is expressed in W.
3.28
refilling valve
component of the non-user-refillable fuel cartridge that allows refilling the fuel cartridge only by
trained technicians
3.29
satellite cartridge
fuel cartridge that is intended to be connected to and removed from the micro fuel cell power
system to transfer fuel to the internal reservoir inside the micro fuel cell power system
3.30
shut-off valve
component of a fuel cartridge that controls the release of fuel
3.31
toxic material
any material having a toxic hazard rating of 2 (medium) or higher, in the Sax’s dangerous
th
Edition, or related reference guide
properties of industrial materials 11
3.32
waste cartridge
cartridge that stores waste and by-products from the micro fuel cell power system
3.33
water reactive material
material meeting the criteria for UN division 4.3 "water reactive materials" (e.g. materials which
react with water to evolve dangerous quantities of flammable gas)

– 14 – IEC 62282-6-101:2024 © IEC 2024
4 Safety principles
4.1 General
The micro fuel cell power system, when coupled to the fuel cartridge or fuelled in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions, shall be designed and constructed to avoid credible risk of
hazardous leakage, fire or explosion posed by the micro fuel cell power system itself or gases,
vapours, liquids or other substances produced or used by the micro fuel cell power system.
To prevent a fire or explosion hazard within the micro fuel cell power system, the manufacturer
shall eliminate potential ignition source(s) within areas where fuel is present (or can be
potentially released).
Table 2 – Scenarios and control volumes
Scenario Control volume parameters
Overhead bin
3 a
0,28 m (10 cu ft)
Consumer transport (airplane) or storage
0 ACH
3 samples
24 h
10 m ACH
General consumer use 1 sample
b
(see Table 4, footnotes)
Close proximity Near mouth, nose, or eyes
a
For the purposes of consumer transport or storage, "impermissible gas loss" limits have been chosen based
on a scenario of devices in an enclosed space with no ventilation. The space chosen has a volume of 0,28 m ,
or approximately 10 cubic feet. The criterion has been specified so that a concentration of greater than 25 %
of the lower flammability limit (LFL) is not permitted to develop over a twenty-four hour (24 h) period, if three
devices are in the enclosed space. For example, this criterion is applied for non-operating micro fuel cell power
systems.
b 3
For the purposes of general consumer use, the "operating" emission rate limit was based on 10 m ACH,
selected as the product of the reference volume times the air changes per hour (ACH) because it covers the
reasonably foreseeable environments where micro fuel cell power systems will be used. The interior space in
a small car and the minimum volume per person on a commercial aircraft is 1 m . The minimum ACH used on
a passenger aircraft is 10 and the lowest ventilation setting in cars is 10 ACH. Homes and offices can have
ACH levels as low as 0,5 but the per-person volume is over 20 m , so a product of 10 is conservative.

4.2 Chemical safety principles
Components such as fuel piping, fuel plenums, reservoirs, fuel cartridges or similar enclosures
shall be used to contain flammable, toxic, reactive or corrosive materials.
The following safety criteria shall be used to ensure no release of hazardous substances to the
environment:
• Users shall not be exposed to accessible flammable, toxic, water reactive or corrosive
liquids and solids.
• Flammable gasses or vapours shall not exceed 25 % of the lower flammability limit (LFL)
within the applicable control volume nor be capable of sustaining a flame.
• No mass loss shall be allowed to occur (see 8.2.7).
• Toxic or hazardous gasses or vapours shall not exceed acceptable short-term exposure
limits for transient exposures nor acceptable long-term nor time-averaged exposure limits
provided for extended exposures.

NOTE Examples of transient exposure limits include the short-term exposure limits (STEL) set by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (STEL, for transient exposures); examples of long-term
exposure limits include permissible exposure limits (PEL) set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) (PELs, for time-weighted average (TWA) exposures).
Table 3 – Guidelines for determining leakage
and gas loss limits for mitigating hazards
Gas or vapours
Flammable Toxic Corrosive
Shall not exceed 25 % of the LFL Shall not exceed TWA, PEL or
for time-averaged exposure within similar for long-term or time-
the control volume nor be capable averaged exposure; nor STEL, or See toxic guidelines.
of sustaining a flame for short-term similar as applicable for short-term
transient exposure. transient exposure.
Liquid or solid
Flammable Toxic Corrosive Water reactive
Not accessible by Not accessible by Not accessible by user and no
Not accessible by user.
user. user. uncontrolled access to water.

4.3 Materials considerations
Micro fuel cell power systems are expected to be exposed to a number of environmental
conditions over the manufacturer-defined life span of the product such as vibration, shock,
varying humidity levels and corrosive environments. Materials employed in the micro fuel cell
power system shall be resistant to these environmental conditions.
4.4 Mechanical safety
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1 Structural integrity
Micro fuel cell power systems and cartridges shall have a safe construction that is resistant to
dropping, vibration, crushing, environmental changes such as temperature, and atmospheric
pressure fluctuations during normal use, reasonably foreseeable misuse, and consumer
transportation of such items.
Mechanical components shall be designed to withstand the following possible fault conditions:
• internal pressurization of cartridges;
• internal pressurization of fuel containing components of micro fuel cell power systems, if
such components are intended to contain fuel
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