IEC 62282-3-201:2025

IEC 62282-3-201 ®
Edition 3.0 2025-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
REDLINE VERSION
Fuel cell technologies -
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems - Performance test methods for
small fuel cell power systems
ICS 27.070 ISBN 978-2-8327-0749-4
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 1
INTRODUCTION to Amendment 1 .
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Symbols . 15
5 Configuration of small stationary fuel cell power system . 21
6 Reference conditions . 22
7 Heating value base . 22
8 Test preparation . 22
8.1 General . 22
8.2 Uncertainty analysis . 22
8.3 Data acquisition plan . 23
9 Test set-up . 23
10 Instruments and measurement methods . 25
10.1 General . 27
10.2 Measurement instruments . 27
10.3 Measurement points. 28
10.4 Minimum required measurement systematic uncertainty . 30
11 Test conditions . 30
11.1 Laboratory conditions. 30
11.2 Installation and operating conditions of the system . 31
11.3 Power source conditions . 31
11.4 Test fuel . 31
12 Operating process . 31
13 Test plan . 31
14 Type tests on electric and thermal performance . 34
14.1 General . 34
14.2 Fuel consumption test . 34
14.2.1 Gaseous fuel consumption test . 34
14.2.2 Liquid fuel consumption test . 37
14.3 Electric power output test . 39
14.3.1 General . 39
14.3.2 Test method . 39
14.3.3 Calculation of average net electric power output . 39
14.4 Heat recovery test . 40
14.4.1 General . 40
14.4.2 Test method . 40
14.4.3 Calculation of average recovered thermal power . 40
14.5 Start-up test . 42
14.5.1 General . 42
14.5.2 Determination of nominal state of charge of the battery . 42
14.5.3 Test method . 42
14.5.4 Calculation of results . 45
14.6 Ramp-up test . 47
14.6.1 General . 47
14.6.2 Test method . 47
14.6.3 Calculation of results . 48
14.7 Storage state test . 49
14.7.1 General . 49
14.7.2 Test method . 49
14.7.3 Calculation of average electric power input in storage state . 49
14.8 Electric power output change test . 50
14.8.1 General . 50
14.8.2 Test method . 50
14.8.3 Calculation of electric power output change rate . 52
14.9 Shutdown test . 53
14.9.1 General . 53
14.9.2 Test method . 53
14.9.3 Calculation of results . 54
14.10 Computation of efficiency . 55
14.10.1 General . 55
14.10.2 Electrical efficiency . 55
14.10.3 Heat recovery efficiency . 56
14.10.4 Overall energy efficiency . 56
14.11 Rated operation cycle efficiency. 56
14.11.1 General . 56
14.11.2 Calculation of the operation cycle fuel energy input . 57
14.11.3 Calculation of the operation cycle net electric energy output . 58
14.11.4 Calculation of the operation cycle electrical efficiency . 59
14.12 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test . 59
14.12.1 General requirement . 59
14.12.2 Electrostatic discharge immunity test . 60
14.12.3 Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test . 60
14.12.4 Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test . 60
14.12.5 Surge immunity test . 60
14.12.6 Immunity test of conducted disturbances induced by radio-frequency
fields . 60
14.12.7 Power frequency magnetic field immunity test . 60
14.12.8 Voltage dips and voltage interruptions . 60
14.12.9 Radiated disturbance (emission) measurement test . 60
14.12.10 Conducted disturbance (emission) measurement test . 61
14.12.11 Power line harmonics emission measurement test . 61
14.13 Estimation of electric and heat recovery efficiency up to ten years of
operation . 61
14.13.1 General . 61
14.13.2 Test method . 63
14.13.3 Calculation of estimated electrical efficiency . 64
14.13.4 Calculation of estimated heat recovery efficiency . 65
14.14 Electric demand-following test . 66
14.14.1 General . 66
14.14.2 Electric demand profile . 66
14.14.3 Test method . 67
14.14.4 Calculation of results . 67
14.14.5 Calculation of efficiencies . 69
15 Type tests on environmental performance . 69
15.1 General . 69
15.2 Noise test . 69
15.2.1 General . 69
15.2.2 Test conditions . 69
15.2.3 Test method . 70
15.2.4 Processing of data . 71
15.3 Exhaust gas test . 71
15.3.1 General . 71
15.3.2 Components to be measured . 71
15.3.3 Test method . 72
15.3.4 Processing of data . 74
15.4 Discharge water test . 85
15.4.1 General . 85
15.4.2 Test method . 85
16 Test reports . 86
16.1 General . 86
16.2 Title page. 86
16.3 Table of contents . 86
16.4 Summary report . 86
Annex A (normative) Heating values for components of natural gas . 87
Annex B (informative) Examples of compositions for natural gas and propane gas . 89
Annex C (informative) Example of a test operation schedule . 91
Annex D (informative) Typical exhaust gas components . 92
Annex E (informative) Guidelines for the contents of detailed and full reports . 93
E.1 General . 93
E.2 Detailed report . 93
E.3 Full report . 93
Annex F (informative) Selected duration of rated power operation . 94
Bibliography . 95

Figure 1 – Symbol diagram . 19
Figure 2 – General configuration of small stationary fuel cell power system . 21
Figure 3 – Test set-up for small stationary fuel cell power system fed with gaseous fuel
which supplies electricity and useful heat. 25
Figure 4 – Test set-up for small stationary fuel cell power system fed with gaseous fuel
which supplies only electricity . 27
Figure 5 – Operating states of stationary fuel cell power system without battery . 32
Figure 6 – Operating states of stationary fuel cell power system with battery . 33
Figure 7 – Example of electric power chart during start-up time for system without
battery . 43
Figure 8 – Example of electric power chart during start-up time for system with battery . 44
Figure 9 – Example of liquid fuel supply systems . 46
Figure 10 – Example of electric power chart during ramp-up for system without battery . 48
Figure 11 – Electric power output change pattern for system without battery . 51
Figure 12 – Electric power output change pattern for system with battery . 51
Figure 13 – Example for electric power change stabilization criteria Guideline to attain
steady state . 52
Figure 14 – Electric power chart during shutdown time . 54
Figure 15 – Example of electrical efficiency during ten years of operation . 62
Figure 16 – Example of the electric demand of a residential application . 66
Figure 17 – Noise measurement points for small stationary fuel cell power systems . 70
Figure 18 – Example of combustion exhaust gas collectors and collection locations . 73

Table 1 – Symbols and their meanings for electric and thermal performance . 15
Table 2 – Additional symbols and their meanings for environmental performance . 19
Table 3 – Compensation of readings against the effect of background noise . 70
Table A.1 – Heating values for components of natural gas at various combustion
reference conditions temperature (288,15 K) on molar and mass basis for ideal gas . 87
Table B.1 – Example of compositions for natural gas (%) . 89
Table B.2 – Example of compositions for propane gas (%) . 90
Table C.1 – Example of a test operation schedule . 91
Table D.1 – Typical exhaust gas components to be expected for typical fuels . 92
Table F.1 – Selected duration of rated power operation . 94

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
Fuel cell technologies -
Part 3-201: Stationary fuel cell power systems -
Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems

FOREWORD
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
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This redline version of the official IEC Standard allows the user to identify the changes made
to the previous edition IEC 62282-3-201:2017+AMD1:2022 CSV. A vertical bar appears in the
margin wherever a change has been made. Additions are in green text, deletions are in
strikethrough red text.
IEC 62282-3-201 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 105: Fuel cell technologies. It
is an International Standard.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2017 and
Amendment 1:2022. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) revision of Introduction;
b) revision of terms and definitions;
c) revision of Table 1;
d) revision of Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4;
e) revision of measurement instruments (10.2);
f) revision of minimum required measurement systematic uncertainty (10.4);
g) revision of test conditions (Clause 11);
h) revision of operating process (Clause 12);
i) revision of fuel consumption test (14.2);
j) revision of heat recovery test (14.4);
k) revision of Figure 13 and Figure 14;
l) revision of calculation of results (14.14.4);
m) revision of Annex A and Annex B.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
105/1114/FDIS 105/1128/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62282 series, published under the general title Fuel cell technologies,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
INTRODUCTION
This part of IEC 62282 provides consistent and repeatable test methods for the electrical,
thermal and environmental performance of small stationary fuel cell power systems.
This document limits its scope to small stationary fuel cell power systems (electrical power
output below 10 kW, which is typical for residential, small commercial and off-grid applications)
and provides test methods specifically designed for them in detail. It is based on the latest
edition of IEC 62282-3-200, which generally describes performance test methods that are
common to all types of fuel cells.
This document is intended for manufacturers of small stationary fuel cell power systems and/or
those who evaluate the performance of their systems for certification purposes, or both.
Users of this document may can selectively execute test items that are suitable for their
purposes from those described in this document. This document is not intended to exclude any
other methods.
INTRODUCTION to Amendment 1
This amendment to IEC 62282-3-201:2017 provides a method of estimating the electric and
heat recovery efficiency of small stationary fuel cell power systems for a duration of up to ten
years of operation. Furthermore, this amendment to IEC 62282-3-201:2017 provides an
evaluation method for electric demand-following small stationary fuel cell power systems, which
are operating at changing levels of power output. It has been developed as a reference for the
life cycle assessment calculations in IEC TS 62282-9-101.
1 Scope
This part of IEC 62282 provides test methods for the electrical, thermal, and environmental
performance of small stationary fuel cell power systems that meet the following criteria:
• output: rated electric power output of less than 10 kW;
• output mode: grid-connected/independent operation or stand-alone operation with single-
phase AC output or 3-phase AC output not exceeding 1 000 V, or DC output not exceeding
1 500 V;
NOTE The limit of 1 000 V for alternating current comes from the definition for "low voltage" given in
IEC 60050-601:1985, 601-01-26.
• operating pressure: maximum allowable working pressure of less than 0,1 MPa (gauge) for
the fuel and oxidant passages;
• fuel: gaseous fuel (natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, butane, hydrogen, etc.)
or liquid fuel (kerosene, methanol, etc.);
• oxidant: air.
This document describes type tests and their test methods only. No routine tests are required
or identified, and no performance targets are set in this document.
This document provides test methods to be carried out under laboratory conditions.
This document covers fuel cell power systems whose primary purpose is the production of
electric power and whose secondary purpose may can be the utilization of heat. Accordingly,
fuel cell power systems for which the use of heat is primary, and the use of electric power is
secondary are outside the scope of this document.
All systems with integrated batteries are covered by this document. This includes systems
where batteries are recharged internally or recharged from an external source.
This document does not cover additional auxiliary heat generators that produce thermal energy.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
CISPR 11, Industrial, scientific, and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement
IEC 61000-3-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-2: Limits - Limits for harmonic
current emissions (equipment input current ≤ 16 A per phase)
IEC 61000-4-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-2: Testing and measurement
techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity test
IEC 61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-3: Testing and measurement
techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-4: Testing and measurement
techniques - Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test
IEC 61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Testing and measurement
techniques - Surge immunity test
IEC 61000-4-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-6: Testing and measurement
techniques - Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields
IEC 61000-4-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-8: Testing and measurement
techniques - Power frequency magnetic field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-11, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-11: Testing and measurement
techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations immunity tests for
equipment with input current up to 16 A per phase
IEC 61000-6-1:20052016, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-1: Generic standards -
Immunity for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
IEC 62282-3-200:2015, Fuel cell technologies – Part 3-200: Stationary fuel cell power systems
– Performance test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
background noise level
sound pressure level of ambient noise at the measurement point
Note 1 to entry: This measurement is taken as described in 15.2 with the fuel cell power system in the cold state.
3.2
battery
electrochemical energy storage device that provides energy input to auxiliary machines and
equipment necessary to operate the fuel cell power system and/or provides electric energy
output
Note 1 to entry: Back-up batteries for control software memory and similar applications are not included.
3.3
cold state
state of a fuel cell power system, which is entirely at ambient temperature with no power input
or output, ready for start-up
Note 1 to entry: Power input to a control device for monitoring the fuel cell power system during cold state is not
considered.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.110.1, modified — "ready for start-up" added. IEC 60050-
485:2020, 485-21-01, modified – "which is entirely" and "ready for start-up" added; Note 1 to
entry added.]
3.4
degradation rate
reduction of the electrical efficiency of a stationary fuel cell power system per time of operation
Note 1 to entry: The degradation rate is expressed in efficiency per cent points per time (%/h).
3.5
discharge water
water that is discharged from the fuel cell power system including waste water and condensate
Note 1 to entry: Discharge water does not constitute part of a thermal recovery system.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 2.2, modified — Note 1 to entry added.]
3.6
electrical efficiency
ratio of the average net electric power output produced by a fuel cell power system to the
average fuel power input supplied to the fuel cell power system
Note 1 to entry: Lower heating value (LHV) is assumed unless otherwise stated.
Note 2 to entry: Only the fuel energy is considered as input power to small fuel cell power systems.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.30.1, modified — “average ” added to “net electric power
output”; “average fuel power input” instead of “total enthalpy flow”. IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-
10-02, modified – "electrical" instead of "electric" in the term;" average net electric power
output" instead of "net electric power"; "average fuel power input" instead of "total enthalpy
flow" and Note 2 to entry added.]
3.7
electric energy input
integrated value of electric power input at the electric input terminal
3.8
electric energy output
integrated value of electric power output at the electric output terminal
3.9
electric power input
electric power input at the electric input terminal of the fuel cell power system
3.10
electric power output
electric power output at the electric output terminal of the fuel cell power system
3.11
fuel cell power system
generator system that uses one or more fuel cell modules to generate electric power and heat
IEC 60050-
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.49, modified –— Note 1 to entry deleted.
485:2020, 485-09-01]
3.12
fuel energy input
amount of chemical energy which is supplied to the fuel cell power system by the fuel
3.13
fuel input
amount of natural gas, hydrogen, methanol, liquid petroleum gas, propane, butane, or other
material containing chemical energy entering the fuel cell power system while it is working at
the specified operating conditions
3.14
fuel power input
fuel energy input per unit of time
3.15
heat recovery efficiency
ratio of the average recovered thermal power output of a fuel cell power system to the average
total fuel power input supplied to the fuel cell power system
Note 1 to entry: Lower heating value (LHV) is assumed unless otherwise stated.
Note 2 to entry: Only the fuel energy is considered as input power to small fuel cell power systems.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.30.3, modified — “average recovered thermal power
output” instead of “recovered heat flow”; “average total power input” instead of “total enthalpy
flow”; Note 1 to entry deleted. IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-10-04, modified – "average recovered
thermal power output" instead of "recovered heat flow"; "average total power input" instead of
"total enthalpy flow"; Note 1 to entry deleted, new Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry added.]
3.16
heat recovery fluid
fluid circulating between the fuel cell power system and a heat sink for recovering the thermal
energy output
3.17
inert purge gas
inert gas or dilution gas, not containing chemical energy, supplied to the fuel cell power system
during specific conditions to make it ready for operation or shutdown
Note 1 to entry: Dilution gas containing chemical energy shall be considered as fuel.
3.18
integrated fuel input
volume or mass of fuel consumed by the fuel cell power system under specified operating
conditions
3.19
interface point
measurement point at the boundary of a fuel cell power system at which material and/or energy,
or both, either enters or leaves
Note 1 to entry: This boundary is intentionally selected to accurately measure the performance of the system,
including all normal operation, both steady state and transient. If necessary, the boundary or the interface points of
the fuel cell power system (Figure 2) to be assessed should be determined by agreement between the parties.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.65 IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-09-12, modified – Note 2 to
entry deleted.]
3.20
mass concentration
concentration of mass of exhaust gas component per unit of volume
3.21
mass discharge rate
mass of discharged exhaust gas component per unit of time
3.22
minimum electric power output
minimum net power output, at which a fuel cell power system is able to operate continuously at
a steady state
3.23
net electric power output
power generated by the fuel cell power system and available for external use
Note 1 to entry: The net electric power output can be negative during start-up, shutdown and storage state, which
means actually an electric power input during these phases / state, to be provided externally and not generated by
the fuel cell power system.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.85.3, modified — “output” added to the term, Notes 1 and
2 to entry deleted. IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-14-03, modified – "output" added to the term,
Notes 1 and 2 to entry deleted, and new Note 1 to entry added.]
3.24
noise level
sound pressure level produced by the fuel cell power system
Note 1 to entry: The noise level is expressed as decibels (dB) and measured as described in 15.2.
3.25
operation cycle
complete sequence of successive operation phases of a fuel cell power system comprising
start-up, ramp-up, rated operation and shutdown
3.26
operation cycle electrical efficiency
ratio of the net electric energy output of a fuel cell power system to the fuel energy fed to the
same fuel cell power system during a complete operation cycle comprising start-up, ramp-up,
rated operation and shutdown
3.27
overall energy efficiency
ratio of total usable power output (net electric power and recovered thermal power) to the
average total power input supplied to the fuel cell power system
Note 1 to entry: For determining the total power input to small fuel cell power systems, power inputs other than fuel
power input are neglected as insignificant
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.30.4 modified — alternative expression “or total thermal
efficiency” deleted; “power output” instead of “energy flow”; “average total power input” instead
of “total enthalpy flow”; Note 1 to entry deleted. IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-10-05, modified –
alternative expression "or total thermal efficiency" deleted; "power output" instead of "energy
flow"; "thermal power" instead of "heat flow"; "average total power input" instead of "total
enthalpy flow"; Note 1 to entry changed.]
3.28
pre-generation state
state of a fuel cell power system at sufficient operating temperature and in such an operational
mode, with zero electric power output, that the fuel cell power system is capable of being
promptly switched to an operational state with a substantial electric active power output
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.110.4 IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-21-04, modified – "active"
added.]
3.29
ramp-up energy
electric and/or chemical (fuel) energy required for transitioning from positive net electric power
output after start-up to rated net electric power output
3.30
ramp-up time
duration required for transitioning from positive net electric power output after start-up to rated
net electric power output
3.31
rated electric power output
maximum continuous electric power output that a fuel cell power system is designed to achieve
under normal operating conditions specified by the manufacturer
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.85.4, modified — “electric” and “output” added to the term,
Note 1 to entry deleted. IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-14-04, modified – "electric" and "output"
added to the term, Note 1 to entry deleted.]
3.32
recovered heat
thermal energy that has been recovered for useful purpose
Note 1 to entry: The recovered heat thermal power is measured by determining the temperatures and flow rates of
the heat recovery fluid (water, steam, air or oil, etc.) entering and leaving the thermal energy recovery subsystem at
the interface point of the fuel cell power system.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 2.2, modified — Note 1 to entry added.]
3.33
recovered thermal power
recovered heat per unit of time
3.34
shutdown energy
sum of electric and/or chemical (fuel) energy required during the shutdown time
3.35
shutdown time
duration between the instant when a shutdown action is initiated at rated electric power output
and the instant when the cold state or storage state shutdown is completed, as specified by the
manufacturer, is attained
Note 1 to entry: The shutdown operation is classified into types: normal shutdown and emergency shutdown.
[SOURCE: IEC TS 62282-1:2013, 3.115.4, modified — “a shutdown action is initiated at rated
electric power output” instead of “the load is removed”; “the cold state or storage state is
attained” instead of “the shutdown is completed”. IEC 60050-485:2020, 485-20-04, modified –
"a shutdown action is initiated at rated electric power output" instead of "the load is removed";
"Note 1 to entry" added.]
3.34
start-up energy
a) sum of electric, thermal and/or chemical (fuel)
energy required for transitioning from cold stat
...