Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral standard: Usability

Specifies requirements for a process to analyse, design, verify and validate the usability, as it relates to basic safety and essential performance of medical electrical equipment. This collateral standard addresses normal use and use errors but excludes abnormal use. The object of this collateral standard is to specify general requirements that are in addition to those of the general standard IEC 60601-1 and to serve as the basis for particular standards.

Appareils électromédicaux - Partie 1-6: Exigences générales pour la sécurité de base et les performances essentielles - Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l'utilisation

Spécifie les exigences d'un processus destiné à analyser, concevoir, vérifier et valider l'aptitude à l'utilisation ayant trait à la sécurité de base et les performances essentielles des appareils électromédicaux. La présente norme collatérale traite de l'utilisation normale et des erreurs d'utilisation mais exclut l'utilisation anormale. La présente norme collatérale est destinée à spécifier des exigences générales qui viennent compléter celles de la norme générale CEI 60601-1 et à servir de base pour les normes particulières.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
07-Dec-2006
Current Stage
DELPUB - Deleted Publication
Start Date
27-Jan-2010
Completion Date
26-Oct-2025
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Standard
IEC 60601-1-6:2006 - Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral standard: Usability Released:12/8/2006
English language
73 pages
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IEC 60601-1-6:2006 - Appareils électromédicaux - Partie 1-6: Exigences générales pour la sécurité de base et les performances essentielles - Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l'utilisation Released:12/8/2006
French language
73 pages
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Standard
IEC 60601-1-6:2006 - Medical electrical equipment - Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance - Collateral standard: Usability Released:12/8/2006 Isbn:2831889332
English and French language
145 pages
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INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 60601-1-6
Second edition
2006-12
Medical electrical equipment –
Part 1-6:
General requirements for basic safety
and essential performance –
Collateral standard: Usability

This English-language version is derived from the original
bilingual publication by leaving out all French-language
pages. Missing page numbers correspond to the French-
language pages.
Reference number
Publication numbering
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60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.

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edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the

base publication incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating

amendments 1 and 2.
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INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD 60601-1-6
Second edition
2006-12
Medical electrical equipment –
Part 1-6:
General requirements for basic safety
and essential performance –
Collateral standard: Usability

© IEC 2006 Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
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Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
For price, see current catalogue

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.5

INTRODUCTION.11

1 Scope, object and related standards.13

1.1 Scope.13

1.2 Object .13

1.3 Related standards .13

2 Normative references .13

3 Terms and definitions .15
4 General requirements .19
4.1 * Conditions for application to ME EQUIPMENT .19
4.2 * RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS for ME EQUIPMENT.19
5 ME EQUIPMENT identification, marking and documents.19
5.1 * ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS.19
5.2 * TRAINING and materials for TRAINING .21
6 * USE ERROR and USABILITY .21
6.1 * Safety for the PATIENT, OPERATOR and other persons .21
6.2 * USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS .21

Annex A (informative) General guidance and rationale.29
Annex B (informative) A taxonomy of OPERATOR action .41
Annex C (informative) Examples of USE ERRORS, ABNORMAL USE and design flaws
potentially leading to USE ERRORS .43
Annex D (informative) Guidance on the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS.49
Annex E (informative) Sample USABILITY SPECIFICATION .105
Annex F (informative) Reference documents.123

Bibliography.141

Index of defined terms used in this collateral standard.145

Figure B.1 – Summary of the taxonomy of OPERATOR action.41
Figure D.1 – An OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE design cycle.55
Figure D.2 – Bubble diagram of the conceptual model of a physiological monitor.85
Figure E.1 – Example of a USABILITY SPECIFICATION for a hypothetical device .105

Table D.1 – Sample of design flaws and associated USE ERRORS .53
Table D.2 – Mapping of Figure D.1 to the subclauses of this standard .55
Table D.3 – Examples of OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE requirements .61
Table D.4 – Typical deliverables .73
Table D.5 – Examples of objective and subjective USABILITY goals .81
Table D.6 – Examples of OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE modelling techniques .87
Table D.7 – Characteristics of a typical USABILITY testing effort .87

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________
MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT –

Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety

and essential performance –
Collateral Standard: Usability

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
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Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
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3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
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5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International standard IEC 60601-1-6 has been prepared by IEC subcommittee 62A: Common
aspects of electrical equipment used in medical practice of IEC technical committee 62:
Electrical equipment in medical practice.
This second edition constitutes a collateral standard to IEC 60601-1: Medical electrical
equipment – Part 1: General requirements for safety and essential performance hereafter
referred to as the general standard.
This document cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60601-1-6.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 7 –
This edition of IEC 60601-1-6 was revised to structurally align it with the 2005 edition of IEC
60601-1 and to implement the decision of IEC Subcommittee 62A that the clause numbering

structure of collateral standards written to IEC 60601-1:2005 would adhere to the form

specified in ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2:2004. The principle technical changes are in Clause 4,

which now recognizes that there is a general requirement for a risk management process in

IEC 60601-1:2005.
The text of this collateral standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting
62A/550/FDIS 62A/557/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this collateral standard can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
In the IEC 60601 series of publications, collateral standards specify general requirements for
safety applicable to:
– a subgroup of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (e.g. radiological equipment); or
– a specific characteristic of all MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, not fully addressed in the
general standard (e.g. alarm systems).
In this collateral standard, the following print types are used:
– Requirements and definitions: roman type.
– Test specifications: italic type.
– Informative material appearing outside of tables, such as notes, examples and references: in smaller type.
Normative text of tables is also in a smaller type.
– TERMS DEFINED IN CLAUSE 3 OF THE GENERAL STANDARD, IN THIS COLLATERAL STANDARD OR AS
NOTED: SMALL CAPITALS.
In referring to the structure of this standard, the term
– “clause” means one of the seventeen numbered divisions within the table of contents,
inclusive of all subdivisions (e.g. Clause 6 includes subclauses 6.1, 6.2, etc.);
– “subclause” means a numbered subdivision of a clause (e.g. 6.1, 6.2 and 6.2.1 are all
subclauses of Clause 6).
References to clauses within this standard are preceded by the term “Clause” followed by the
clause number. References to subclauses within this standard are by number only.

In this standard, the conjunctive “or” is used as an “inclusive or” so a statement is true if any
combination of the conditions is true.
The verbal forms used in this standard conform to usage described in Annex H of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2. For the purposes of this standard, the auxiliary verb:
− “shall” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is mandatory for compliance
with this standard;
− “should” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is recommended but is not
mandatory for compliance with this standard;

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 9 –
− “may” is used to describe a permissible way to achieve compliance with a requirement or
test.
Clauses, subclauses and definitions for which a rationale is provided in informative Annex A
are marked with an asterisk (*).

A list of all parts of the IEC 60601 series, under the general title: Medical electrical
equipment, can be found on the IEC website.

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in

the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 11 –
INTRODUCTION
Medical practice is increasingly using MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT for observation and

treatment of PATIENTS. USE ERRORS caused by inadequate MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

USABILITY have become an increasing cause for concern. The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS

is intended to achieve reasonable USABILITY, which in turn is intended to minimise USE ERRORS

and to minimise use associated RISKS. Some, but not all, forms of incorrect use are amenable

to control by the MANUFACTURER. The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS is an element of the

RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS.
This collateral standard describes a USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS, and provides guidance

on how to implement and execute the PROCESS to provide BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL
PERFORMANCE as it relates to USABILITY of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. It is intended to be
useful not only for MANUFACTURERS of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, but also for technical
committees responsible for the preparation of particular standards.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 13 –
MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT –

Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety

and essential performance –
Collateral Standard: Usability

1 Scope, object and related standards

1.1 Scope
This International Standard specifies requirements for a PROCESS to analyse, design, verify
and validate the USABILITY, as it relates to BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of
MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, hereafter referred to as ME EQUIPMENT. This collateral
standard addresses NORMAL USE and USE ERRORS but excludes ABNORMAL USE.
1.2 Object
The object of this collateral standard is to specify general requirements that are in addition to
those of the general standard and to serve as the basis for particular standards.
1.3 Related standards
1.3.1 IEC 60601-1
For ME EQUIPMENT, this collateral standard complements IEC 60601-1.
When referring to IEC 60601-1 or to this collateral standard, either individually or in
combination, the following conventions are used:
• "the general standard" designates IEC 60601-1 alone;
• "this collateral standard" designates IEC 60601-1-6 alone;
• "this standard" designates the combination of the general standard and this collateral
standard.
1.3.2 Particular standards
A requirement in a particular standard takes priority over the corresponding requirement in
this collateral standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60601-1:2005, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1: General requirements for basic
safety and essential performance
IEC 60601-1-8:2006, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1-8: General requirements for basic
safety and essential performance – Collateral Standard: General requirements, tests and
guidance for alarm systems in medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 15 –
ISO 14971:2000, Medical devices – Application of risk management to medical devices

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60601-1:2005,

IEC 60601-1-8:2006 and the following definitions apply.

NOTE An index of defined terms is found beginning on page 145.

3.1
ABNORMAL USE
intended act or intended omission of an act by the RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION or OPERATOR of
ME EQUIPMENT as a result of conduct that is beyond any reasonable means of RISK CONTROL by
the MANUFACTURER
NOTE 1 See also Annex B. Examples are given in Annex C.
NOTE 2 It is possible for the PATIENT to be the OPERATOR, e.g. when ME EQUIPMENT is used in the PATIENT’S home.
NOTE 3 ABNORMAL USE is not considered REASONABLY FORESEABLE MISUSE.
3.2
EFFECTIVENESS
accuracy and completeness with which OPERATORS achieve specified goals
[ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.2, modified]
3.3
EFFICIENCY
resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness with which OPERATORS
achieve goals
[ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.3 modified]
3.4
OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE
*
means by which the OPERATOR and the ME EQUIPMENT communicate
[ANSI/AAMI/HE 74:2001, definition 3.24 modified]
NOTE The ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS are considered part of the ME EQUIPMENT and the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT
INTERFACE.
3.5
OPERATOR PROFILE
summary of the mental, physical and demographic traits of the intended OPERATOR population,

as well as any special characteristics that can have a bearing on design decisions, such as
occupational skills and job requirements
3.6
* PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION
function that involves OPERATOR interaction that is either frequently used or related to the
BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of the ME EQUIPMENT in NORMAL USE
3.7
* REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE
use by the OPERATOR in a way not intended by the MANUFACTURER but which can result from
readily predictable human behaviour
[ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, definition 3.14, modified]

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 17 –
NOTE 1 REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE is an intended action.

NOTE 2 Use refers to a product, PROCESS or service.

NOTE 3 Slips, lapses, mistakes and ABNORMAL USE can also be reasonably foreseeable, but are not considered

REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE.

NOTE 4 See also Annex B.
3.8
TRAINING
application-specific OPERATOR-oriented instruction or exercises required for the safe and
effective use of the ME EQUIPMENT

3.9
USE ERROR
act or omission of an act that has a different ME EQUIPMENT response than intended by the
MANUFACTURER or expected by the OPERATOR
NOTE 1 USE ERROR includes slips, lapses, mistakes, and REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE.
NOTE 2 See also Annex B and D.1.3.
NOTE 3 The physiological response of the PATIENT is not considered part of USE ERROR.
3.10
USE SCENARIO
sequence of events and tasks used to specify and test the USABILITY of the ME EQUIPMENT
3.11
* USABILITY
characteristic that establishes EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY and OPERATOR learnability and
satisfaction
3.12
USABILITY ENGINEERING
application of knowledge about human behaviour, abilities, limitations, and other
characteristics to the design of tools, machines, ME EQUIPMENT, devices, systems, tasks, jobs,
and environments to achieve adequate USABILITY
3.13
* USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE
set of RECORDS and other documents that are produced by USABILITY ENGINEERING activities
3.14
USABILITY SPECIFICATION
documentation defining the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE requirements related to USABILITY

3.15
VALIDATION
confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that the requirements for a specific
intended use or application have been fulfilled
NOTE 1 The term “validated” is used to designate the corresponding status.
NOTE 2 The use conditions for VALIDATION can be real or simulated.
[ISO 9000:2000, definition 3.8.5]

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 19 –
4 General requirements
4.1 * Conditions for application to ME EQUIPMENT

The ME EQUIPMENT shall provide adequate USABILITY such that the RISKS resulting from NORMAL

and USE ERROR are acceptable. See also 7.1.1 and 12.2 of the general standard.
USE
Compliance with this subclause is considered to exist when compliance with the other clauses

and subclauses of this collateral standard is demonstrated.

4.2 * RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS for ME EQUIPMENT
When performing the RISK ANALYSIS step of the RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS required by 4.2 of
the general standard, the analysis shall consider the following:
– application specification (see 6.2.2.1);
– OPERATOR PROFILE;
– predictable USE ERRORS (see ANNEX C for a list of predictable USE ERRORS);
– * task related requirements;
– * context of use;
– information on HAZARDS known for existing OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACES for
ME EQUIPMENT of a similar type, if available;
– results of the review of the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE (see D.2.2 in this document
and D.7 of ISO 14971:2000).
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
5 ME EQUIPMENT identification, marking and documents
5.1 * ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS
A brief description of the ME EQUIPMENT, its physical operating principles and significant
physical and performance characteristics relevant to its USABILITY, shall be included in the
instructions for use. The same information shall also be included in the technical description,
if this is provided as a separate document.
ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS for ME EQUIPMENT may be provided electronically, e.g. by
electronic file format or CD-ROM. If the ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS are provided
electronically, the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS shall include consideration of which

information also needs to be provided as hard copy or as markings on the ME EQUIPMENT, e.g.
to cover emergency operation.
The ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS shall include a description of the OPERATOR PROFILE. The
ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS shall be written at a level consistent with the intended OPERATOR
PROFILE.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS and the USABILITY
ENGINEERING FILE.
60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 21 –
5.2 * TRAINING and materials for TRAINING

If ME EQUIPMENT specific TRAINING is required for the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS of the

ME EQUIPMENT, the MANUFACTURER shall:

– provide the necessary materials for TRAINING;

– ensure that these materials are available; or

– provide the TRAINING.
NOTE 1 ME EQUIPMENT-specific TRAINING provides the knowledge and skills required for safe and effective use of

ME EQUIPMENT in addition to the OPERATOR PROFILE.

The INTENDED USE shall be the basis for TRAINING and TRAINING material. The instructions for
use shall indicate whether specific TRAINING for this ME EQUIPMENT is required and shall
indicate the available TRAINING options.
1)
NOTE 2 See IEC 61258 [1].
6 * USE ERROR and USABILITY
6.1 * Safety for the PATIENT, OPERATOR and other persons
A USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS shall be conducted to provide safety for the PATIENT,
OPERATOR and other persons related to USABILITY of the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE.
NOTE 1 To guide the application of USABILITY ENGINEERING principles, the HAZARDS to PATIENTS, OPERATORS and
other persons as listed in ISO 14971 should be considered.
NOTE 2 The following are examples of HAZARDS for the PATIENT:
– unintentional setting of the diagnostic or therapeutic ME EQUIPMENT, e.g. inappropriate X-ray exposure setting
requiring an additional exposure;
– unintentional interruption of delivery of therapy;
– misinterpretation of displayed values followed by an inappropriate treatment;
– confusing data presentation contributing to mental fatigue resulting in increased USE ERROR.
NOTE 3 The following are examples of HAZARDS for the OPERATOR:
– poor anthropometric design leading to musculoskeletal injury;
– repetitive-motion resulting in nerve/tendon injuries;
– poor display contrast resulting in eye fatigue;
– loud noise emanating from the ME EQUIPMENT resulting in hearing impairment.
Compliance with this subclause is considered to exist when compliance with the other clauses
and subclauses of this collateral standard is demonstrated.

6.2 * USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS
6.2.1 General
The results of the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS shall be recorded in the USABILITY
ENGINEERING FILE. The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS may vary in form and extent based on
the nature of the ME EQUIPMENT, its intended OPERATOR and its INTENDED USE (see D.3.2). The
records and other documents that make up the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE may form part of
other documents and files, e.g. a MANUFACTURER’S product file or RISK MANAGEMENT FILE.
—————————
1)
Figures in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 23 –
In the case of the modification of existing ME EQUIPMENT design, the USABILITY ENGINEERING

PROCESS may be scaled based on the significance of the modification depending on the

results of the RISK ANALYSIS (see D.3.2.2).

NOTE 1 The MANUFACTURER should conduct iterative design and development. USABILITY ENGINEERING should
begin early and continue through the ME EQUIPMENT design and development life cycle.

NOTE 2 Due to the iterative nature of the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS, the activities described in the following
subclauses may be carried out in any convenient order (see D.2).

Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS
6.2.2 Input for the
6.2.2.1 * ME EQUIPMENT application specification
The MANUFACTURER shall specify the application of the ME EQUIPMENT in the USABILITY
ENGINEERING FILE.
This specification shall include:
– medical purpose (e.g. conditions(s) or disease(s) to be screened, monitored, treated, or
diagnosed);
– PATIENT population (e.g. age, weight, region of body, health, condition);
– part of the body or type of tissue applied to or interacted with;
– * intended OPERATOR PROFILE; and
– application (e.g. environment, frequency of use, location, mobility).
NOTE This specification contains elements of the INTENDED USE.
A summary of the ME EQUIPMENT application specification shall be included in the instructions
for use.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE and the instructions for
use.
6.2.2.2 PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS
The MANUFACTURER shall determine the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS and record them in the
USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
NOTE 1 See also D.5.3, D.5.5, D.5.9, D.5.10 and D.5.14 for a discussion of methods that might be useful in
determining PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS.
NOTE 2 PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS should be easily recognizable and self-explanatory to the OPERATOR.

NOTE 3 See element 1.2 of Figure E.1 for an example of PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS for a hypothetical
ME EQUIPMENT.
Compliance is checked by inspection of the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
6.2.2.3 * Information for safety as a RISK CONTROL
For RISK CONTROL related to USABILITY, the MANUFACTURER shall decide what information is
required for BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE, e.g. warnings or limitation of use in the
ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS, marking, etc. Any such information shall be subject to the
USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS. Disregarding this information shall be considered ABNORMAL
USE. See also Annex B.
60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 25 –
NOTE 1 RISK CONTROL consists of an integrated approach in which the MANUFACTURER uses one or more of the

following in the priority listed:

a) inherent SAFETY by design;

b) protective measures in the ME EQUIPMENT itself or in the manufacturing PROCESS, e.g. ALARM SYSTEMS;

c) information for safety, e.g. warnings in the instructions for use, display of a monitored variable.

The results of the RISK ANALYSIS or a reference to the location of the results of the RISK

ANALYSIS shall be recorded in the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

NOTE 2 The RISK ANALYSIS for the ME EQUIPMENT or for the corresponding generic device type is an input for the

USABILITY SPECIFICATION as required for the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS. Any RESIDUAL RISK evaluation should

consider the results of the USABILITY VALIDATION.

NOTE 3 The evaluation of post-production information (post-market surveillance) should include USABILITY (see
ISO 14971:2000, Clause 9).
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
6.2.3 * USABILITY SPECIFICATION
As part of the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS, the MANUFACTURER shall develop a USABILITY
SPECIFICATION. The USABILITY SPECIFICATION shall be recorded in USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
The USABILITY SPECIFICATION may be integrated into other specifications.
The USABILITY SPECIFICATION shall be based on the following:
– application specification (see 6.2.2.1);
– HAZARDS related to the use of the ME EQUIPMENT (results from RISK ANALYSIS as described
in 4.2); and
– predictable USE ERRORS associated with the ME EQUIPMENT.
The USABILITY SPECIFICATION shall describe at least:
– * USE SCENARIOS for the ME EQUIPMENT;
– OPERATOR actions related to the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS;
– OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE requirements for the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS; and
– requirements for determining whether PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS are easily
recognizable by the OPERATOR.
NOTE 1 The USABILITY SPECIFICATION should include references to context of use (see the rationale for Subclause
4.2 and D.4.1.2.4).
NOTE 2 For guidance, see D.2.6.
NOTE 3 See Annex E for an example of a USABILITY SPECIFICATION for hypothetical ME EQUIPMENT.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

6.2.4 * USABILITY VERIFICATION
As part of the ME EQUIPMENT design VERIFICATION PROCESS, the MANUFACTURER shall verify the
OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT interface design according to the USABILITY SPECIFICATION. The results of
the VERIFICATION shall be recorded in USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 27 –
6.2.5 Usability validation plan

The MANUFACTURER shall develop and maintain a USABILITY VALIDATION plan. The USABILITY

VALIDATION plan shall specify:

– any method used for VALIDATION of the USABILITY of the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS;

– the criteria for determining successful VALIDATION of the USABILITY of the PRIMARY

OPERATING FUNCTIONS (see Table D.5); and

– the involvement of representative intended OPERATORS (see D.4.3.2).

USABILITY VALIDATION methods may be quantitative or qualitative. USABILITY VALIDATION may be

performed in a laboratory setting, in a simulated use environment or in the actual use
environment.
NOTE 1 The MANUFACTURER should apply one or more methods for the USABILITY VALIDATION of PRIMARY OPERATING
FUNCTIONS of the ME EQUIPMENT depending on the INTENDED USE. Examples of these methods are found in Clause
D.5.
NOTE 2 Findings based on any single method can be insufficient, e.g. in a clinical evaluation it might not be
possible to explore some high-RISK situations.
The USABILITY VALIDATION plan shall address:
– worst case USE SCENARIOS derived from:
• the application specification (see 6.2.2.1),
• predictable USE ERRORS, and
• the results of the RISK ANALYSIS; and
– USE SCENARIOS representing frequent application situations identified in the USABILITY
SPECIFICATION.
The USABILITY VALIDATION plan shall be recorded in the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
6.2.6 * USABILITY VALIDATION
The MANUFACTURER shall validate OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE design according to the
USABILITY VALIDATION plan. The results shall be recorded, including any required design
modification needed to satisfy the criteria as defined in the USABILITY VALIDATION plan.
NOTE 1 The ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS are part of the ME EQUIPMENT and are also subject to activities for
validating USABILITY.
NOTE 2 Individuals that were not directly involved in the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE design should be
involved in the USABILITY VALIDATION.

Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 29 –
Annex A
(informative)
General guidance and rationale

A.1 General guidance
This annex provides a concise rationale for the important requirements of this collateral

standard. Its purpose is to promote effective application of the collateral standard by
explaining the reasons for the requirements and provide additional guidance where
appropriate.
A.2 Rationale for particular clauses and subclauses
The following are rationales for specific clauses and subclauses in this collateral standard,
with clause and subclause numbers parallel to those in the body of the document.
Definition 3.4 – OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE
The OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE includes all means of communication between the
ME EQUIPMENT to the OPERATOR and the OPERATOR to the ME EQUIPMENT. These means include,
but are not limited to:
– markings and ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS;
– lights;
– video displays;
– push buttons;
– touch screens;
– auditory and visual INFORMATION SIGNALS;
– ALARM SIGNALS;
– vibratory signals;
– keyboard and mouse; and
– haptic controls.
Definition 3.6 – PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION

For the purposes of this collateral standard, a PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION is a function that
is directly related to the BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of the ME EQUIPMENT in
NORMAL USE or a function that is frequently used. Examples of PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION
that directly relate to BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE include:
– inactivating an ALARM SIGNAL (temporarily or indefinitely);
– setting ALARM LIMITS;
– setting X-ray exposure parameters (e.g. kV , mA);
p
– setting infusion parameters (e.g. flow rate);
– setting gas flow rates and anaesthetic vaporizer concentration.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 31 –
Frequently used functions are included in the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS because
inadequate USABILITY of the frequently used functions adds to OPERATORS’ workloads and can

increase the probability of USE ERRORS affecting safety-related functions. A collection of

relatively minor shortcomings in the design of OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACES can raise the

probability of USE ERRORS and their consequences, particularly when they involve frequently

used functions. Examples of such shortcomings include poor labelling, ambiguous control-

display relationships, difficult to read indicators, connectors that lack the proper shape coding,

inconsistent software navigation methods, etc. At a minimum, these shortcomings can

increase the time required to learn to use the ME EQUIPMENT and increase the time required to

perform frequent tasks due to an overall increase in mental and physical workload. At worse,

these shortcomings can induce USE ERROR because OPERATORS have to focus more attention
on operational mechanics, taking attention away from higher-level considerations directly
related to PATIENT safety. As workload increases, there is generally an increased chance of
errors of various types. There is less time to check one's work, less time to consider all
variables and a greater chance of imprecision and blundering due to rushing. Accordingly, it
makes sense to review all functions, particularly the most frequent ones, and determine if
there could be a problem due to the cumulative effect of USABILITY ENGINEERING deficiencies
that could have a negative impact on BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE.
Definition 3.7 – REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE
There is often a thin line between ABNORMAL USE and REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE. What
might look to be a case of ABNORMAL USE can later turn out to be REASONABLY FORESEEABLE
MISUSE after investigation and closer examination by experts trained in the USABILITY
ENGINEERING PROCESS and the science of human error. The RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS of
ME EQUIPMENT defines within the context of that particular ME EQUIPMENT what is REASONABLY
FORESEEABLE MISUSE and what is ABNORMAL USE, and documents what RISK CONTROL measures
have been taken to mitigate the REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE.
A MANUFACTURER needs to exercise judgement in selecting the appropriate RISK CONTROL
measure to avoid unnecessarily limiting the practice of medicine. ME EQUIPMENT should not
arbitrarily prevent off-label use that does not present a HAZARD, e.g. preventing the use of
ME EQUIPMENT for a PATIENT population because efficacy data does not exist. In such a case,
using a protective measure in the ME EQUIPMENT is more appropriate, e.g. a warning message
or pop-up window on the display.
The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS helps discover which actions are “readily predictable.”
Definition 3.11 – USABILITY
The time needed to become acquainted with the ME EQUIPMENT and its operation is called
“learnability” (ISO 9241-11:1998, Table B.2 [5]). Freedom from discomfort, and positive

attitude towards the use of the ME EQUIPMENT is called “satisfaction” (ISO 9241-11:1998,
definition 3.4 [5]).
NOTE HOW easy it is to remember the operational details of ME EQUIPMENT can be thought of as
“memorizability” [10].
USABILITY is a measure of the EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY, and satisfaction with which
specified OPERATORS achieve specified goals in particular environments, within the scope of
the INTENDED USE of the ME EQUIPMENT. Many of these factors can influence safety to various
extents.
60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 33 –
To gauge if ME EQUIPMENT exhibits adequate USABILITY, specifications for the following
influencing factors are required:

– OPERATOR;
– task/goals; and
– conditions and setting in which the OPERATOR interacts with the ME EQUIPMENT.

This is because a change in a single factor could change the USABILITY significantly.

EXAMPLE An AC/battery-powered ECG monitor that works perfectly well in the relatively protected environment
of an ICU ward could exhibit severe drawbacks in USABILITY if it were to be used outside at night. This is a change

in the conditions and setting. In the new location of use, the influencing factors vary for:

– power up/pre-check needs;
– ambient light (night, bright sunlight), reflections; or
– requirements for handling, transportation, weight.
Some OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACES contribute to USE ERROR because they employ non-
intuitive or counter-intuitive displays or controls. The consequences of such design flaws
often only become apparent when the OPERATOR is using the ME EQUIPMENT in an emergency
or stressful situation, is fatigued, or uses the ME EQUIPMENT only rarely.
Definition 3.13 – uSABILITY ENGINEERING FILE
The USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE can be part of the RISK MANAGEMENT FILE. There is no
requirement for the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE to be independently stored from the RISK
MANAGEMENT FILE. The USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE need not physically contain all the records
and other documents produced by USABILITY ENGINEERING activities. However, it should
contain at least references or pointers to all required documentation.
Subclause 4.1 – Conditions for application to ME EQUIPMENT
RISKS associated with
This collateral standard specifies requirements addressing particular
USABILITY. When these requirements are complied with, the RESIDUAL RISKS associated with
USABILITY are presumed to be acceptable unless there is objective evidence to the contrary.
This follows from 4.2 of the General Standard, which states “Where this standard or any of its
collateral or particular standards specify verifiable requirements addressing particular RISKS,
and these requirements are complied with, the RESIDUAL RISKS addressed by these
OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE to the
requirements shall be presumed to be acceptable unless there is
contrary.”
The criteria for judging RISK acceptability are established by the USABILITY VALIDATION plan,
which specifies the criteria for determining successful VALIDATION of the USABILITY of the
PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS.
Subclause 4.2 – RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS for ME EQUIPMENT
Task related requirements:
Task related requirements are derived from the task analysis (see D.5.14) and are typically
USABILITY SPECIFICATION (see element 1.3.4 in Figure E.1).
identified as an input to the
Examples of task related requirements are:
– exterior surface shall facilitate ease of cleaning;
– markings shall be readable under low lighting conditions;
– ME EQUIPMENT shall be transportable with one hand only.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 – 35 –
Context of use:
The context of use can have a significant impact on USABILITY of ME EQUIPMENT. For safety

reasons the context of use needs to be analyzed and considered by the MANUFACTURER. When

ME EQUIPMENT is used as part of a MEDICAL ELECTRICAL SYSTEM, context of use needs to

consider the attributes of the other elements of the system.

Examples of different contextual factors that need to be addressed are:

– spatial context:
• architecture: in-house, in town, types of building, e.g.: hospital (ward, OT, ICU),

theatre, cinema, home;
• outside;
• technological settings (airplane, ship, ambulance, car);
• smoothness and inclination of floor;
• emergency location;
– social context:
• organization;
• shift work (requirement to receive/forward inputs/outputs for ME EQUIPMENT);
• presence of: unattended children; untrained and/or curious adults;
...


NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE 60601-1-6
Deuxième édition
2006-12
Appareils électromédicaux –
Partie 1-6:
Exigences générales pour la sécurité
de base et les performances essentielles –
Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l’utilisation

Cette version française découle de la publication d’origine
bilingue dont les pages anglaises ont été supprimées.
Les numéros de page manquants sont ceux des pages
supprimées.
Numéro de référence
CEI 60601-1-6:2006(F)
Numérotation des publications
Depuis le 1er janvier 1997, les publications de la CEI sont numérotées à partir de

60000. Ainsi, la CEI 34-1 devient la CEI 60034-1.

Editions consolidées
Les versions consolidées de certaines publications de la CEI incorporant les

amendements sont disponibles. Par exemple, les numéros d’édition 1.0, 1.1 et 1.2

indiquent respectivement la publication de base, la publication de base incorporant

l’amendement 1, et la publication de base incorporant les amendements 1 et 2

Informations supplémentaires sur les publications de la CEI
Le contenu technique des publications de la CEI est constamment revu par la CEI
afin qu'il reflète l'état actuel de la technique. Des renseignements relatifs à cette
publication, y compris sa validité, sont disponibles dans le Catalogue des
publications de la CEI (voir ci-dessous) en plus des nouvelles éditions, amende-
ments et corrigenda. Des informations sur les sujets à l’étude et l’avancement des
travaux entrepris par le comité d’études qui a élaboré cette publication, ainsi que la
liste des publications parues, sont également disponibles par l’intermédiaire de:
• Site web de la CEI (www.iec.ch)
• Catalogue des publications de la CEI
Le catalogue en ligne sur le site web de la CEI (www.iec.ch/searchpub) vous permet
de faire des recherches en utilisant de nombreux critères, comprenant des
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est aussi disponible par courrier électronique. Veuillez prendre contact avec le
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NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE 60601-1-6
Deuxième édition
2006-12
Appareils électromédicaux –
Partie 1-6:
Exigences générales pour la sécurité
de base et les performances essentielles –
Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l’utilisation

© IEC 2006 Droits de reproduction réservés
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun
procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale XB
International Electrotechnical Commission
Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur

– 2 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS.4

INTRODUCTION.10

1 Domaine d'application, objet et normes connexes .12

1.1 Domaine d’application .12

1.2 Objet .12

1.3 Normes connexes.12

2 Références normatives.12
3 Termes et définitions .14
4 Exigences générales .18
4.1 * Conditions d’application aux APPAREILS EM .18
4.2 * PROCESSUS DE GESTION DES RISQUES pour les APPAREILS EM.18
5 Identification, marquage et documentation des APPAREILS EM.18
5.1 * DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT.18
5.2 * FORMATION et supports de FORMATION .20
6 * ERREUR D'UTILISATION et APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.20
6.1 * SÉCURITÉ du PATIENT, de L'OPÉRATEUR et des tiers .20
6.2 * PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION .20

Annexe A (informative) Guide général et justifications .28
Annexe B (informative) Taxinomie des actions de l’OPÉRATEUR .40
Annexe C (informative) Exemples d'ERREURS D'UTILISATION, d'UTILISATIONS ANORMALES
et de défauts de conception conduisant potentiellement à des ERREURS D'UTILISATION.42
Annexe D (informative) Guide pour le PROCESSUS D’INGÉNIERIE D’APTITUDE À
L’UTILISATION .48
Annexe E (informative) Exemple de SPÉCIFICATION DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION .104
Annexe F (informative) Documents de référence.122

Bibliographie.140

Index des termes définis dans la présente norme collatérale .144
Figure B.1 – Résumé de la taxinomie des actions de L'OPÉRATEUR.40
Figure D.1 – Cycle de conception d'une INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL .54

Figure D.2 – Schéma à bulles du modèle conceptuel d'un moniteur physiologique.84
Figure E.1 – Exemple de SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION pour un dispositif
hypothétique .104

Tableau D.1 – Echantillon de défauts de conception et d'ERREURS D'UTILISATION
associées .52
Tableau D.2 – Correspondance entre la Figure D.1 et les paragraphes de la présente
norme .54
Tableau D.3 – Exemples d'exigences d'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL.60
Tableau D.4 – Réalisations types.72
Tableau D.5 – Exemples d'objectifs de l’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION objectifs et subjectifs .80
Tableau D.6 – Exemples de techniques de modélisation d'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-
APPAREIL. .86
Tableau D.7 – Caractéristiques d'un effort d'essai type d'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION .86

– 4 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE

____________
APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX –
Partie 1-6: Exigences générales pour la sécurité de base

et les performances essentielles –

Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l'utilisation

AVANT-PROPOS
1) La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation
composée de l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a
pour objet de favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les
domaines de l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI – entre autres activités – publie des Normes
internationales, des Spécifications techniques, des Rapports techniques, des Spécifications accessibles au
public (PAS) et des Guides (ci-après dénommés "Publication(s) de la CEI"). Leur préparation est confiée aux
comités d'études; il est permis à tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité de participer à ces travaux
préparatoires. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales qui assurent la
liaison avec la CEI participent également à cette préparation. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation
Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.
2) Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesure
du possible, un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux de la CEI
intéressés sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.
3) Les Publications de la CEI se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales et sont agréées
comme telles par les Comités nationaux de la CEI. Tous les efforts raisonnables sont entrepris afin que la CEI
s'assure de l'exactitude du contenu technique de ses publications; la CEI ne peut pas être tenue responsable
de l'éventuelle mauvaise utilisation ou interprétation qui en est faite par un quelconque utilisateur final.
4) Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer de
façon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes
nationales et régionales. Toutes divergences entre toutes Publications de la CEI et toutes publications
nationales ou régionales correspondantes doivent être indiquées en termes clairs dans ces dernières.
5) La CEI n’a prévu aucune procédure de marquage valant indication d’approbation et n'engage pas sa
responsabilité pour les équipements déclarés conformes à une de ses Publications.
6) Tous les utilisateurs doivent s'assurer qu'ils sont en possession de la dernière édition de cette publication.
7) Aucune responsabilité ne doit être imputée à la CEI, à ses administrateurs, employés, auxiliaires ou
mandataires, y compris ses experts particuliers et les membres de ses comités d'études et des Comités
nationaux de la CEI, pour tout préjudice causé en cas de dommages corporels et matériels, ou de tout autre
dommage de quelque nature que ce soit, directe ou indirecte, ou pour supporter les coûts (y compris les frais
de justice) et les dépenses découlant de la publication ou de l'utilisation de cette Publication de la CEI ou de
toute autre Publication de la CEI, ou au crédit qui lui est accordé.
8) L'attention est attirée sur les références normatives citées dans cette publication. L'utilisation de publications
référencées est obligatoire pour une application correcte de la présente publication.
9) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Publication de la CEI peuvent faire

l’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour
responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.
La Norme internationale CEI 60601-1-6 a été établie par le sous–comité 62A: Aspects
généraux des équipements utilisés en pratique médicale, du comité d’études 62 de la CEI:
Equipements électriques dans la pratique médicale.
Cette deuxième édition constitue une norme collatérale de la CEI 60601-1: Appareils
électromédicaux – Partie 1: Exigences générales de sécurité de base et les performances
essentielles, appelée norme générale dans la suite du texte.
Ce document annule et remplace la première édition de la CEI 60601-1-6.

– 6 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
Cette édition de la CEI 60601-1-6 a été révisée pour s’aligner structurellement avec l’édition
2005 de la CEI 60601-1 et pour mettre en place la décision du Sous-comité 62 A de la CEI,

stipulant que la structure de la numérotation des articles des normes collatérales écrites avec

la CEI 60601-1:2005 adhérerait à la forme spécifiée dans les Directives ISO/CEI,

Partie 2:2004. Les principaux changements techniques se trouvent à l’Article 4, qui reconnaît

maintenant qu’il existe une exigence générale de processus de gestion du risque dans la

CEI 60601-1:2005.
Le texte de la présente norme collatérale est issu des documents suivants:

FDIS Rapport de vote
62A/550/FDIS 62A/557/RVD
Le rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant
abouti à l'approbation de cette norme collatérale.
Cette publication a été rédigée selon les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2.
Dans la série des publications CEI 60601, les normes collatérales spécifient les exigences
générales de sécurité applicables:
– à un sous-groupe d'APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX (par exemple les appareils de radiologie);
ou
– à une caractéristique particulière de tous les APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX, qui n'est pas
complètement traitée dans la norme générale (par exemple les systèmes d'alarme).
Dans la présente norme collatérale, les caractères d’imprimerie suivants sont utilisés:
– Exigences et définitions: caractères romains.
– Modalités d’essais: caractères italiques.
– Les indications de nature informative apparaissant hors des tableaux, comme les notes, les exemples et les
références: petits caractères. Le texte normatif à l’intérieur des tableaux est également en petits caractères.
– LES TERMES DÉFINIS A L’ARTICLE 3 DE LA NORME GÉNÉRALE, DE LA PRÉSENTE NORME
COLLATERALE OU COMME NOTES: PETITES MAJUSCULES.
Concernant la structure de la présente norme, le terme:
– “article” désigne l’une des six articles numérotés dans la table des matières, avec toutes
ses subdivisions (par exemple, l’Article 6 inclut les paragraphes 6.1, 6.2, etc.);
– “paragraphe” désigne une subdivision numérotée d’un article (par exemple 6.1, 6.2 et
6.2.1 sont tous des paragraphes appartenant à l’Article 6).

Dans la présente norme, les références à des articles sont précédées du mot “Article” suivi du
numéro de l’article concerné. Dans la présente norme, les références aux paragraphes
utilisent uniquement le numéro du paragraphe concerné.
Dans la présente norme, la conjonction "ou" est utilisée avec la valeur d'un "ou inclusif", ainsi
un énoncé est vrai si une combinaison des conditions, quelle qu'elle soit, est vraie.
Les formes verbales utilisées dans la présente norme sont conformes à l’usage donné à
l’Annexe H des Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2. Pour les besoins de la présente norme:
– “devoir” mis au présent de l’indicatif signifie que la satisfaction à une exigence ou à un
essai est obligatoire pour la conformité à la présente norme;
– “il convient/il est recommandé” signifie que la satisfaction à une exigence ou à un essai
est recommandée mais n’est pas obligatoire pour la conformité à la présente norme;

– 8 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
– “pouvoir” mis au présent de l’indicatif est utilisé pour décrire un moyen admissible pour

satisfaire à une exigence ou à un essai.

Les articles, les paragraphes et les définitions pour lesquels une justification est donnée dans

l'Annexe informative A sont repérés par un astérisque (*).

Une liste de toutes les parties de la CEI 60601, sous le titre général: Appareils

électromédicaux, est disponible sur le site web de la CEI.

Le comité a décidé que le contenu de cette publication ne sera pas modifié avant la date de

maintenance indiquée sur le site web de la CEI sous «http://webstore.iec.ch» dans les

données relatives à la publication recherchée. A cette date, la publication sera
• reconduite;
• supprimée;
• remplacée par une édition révisée, ou
• amendée.
– 10 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
INTRODUCTION
Les APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX sont de plus en plus utilisés en pratique médicale pour

l'observation et le traitement des PATIENTS. Les ERREURS D'UTILISATION dues à une APTITUDE À

L'UTILISATION inadéquate des APAPREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX sont devenues une préoccupation

majeure. Le PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE de l’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION est destiné à obtenir une

APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION raisonnable qui, à son tour, est destinée à minimiser les ERREURS

D'UTILISATION et à minimiser les RISQUES associés à l'utilisation. Certaines formes d'utilisation

incorrecte, mais pas toutes, sont maîtrisables par le FABRICANT. Le PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE de

l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION est un des éléments du PROCESSUS de GESTION DES RISQUES.

La présente norme collatérale décrit un PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE de l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
et fournit des lignes directrices pour la mise en œuvre et l'exécution de ce PROCESSUS pour
contribuer à la SÉCURITÉ DE BASE et les PERFORMANCES ESSENTIELLES ayant trait à l'APTITUDE À
L'UTILISATION des APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX. Elle est destinée à aider non seulement les
FABRICANTS d'APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX, mais aussi les comités responsables de la
préparation des normes particulières.

– 12 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX –
Partie 1-6: Exigences générales pour la sécurité de base

et les performances essentielles –

Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l'utilisation

1 Domaine d'application, objet et normes connexes

1.1 Domaine d’application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les exigences d'un PROCESSUS destiné à analyser,
concevoir, vérifier et valider l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION ayant trait à la SÉCURITÉ DE BASE et les
PERFORMANCES ESSENTIELLES des APPAREILS ÉLECTROMÉDICAUX, désignés ci-après sous le
terme d'APPAREILS EM. La présente norme collatérale traite de l'UTILISATION NORMALE et des
ERREURS D'UTILISATION mais exclut l'UTILISATION ANORMALE.
1.2 Objet
La présente norme collatérale est destinée à spécifier des exigences générales qui viennent
compléter celles de la norme générale et à servir de base pour les normes particulières.
1.3 Normes connexes
1.3.1 CEI 60601-1
Pour les APPAREILS EM, la présente norme collatérale complète la CEI 60601-1.
Lorsqu'il est fait référence à la CEI 60601-1 ou à la présente norme collatérale, soit
individuellement soit combinées, les conventions suivantes sont utilisées:
• "la norme générale" désigne la CEI 60601-1 seule;
• "la présente norme collatérale" désigne la CEI 60601-1-6 seule;
• "la présente norme" désigne la combinaison de la norme générale et de la présente norme
collatérale.
1.3.2 Normes particulières
Une exigence donnée dans une norme particulière prévaut sur l'exigence correspondante
contenue dans la présente norme collatérale.

2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent
document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références
non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
CEI 60601-1:2005, Appareils électromédicaux – Partie 1: Exigences générales pour la
sécurité de base et les performances essentielles
CEI 60601-1-8:2006, Appareils électromédicaux – Partie 1-8: Exigences générales pour la
sécurité de base et les performances essentielles – Norme collatérale: Exigences générales,
essais et guide pour les systèmes d'alarme des appareils et des systèmes électromédicaux

– 14 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
ISO 14971:2000, Dispositifs médicaux – Application de la gestion des risques aux dispositifs
médicaux
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans la

CEI 60601-1:2005, la CEI 60601-1-8:2006, ainsi que les définitions suivantes s’appliquent.

NOTE Un index des termes définis est donné à partir de la page 144.

3.1
UTILISATION ANORMALE
acte volontaire ou omission volontaire d'un acte de la part de l'ORGANISME RESPONSABLE ou de
l'OPÉRATEUR d'un APAPREIL EM qui découle d'un comportement qui échappe à tout moyen
raisonnable de MAÎTRISE DU RISQUE par le FABRICANT
NOTE 1 Voir aussi l’Annexe B. Des exemples sont donnés à l’Annexe C.
NOTE 2 Il est possible que le PATIENT soit l'OPÉRATEUR, par exemple lorsque l’APPAREIL EM est utilisé au domicile
du PATIENT.
NOTE 3 L'UTILISATION ANORMALE n'est pas considérée comme un MAUVAIS USAGE RAISONNABLEMENT PRÉVISIBLE.
3.2
EFFICACITÉ
précision et degré d'achèvement atteints par les OPÉRATEURS pour des objectifs spécifiés
[ISO 9241-11:1998, définition 3.2, modifiée]
3.3
RENDEMENT
ressources mises en œuvre par rapport à la précision et au degré d'achèvement atteints par
les OPÉRATEURS pour des objectifs spécifiés
[ISO 9241-11:1998, définition 3.3, modifiée]
3.4
* INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL
moyens par lesquels l'OPÉRATEUR et l'APPAREIL EM communiquent
[ANSI/AAMI/HE 74:2001, définition 3.24, modifiée]
NOTE Les DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT sont considérés comme faisant partie de l'APPAREIL EM et de
l’INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL.
3.5
PROFIL DE L'OPÉRATEUR
synthèse des caractères mentaux, physiques et démographiques de la population
d'OPÉRATEURS prévue, ainsi que toute caractéristique particulière qui peut avoir une influence
sur les décisions de conception, comme les aptitudes professionnelles et les exigences de
travail
3.6
* FONCTION PRINCIPALE DE SERVICE
fonction qui implique une interaction avec L'OPÉRATEUR qui est soit fréquemment utilisée soit
liée à la SÉCURITÉ DE BASE ou les PERFORMANCES ESSENTIELLES de l'APPAREIL EM en UTILISATION
NORMALE
3.7
* MAUVAIS USAGE RAISONNABLEMENT PRÉVISIBLE
utilisation par l'OPÉRATEUR d'une manière qui n'est pas prévue par le FABRICANT mais qui peut
résulter d'un comportement humain envisageable
[Guide ISO/CEI 51:1999, définition 3.14, modifiée]

– 16 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
NOTE 1 Un MAUVAIS USAGE RAISONABLEMENT PRÉVISIBLE est une action volontaire.

NOTE 2 Utilisation fait référence à un produit, un PROCESSUS ou un service.

NOTE 3 Les fautes d'inattention, les défaillances, les fautes et l'UTILISATION ANORMALE peuvent également être

raisonnablement prévisibles mais elles ne sont pas considérées comme des cas de MAUVAIS USAGE

RAISONNABLEMENT PRÉVISIBLE.
NOTE 4 Voir aussi l’Annexe B.
3.8
FORMATION
instruction prenant en compte les besoins de l'OPÉRATEUR et qui est spécifique à une

application ou exercices nécessaires à l'utilisation efficace et en toute sécurité de l'APPAREIL

EM
3.9
ERREUR D'UTILISATION
APPAREIL EM différente de celle
acte ou omission d'un acte qui conduit à une réponse de l'
prévue par le FABRICANT ou attendue par l'OPÉRATEUR
NOTE 1 L'ERREUR D'UTILISATION englobe les fautes d'inattention, les défaillances, les fautes et le MAUVAIS USAGE
RAISONNABLEMENT PRÉVISIBLE.
NOTE 2 Voir aussi l’Annexe B et D.1.3.
NOTE 3 La réponse physiologique du PATIENT n'est pas considérée comme faisant partie de l'ERREUR
D'UTILISATION.
3.10
SCÉNARIO D'UTILISATION
séquence des événements et des tâches utilisée pour spécifier et soumettre aux essais
l’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION des APPAREILS EM
3.11
* APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
EFFICACITÉ, le RENDEMENT et la simplicité d'apprentissage et la
caractéristique qui établit l'
satisfaction pour L'OPÉRATEUR
3.12
INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
application des connaissances concernant le comportement, les capacités, les limitations des
personnes et d'autres caractéristiques à la conception des outils, des machines, des
APPAREILS EM, des dispositifs, des systèmes, des tâches, des emplois et des environnements
pour obtenir une APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION adéquate
3.13
* DOSSIER INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION

ensemble des ENREGISTREMENTS et autres documents qui sont générés par les activités
D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
3.14
SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
documentation définissant les exigences de l'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL liées à
l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
3.15
VALIDATION
confirmation, par la fourniture de preuves objectives, que les exigences concernant une
utilisation ou une application prévues spécifiques sont satisfaites
NOTE 1 Le terme “validé” est utilisé pour désigner le statut correspondant.
NOTE 2 Les conditions d'utilisation pour la VALIDATION peuvent être réelles ou simulées.
[ISO 9000:2000, définition 3.8.5]

– 18 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
4 Exigences générales
4.1 * Conditions d’application aux APPAREILS EM

L'APPAREIL EM doit offrir une APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION adéquate telle que les RISQUES résultant

d’une UTILISATION NORMALE et des ERREURS D'UTILISATION soient acceptables. Voir aussi 7.1.1

et 12.2 de la norme générale.
La conformité avec le présent paragraphe est réputée exister lorsque la conformité aux autres

articles et paragraphes de la présente norme collatérale est démontrée.

4.2 * PROCESSUS DE GESTION DES RISQUES pour les APPAREILS EM
Au moment de l’étape d’ANALYSE DE RISQUE du PROCESSUS DE GESTION DES RISQUES exigé en
4.2 de la norme générale, l’analyse doit prendre en compte les éléments suivants:
– spécification d’application (voir 6.2.2.1);
– PROFIL DE L'OPÉRATEUR;
– ERREURS D'UTILISATION prévisibles (voir l'Annexe C qui donne une liste des ERREURS
D'UTILISATION prévisibles);
– * les contraintes liées aux tâches;
– * le contexte d'utilisation;
– les informations sur les DANGERS connus pour les INTERFACES OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL
existantes pour les APPAREILS EM d'un type similaire, si disponibles;
– les résultats de la revue de l'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL (voir D.2.2 dans ce document
et D.7 dans l'ISO 14971:2000).
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D’INGÉNIERIE D’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.
5 Identification, marquage et documentation des APPAREILS EM
5.1 * DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT
Une brève description de l'APPAREIL EM, de ses principes de fonctionnement physiques et de
ses principales caractéristiques physiques et de performances touchant l'APTITUDE À
L'UTILISATION doit être incluse dans les instructions d'utilisation. Les mêmes informations
doivent également être incluses dans la description technique si celle-ci est fournie comme
document séparé.
Les DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT des APPAREILS EM peuvent être fournis sur support
électronique, par exemple sur fichier électronique ou CD-ROM. Si les DOCUMENTS
D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT sont fournis de manière électronique, le PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE
’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doit prendre en compte quelles informations doivent également être
L
fournies sur papier ou sous forme de marquages sur les APPAREILS EM, par exemple pour le
fonctionnement d'urgence.
Les DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT doivent inclure une description du PROFIL DE
L'OPÉRATEUR. Les DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT doivent être rédigés de manière à ce que
leur niveau soit cohérent avec le PROFIL DE L'OPÉRATEUR prévu.
DOCUMENTS D’ACCOMPAGNEMENT et du DOSSIER
La conformité est vérifiée par examen des
D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.

– 20 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
5.2 * FORMATION et supports de FORMATION

Si une FORMATION spécifique à l'APPAREIL EM est nécessaire pour les FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES

DE SERVICE de l'APPAREIL EM, le FABRICANT doit:

– fournir les supports nécessaires à la FORMATION;

– s'assurer que ces supports sont disponibles; ou

– fournir la FORMATION.
NOTE 1 Une FORMATION spécifique à un APPAREIL EM donne les connaissances et les capacités nécessaires pour

une utilisation efficace et en toute sécurité en complément du PROFIL DE L'OPÉRATEUR.

L'UTILISATION PRÉVUE doit constituer la base de la FORMATION et des supports de FORMATION.
Les instructions d'utilisation doivent indiquer si une FORMATION spécifique à cet APPAREIL EM
est exigée et elles doivent indiquer les options de FORMATION disponibles.
1)
NOTE 2 Voir la CEI 61258 [1].
6 * ERREUR D'UTILISATION et APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
6.1 * SÉCURITÉ du PATIENT, de L'OPÉRATEUR et des tiers
Un PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE D'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doit être conduit pour assurer la
SÉCURITÉ du PATIENT, de L'OPÉRATEUR et des tiers concernant l’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION de
L'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL.
NOTE 1 A titre de lignes directrices dans l'application des principes D'INGÉNIERIE D'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION, il
convient de prendre en compte les DANGERS auxquels sont exposés les PATIENTS, les OPÉRATEURS et les tiers qui
sont donnés dans l'ISO 14971.
NOTE 2 Les exemples ci-dessous concernent les DANGERS encourus par le PATIENT:
– réglage involontaire de l'APPAREIL EM à usage de diagnostic ou thérapeutique, par exemple réglage inapproprié
de l'exposition aux rayonnements X nécessitant une exposition supplémentaire;
– interruption involontaire de la thérapie;
– interprétation erronée des valeurs affichées suivie d'un traitement inapproprié;
– présentation déroutante de données participant à la fatigue intellectuelle et donnant lieu à un taux accru
d'ERREURS D'UTILISATION.
NOTE 3 Les exemples ci-dessous concernent les DANGERS encourus par l’OPÉRATEUR:
– mauvaise conception anthropométrique conduisant à une blessure musculosquelettique;
– déplacement répétitif donnant lieu à des blessures des nerfs/des tendons;
– mauvais contraste d'affichage donnant lieu à une fatigue des yeux;
– bruit élevé provenant de l'APPAREIL EM donnant lieu à une altération de l'audition.
La conformité avec le présent paragraphe est réputée exister lorsque la conformité aux autres

articles et paragraphes de la présente norme collatérale est démontrée.
ROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
6.2 * P
6.2.1 Généralités
Les résultats du PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doivent être consignés
dans le DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION. Le PrOCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE
L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION peut varier dans sa forme et son étendue en fonction de la nature
de l'APPAREIL EM, de L'OPÉRATEUR prévu et de l’UTILISATION PRÉVUE (voir D.3.2). Les
enregistrements et les autres documents qui constituent le DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE
À L'UTILISATION peuvent faire partie d'autres documents et dossiers, par exemple un dossier
FABRICANT ou un DOSSIER DE GESTION DES RISQUES.
produit du
—————————
1)
Les chiffres entre crochets renvoient à la Bibliographie.

– 22 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
Dans le cas de la modification de la conception d'un APPAREIL EM existant, le PROCESSUS

D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION peut être adapté en s'appuyant sur la portée de la

modification en fonction des résultats de l'ANALYSE DE RISQUE (voir D.3.2.2).

NOTE 1 Il convient que le FABRICANT procède à une conception et à un développement itératifs. Il convient que
l'INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION commence tôt et continue tout au long de la conception et du cycle de vie

de développement de l'APPAREIL EM.

NOTE 2 Compte tenu de la nature itérative du PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION, les activités

décrites dans les paragraphes suivants peuvent être menées selon toute séquence pratique (voir D.2).

La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D’INGÉNIERIE D’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.

6.2.2 Données d'entrée du PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
6.2.2.1 * Spécification d'application de l'APPAREIL EM
Le FABRICANT doit spécifier l'application de l'APPAREIL EM dans le DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE
L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
Cette spécification doit comprendre:
– le but médical (par exemple conditions(s) ou maladie(s) à dépister, à surveiller, à traiter
ou à diagnostiquer);
– la population des PATIENTS (par exemple âge, poids, région du corps, santé, condition);
– la partie du corps ou le type de tissu sur lesquels l'appareil agit ou avec lesquels il est en
interaction;
– * le PROFIL DE L'OPÉRATEUR prévu; et
– l'application (par exemple environnement, fréquence d'utilisation, emplacement, mobilité).
NOTE Cette spécification contient des éléments de l'UTILISATION PRÉVUE.
Un résumé de cette spécification d’application de l’APPAREIL EM doit être inclus dans les
instructions d'utilisation.
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION et
des instructions d'utilisation.
6.2.2.2 FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE
Le FABRICANT doit déterminer les FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE et les enregistrer dans le
DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
NOTE 1 Voir aussi D.5.3, D.5.5, D.5.9, D.5.10 et D.5.14 pour une description des méthodes qui pourraient être
utiles pour déterminer les FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE.

NOTE 2 Il convient que les FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE soient facilement reconnaissables et
compréhensibles en elles-mêmes pour l'OPÉRATEUR.
NOTE 3 Voir l'élément 1.2 du Tableau E.1 pour un exemple de FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE pour un
APPAREIL EM hypothétique.
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
6.2.2.3 * Informations pour la SÉCURITÉ comme MAÎTRISE DU RISQUE
Pour la MAÎTRISE DU RISQUE lié à l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION, le FABRICANT doit décider quelles
informations sont nécessaires pour la SÉCURITÉ DE BASE et les PERFORMANCES ESSENTIELLES,
par exemple des avertissements ou une limitation d'usage dans les DOCUMENTS
D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT, un marquage, etc. Toute information de ce type doit être soumise au
PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION. Le fait de ne pas tenir compte de ces
informations doit être considéré comme une UTILISATION ANORMALE. Voir aussi l’Annexe B.

– 24 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
NOTE 1 La MAÎTRISE DU RISQUE correspond à une approche intégrée dans laquelle le FABRICANT utilise un ou

plusieurs des moyens suivants dans l'ordre de priorité indiqué:

a) SÉCURITÉ inhérente obtenue par la conception;

b) mesures de protection à l'intérieur de l'APPAREIL EM lui-même ou dans le PROCESSUS de fabrication, par

exemple SYSTÈMES D'ALARME;
c) information sur la SÉCURITÉ, par exemple avertissements dans les instructions d'utilisation, affichage d'une
variable surveillée.
Les résultats de l’ANALYSE DE RISQUE ou une référence à l’emplacement des résultats de cette

ANALYSE doivent être enregistrés dans le DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.

NOTE 2 L'ANALYSE DE RISQUE pour l'APPAREIL EM ou le type de dispositif générique correspondant constitue une
donnée d'entrée pour la SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION comme cela est exigé pour le PROCESSUS

D'INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION. Il convient que toute évaluation du RISQUE RÉSIDUEL prenne en compte
les résultats de l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
NOTE 3 Il convient que l'évaluation des informations post-production (surveillance après mise sur le marché)
inclue l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION (voir ISO 14971:2000, Article 9).
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D’INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.
6.2.3 * SPÉCIFICATION DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION
Dans le cadre du PROCESSUS D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION, le fabricant doit
développer une SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION. La SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À
L'UTILISATION doit être consignée dans le DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L' APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
Cette SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION peut être intégrée dans d'autres
spécifications.
La SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doit être fondée sur ce qui suit:
– spécification d’application (voir 6.2.2.1);
– dangers liés à l'utilisation des APPAREILS EM (résultent de l'ANALYSE DE RISQUE telle qu'elle
est décrite en 4.2); et
– ERREURS D'UTILISATION prévisibles avec l'APPAREIL EM.
La SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doit au moins décrire:
– * les SCÉNARIOS D'UTILISATION des APPAREILS EM;
– les actions de l'OPÉRATEUR liées aux FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE;
– les exigences d'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL pour les FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE
SERVICE; et
– les exigences pour déterminer si les FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE sont facilement
identifiables par l'OPÉRATEUR.
NOTE 1 Il convient que la SPÉCIFICATION DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION comporte des références au contexte

d'utilisation (voir les justifications pour les Paragraphes 4.2 et D.4.1.2.4).
NOTE 2 A titre de guide, voir D.2.6.
NOTE 3 Voir l'Annexe E pour un exemple de SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION pour un APPAREIL EM
hypothétique.
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D’INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.
6.2.4 * VÉRIFICATION DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION
Dans le cadre du PROCESSUS DE VÉRIFICATION de la conception des APPAREILS EM, le
FABRICANT doit vérifier la conception de l'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL par rapport à la
SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION. Les résultats de cette VÉRIFICATION doivent être
DOSSIER D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
enregistrés dans le
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D’INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.

– 26 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
6.2.5 Plan de VALIDATION DE L’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION

Le FABRICANT doit développer et documenter un plan de VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À

L'UTILISATION. Le plan de VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doit spécifier:

– toute méthode utilisée pour la VALIDATION de l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION des FONCTIONS

PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE;
– les critères permettant de déterminer que la VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION DES

FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE est réussie (voir Tableau D.5); et

– l'implication d'OPÉRATEURS prévus représentatifs (voir D.4.3.2).

Les méthodes de VALIDATION de l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION peuvent être quantitatives ou
qualitatives. La VALIDATION de l'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION peut être réalisée dans une
installation de laboratoire, dans un environnement simulé ou dans l'environnement
d'utilisation réel.
NOTE 1 Il convient que le FABRICANT applique une ou plusieurs méthodes pour la VALIDATION de l'APTITUDE À
L'UTILISATION des FONCTIONS PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE des APPAREILS EM en fonction de l'UTILISATION PRÉVUE. Des
exemples de ces méthodes se trouvent à l'Article D.5.
NOTE 2 Les constatations faites sur la base d'une seule méthode quelle qu'elle soit peuvent être insuffisantes, par
exemple, dans une évaluation clinique, il pourrait ne pas être possible d'explorer certaines situations à haut
RISQUE.
Le plan de VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doit traiter:
SCÉNARIOS D'UTILISATION les plus défavorables qui découlent:
– des
• de la spécification d’application (voir 6.2.2.1);
• des ERREURS D’UTILISATION prévisibles, et
• des résultats de L'ANALYSE DE RISQUE; et
SCÉNARIOS D'UTILISATION représentant des situations d’application fréquentes
– les
identifiées dans la SPÉCIFICATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
Le plan de VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION doit être consigné dans le DOSSIER
D'INGÉNIERIE DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D’INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.
6.2.6 * VALIDATION DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION
Le FABRICANT doit valider la conception de L'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL selon le plan de
VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION. Les résultats doivent être consignés, y compris toute
modification de conception exigée nécessaire pour satisfaire aux critères définis dans le plan
de VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.

NOTE 1 Les DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT font partie de l'APPAREIL EM et sont aussi soumis aux activités de
validation de la L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.
NOTE 2 Il convient que des personnes qui n'ont pas été directement impliquées dans la conception de l'INTERFACE
OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL soient impliquées dans la VALIDATION DE L'APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION.
La conformité est vérifiée par examen du DOSSIER D’INGÉNIERIE DE L’APTITUDE À L’UTILISATION.

– 28 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
Annexe A
(informative)
Guide général et justifications

A.1 Guide général
La présente annexe donne des justifications concises aux exigences majeures de la présente

norme collatérale. Elle est destinée à promouvoir l'application efficace de la norme collatérale
en expliquant les raisons des exigences et en donnant des lignes directrices complémentaires
le cas échéant.
A.2 Justifications pour les articles et paragraphes particuliers
On trouvera ci-dessous les justifications des articles et paragraphes spécifiques de la
présente norme collatérale, les numéros des articles et des paragraphes correspondant à
ceux utilisés dans le corps de la norme.
Définition 3.4 – INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL
L'INTERFACE OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL inclut l'ensemble des moyens de communication entre
L'APPAREIL EM et L'OPÉRATEUR et entre L'OPÉRATEUR et L'APPAREIL EM. Ces moyens incluent,
sans que l'énumération soit exhaustive:
– les marquages et les DOCUMENTS D'ACCOMPAGNEMENT;
– les voyants;
– les affichages vidéo;
– les boutons poussoirs;
– les écrans tactiles;
– les SIGNAUX D'INFORMATION sonores et visuels;
– les SIGNAUX D'ALARME;
– les signaux vibratoires;
– le clavier et la souris; et
– des commandes haptiques.
Définition 3.6 – FONCTION PRINCIPALE DE SERVICE
Pour les besoins de la présente norme collatérale, une FONCTION PRINCIPALE DE SERVICE est
une fonction qui est directement liée à la SÉCURITÉ DE BASE et les PERFORMANCES
ESSENTIELLES de l'APPAREIL EM en UTILISATION NORMALE ou une fonction qui est utilisée
fréquemment. Des exemples de FONCTION PRINCIPALE DE SERVICE qui sont directement liés à la
SÉCURITÉ DE BASE ou aux PERFORMANCES ESSENTIELLES incluent:
– l'inactivation d'un SIGNAL D'ALARME (temporairement ou de manière définitive);
– le réglage de LIMITES D'ALARME;
– le réglage des paramètres d'exposition aux rayonnements X (par exemple kV , mA);
p
– le réglage des paramètres de perfusion (par exemple débit);
– le réglage des débits de gaz et de la concentration des évaporateurs pour anesthésie.

– 30 – 60601-1-6 © CEI:2006
Les fonctions qui sont fréquemment utilisées sont considérées comme des FONCTIONS
PRINCIPALES DE SERVICE car une inadéquation de l’APTITUDE À L'UTILISATION de ces fonctions

accroît la charge de travail des OPÉRATEURS et peut accroître la probabilité des ERREURS

D'UTILISATION touchant les fonctions liées à la SÉCURITÉ. Une série de défauts relativement

mineurs dans la conception des INTERFACES OPÉRATEUR-APPAREIL peut accroître la probabilité

des ERREURS D'UTILISATION et leurs conséquences, en particulier lorsque cela concerne des

fonctions fréquemment utilisées. Parmi les exemples de tels défauts, on peut citer un mauvais

étiquetage, des relations commande-affichage ambiguës, des indicateurs difficiles à lire, des

connecteurs qui ne présentent
...


IEC 60601-1-6
Edition 2.0 2006-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Medical electrical equipment –
Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance –
Collateral standard: Usability

Appareils électromédicaux –
Partie 1-6: Exigences générales pour la sécurité de base et les performances
essentielles – Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l’utilisation

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IEC 60601-1-6
Edition 2.0 2006-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Medical electrical equipment –
Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance –
Collateral standard: Usability

Appareils électromédicaux –
Partie 1-6: Exigences générales pour la sécurité de base et les performances
essentielles – Norme collatérale: Aptitude à l’utilisation

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
XB
CODE PRIX
ICS 11.040 ISBN 2-8318-8933-2
60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 2 – 3 – 60601-1-6 © IEC:2006

CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3

INTRODUCTION.6

1 Scope, object and related standards.7

1.1 Scope.7

1.2 Object .7

1.3 Related standards .7

2 Normative references .7

3 Terms and definitions .8
4 General requirements .10
4.1 * Conditions for application to ME EQUIPMENT .10
4.2 * RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS for ME EQUIPMENT.10
5 ME EQUIPMENT identification, marking and documents.10
5.1 * ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS.10
5.2 * TRAINING and materials for TRAINING .11
6 * USE ERROR and USABILITY .11
6.1 * Safety for the PATIENT, OPERATOR and other persons .11
6.2 * USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS .11

Annex A (informative) General guidance and rationale.15
Annex B (informative) A taxonomy of OPERATOR action .21
Annex C (informative) Examples of USE ERRORS, ABNORMAL USE and design flaws
potentially leading to USE ERRORS .22
Annex D (informative) Guidance on the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS.25
Annex E (informative) Sample USABILITY SPECIFICATION .53
Annex F (informative) Reference documents.62

Bibliography.71

Index of defined terms used in this collateral standard.73

Figure B.1 – Summary of the taxonomy of OPERATOR action.21
Figure D.1 – An OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE design cycle.28
Figure D.2 – Bubble diagram of the conceptual model of a physiological monitor.43
Figure E.1 – Example of a USABILITY SPECIFICATION for a hypothetical device .53

Table D.1 – Sample of design flaws and associated USE ERRORS .27
Table D.2 – Mapping of Figure D.1 to the subclauses of this standard .28
Table D.3 – Examples of OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE requirements .31
Table D.4 – Typical deliverables .37
Table D.5 – Examples of objective and subjective USABILITY goals .41
Table D.6 – Examples of OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE modelling techniques .44
Table D.7 – Characteristics of a typical USABILITY testing effort .44

60601-1-6 © IEC:200660601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 3 – 5 –

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________
MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT –

Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety

and essential performance –
Collateral Standard: Usability

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
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agreement between the two organizations.
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International standard IEC 60601-1-6 has been prepared by IEC subcommittee 62A: Common
aspects of electrical equipment used in medical practice of IEC technical committee 62:
Electrical equipment in medical practice.
This second edition constitutes a collateral standard to IEC 60601-1: Medical electrical
equipment – Part 1: General requirements for safety and essential performance hereafter
referred to as the general standard.
This document cancels and replaces the first edition of IEC 60601-1-6.

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 4 – 7 – 60601-1-6 © IEC:2006

This edition of IEC 60601-1-6 was revised to structurally align it with the 2005 edition of IEC
60601-1 and to implement the decision of IEC Subcommittee 62A that the clause numbering

structure of collateral standards written to IEC 60601-1:2005 would adhere to the form

specified in ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2:2004. The principle technical changes are in Clause 4,

which now recognizes that there is a general requirement for a risk management process in

IEC 60601-1:2005.
The text of this collateral standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting
62A/550/FDIS 62A/557/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this collateral standard can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
In the IEC 60601 series of publications, collateral standards specify general requirements for
safety applicable to:
– a subgroup of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT (e.g. radiological equipment); or
– a specific characteristic of all MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, not fully addressed in the
general standard (e.g. alarm systems).
In this collateral standard, the following print types are used:
– Requirements and definitions: roman type.
– Test specifications: italic type.
– Informative material appearing outside of tables, such as notes, examples and references: in smaller type.
Normative text of tables is also in a smaller type.
– TERMS DEFINED IN CLAUSE 3 OF THE GENERAL STANDARD, IN THIS COLLATERAL STANDARD OR AS
NOTED: SMALL CAPITALS.
In referring to the structure of this standard, the term
– “clause” means one of the seventeen numbered divisions within the table of contents,
inclusive of all subdivisions (e.g. Clause 6 includes subclauses 6.1, 6.2, etc.);
– “subclause” means a numbered subdivision of a clause (e.g. 6.1, 6.2 and 6.2.1 are all
subclauses of Clause 6).
References to clauses within this standard are preceded by the term “Clause” followed by the
clause number. References to subclauses within this standard are by number only.

In this standard, the conjunctive “or” is used as an “inclusive or” so a statement is true if any
combination of the conditions is true.
The verbal forms used in this standard conform to usage described in Annex H of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2. For the purposes of this standard, the auxiliary verb:
− “shall” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is mandatory for compliance
with this standard;
− “should” means that compliance with a requirement or a test is recommended but is not
mandatory for compliance with this standard;

60601-1-6 © IEC:200660601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 5 – 9 –

− “may” is used to describe a permissible way to achieve compliance with a requirement or
test.
Clauses, subclauses and definitions for which a rationale is provided in informative Annex A
are marked with an asterisk (*).

A list of all parts of the IEC 60601 series, under the general title: Medical electrical
equipment, can be found on the IEC website.

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in

the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 6 – 11 – 60601-1-6 © IEC:2006

INTRODUCTION
Medical practice is increasingly using MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT for observation and

treatment of PATIENTS. USE ERRORS caused by inadequate MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

USABILITY have become an increasing cause for concern. The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS

is intended to achieve reasonable USABILITY, which in turn is intended to minimise USE ERRORS

and to minimise use associated RISKS. Some, but not all, forms of incorrect use are amenable

to control by the MANUFACTURER. The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS is an element of the

RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS.
This collateral standard describes a USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS, and provides guidance

on how to implement and execute the PROCESS to provide BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL
PERFORMANCE as it relates to USABILITY of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. It is intended to be
useful not only for MANUFACTURERS of MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, but also for technical
committees responsible for the preparation of particular standards.

60601-1-6 © IEC:200660601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 7 – 13 –

MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT –

Part 1-6: General requirements for basic safety

and essential performance –
Collateral Standard: Usability

1 Scope, object and related standards

1.1 Scope
This International Standard specifies requirements for a PROCESS to analyse, design, verify
and validate the USABILITY, as it relates to BASIC SAFETY and ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of
MEDICAL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, hereafter referred to as ME EQUIPMENT. This collateral
standard addresses NORMAL USE and USE ERRORS but excludes ABNORMAL USE.
1.2 Object
The object of this collateral standard is to specify general requirements that are in addition to
those of the general standard and to serve as the basis for particular standards.
1.3 Related standards
1.3.1 IEC 60601-1
For ME EQUIPMENT, this collateral standard complements IEC 60601-1.
When referring to IEC 60601-1 or to this collateral standard, either individually or in
combination, the following conventions are used:
• "the general standard" designates IEC 60601-1 alone;
• "this collateral standard" designates IEC 60601-1-6 alone;
• "this standard" designates the combination of the general standard and this collateral
standard.
1.3.2 Particular standards
A requirement in a particular standard takes priority over the corresponding requirement in
this collateral standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60601-1:2005, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1: General requirements for basic
safety and essential performance
IEC 60601-1-8:2006, Medical electrical equipment – Part 1-8: General requirements for basic
safety and essential performance – Collateral Standard: General requirements, tests and
guidance for alarm systems in medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 8 – 15 – 60601-1-6 © IEC:2006

ISO 14971:2000, Medical devices – Application of risk management to medical devices

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60601-1:2005,

IEC 60601-1-8:2006 and the following definitions apply.

NOTE An index of defined terms is found beginning on page 145.

3.1
ABNORMAL USE
intended act or intended omission of an act by the RESPONSIBLE ORGANIZATION or OPERATOR of
ME EQUIPMENT as a result of conduct that is beyond any reasonable means of RISK CONTROL by
the MANUFACTURER
NOTE 1 See also Annex B. Examples are given in Annex C.
NOTE 2 It is possible for the PATIENT to be the OPERATOR, e.g. when ME EQUIPMENT is used in the PATIENT’S home.
NOTE 3 ABNORMAL USE is not considered REASONABLY FORESEABLE MISUSE.
3.2
EFFECTIVENESS
accuracy and completeness with which OPERATORS achieve specified goals
[ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.2, modified]
3.3
EFFICIENCY
resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness with which OPERATORS
achieve goals
[ISO 9241-11:1998, definition 3.3 modified]
3.4
OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE
*
means by which the OPERATOR and the ME EQUIPMENT communicate
[ANSI/AAMI/HE 74:2001, definition 3.24 modified]
NOTE The ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS are considered part of the ME EQUIPMENT and the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT
INTERFACE.
3.5
OPERATOR PROFILE
summary of the mental, physical and demographic traits of the intended OPERATOR population,

as well as any special characteristics that can have a bearing on design decisions, such as
occupational skills and job requirements
3.6
* PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION
function that involves OPERATOR interaction that is either frequently used or related to the
BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of the ME EQUIPMENT in NORMAL USE
3.7
* REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE
use by the OPERATOR in a way not intended by the MANUFACTURER but which can result from
readily predictable human behaviour
[ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, definition 3.14, modified]

60601-1-6 © IEC:200660601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 9 – 17 –

NOTE 1 REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE is an intended action.

NOTE 2 Use refers to a product, PROCESS or service.

NOTE 3 Slips, lapses, mistakes and ABNORMAL USE can also be reasonably foreseeable, but are not considered

REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE.

NOTE 4 See also Annex B.
3.8
TRAINING
application-specific OPERATOR-oriented instruction or exercises required for the safe and
effective use of the ME EQUIPMENT

3.9
USE ERROR
act or omission of an act that has a different ME EQUIPMENT response than intended by the
MANUFACTURER or expected by the OPERATOR
NOTE 1 USE ERROR includes slips, lapses, mistakes, and REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE.
NOTE 2 See also Annex B and D.1.3.
NOTE 3 The physiological response of the PATIENT is not considered part of USE ERROR.
3.10
USE SCENARIO
sequence of events and tasks used to specify and test the USABILITY of the ME EQUIPMENT
3.11
* USABILITY
characteristic that establishes EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY and OPERATOR learnability and
satisfaction
3.12
USABILITY ENGINEERING
application of knowledge about human behaviour, abilities, limitations, and other
characteristics to the design of tools, machines, ME EQUIPMENT, devices, systems, tasks, jobs,
and environments to achieve adequate USABILITY
3.13
* USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE
set of RECORDS and other documents that are produced by USABILITY ENGINEERING activities
3.14
USABILITY SPECIFICATION
documentation defining the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE requirements related to USABILITY

3.15
VALIDATION
confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that the requirements for a specific
intended use or application have been fulfilled
NOTE 1 The term “validated” is used to designate the corresponding status.
NOTE 2 The use conditions for VALIDATION can be real or simulated.
[ISO 9000:2000, definition 3.8.5]

60601-1-6 © IEC:2006 –– 10 – 19 – 60601-1-6 © IEC:2006

4 General requirements
4.1 * Conditions for application to ME EQUIPMENT

The ME EQUIPMENT shall provide adequate USABILITY such that the RISKS resulting from NORMAL

and USE ERROR are acceptable. See also 7.1.1 and 12.2 of the general standard.
USE
Compliance with this subclause is considered to exist when compliance with the other clauses

and subclauses of this collateral standard is demonstrated.

4.2 * RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS for ME EQUIPMENT
When performing the RISK ANALYSIS step of the RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS required by 4.2 of
the general standard, the analysis shall consider the following:
– application specification (see 6.2.2.1);
– OPERATOR PROFILE;
– predictable USE ERRORS (see ANNEX C for a list of predictable USE ERRORS);
– * task related requirements;
– * context of use;
– information on HAZARDS known for existing OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACES for
ME EQUIPMENT of a similar type, if available;
– results of the review of the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE (see D.2.2 in this document
and D.7 of ISO 14971:2000).
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
5 ME EQUIPMENT identification, marking and documents
5.1 * ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS
A brief description of the ME EQUIPMENT, its physical operating principles and significant
physical and performance characteristics relevant to its USABILITY, shall be included in the
instructions for use. The same information shall also be included in the technical description,
if this is provided as a separate document.
ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS for ME EQUIPMENT may be provided electronically, e.g. by
electronic file format or CD-ROM. If the ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS are provided
electronically, the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS shall include consideration of which

information also needs to be provided as hard copy or as markings on the ME EQUIPMENT, e.g.
to cover emergency operation.
The ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS shall include a description of the OPERATOR PROFILE. The
ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS shall be written at a level consistent with the intended OPERATOR
PROFILE.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS and the USABILITY
ENGINEERING FILE.
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5.2 * TRAINING and materials for TRAINING

If ME EQUIPMENT specific TRAINING is required for the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS of the

ME EQUIPMENT, the MANUFACTURER shall:

– provide the necessary materials for TRAINING;

– ensure that these materials are available; or

– provide the TRAINING.
NOTE 1 ME EQUIPMENT-specific TRAINING provides the knowledge and skills required for safe and effective use of

ME EQUIPMENT in addition to the OPERATOR PROFILE.

The INTENDED USE shall be the basis for TRAINING and TRAINING material. The instructions for
use shall indicate whether specific TRAINING for this ME EQUIPMENT is required and shall
indicate the available TRAINING options.
1)
NOTE 2 See IEC 61258 [1].
6 * USE ERROR and USABILITY
6.1 * Safety for the PATIENT, OPERATOR and other persons
A USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS shall be conducted to provide safety for the PATIENT,
OPERATOR and other persons related to USABILITY of the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE.
NOTE 1 To guide the application of USABILITY ENGINEERING principles, the HAZARDS to PATIENTS, OPERATORS and
other persons as listed in ISO 14971 should be considered.
NOTE 2 The following are examples of HAZARDS for the PATIENT:
– unintentional setting of the diagnostic or therapeutic ME EQUIPMENT, e.g. inappropriate X-ray exposure setting
requiring an additional exposure;
– unintentional interruption of delivery of therapy;
– misinterpretation of displayed values followed by an inappropriate treatment;
– confusing data presentation contributing to mental fatigue resulting in increased USE ERROR.
NOTE 3 The following are examples of HAZARDS for the OPERATOR:
– poor anthropometric design leading to musculoskeletal injury;
– repetitive-motion resulting in nerve/tendon injuries;
– poor display contrast resulting in eye fatigue;
– loud noise emanating from the ME EQUIPMENT resulting in hearing impairment.
Compliance with this subclause is considered to exist when compliance with the other clauses
and subclauses of this collateral standard is demonstrated.

6.2 * USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS
6.2.1 General
The results of the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS shall be recorded in the USABILITY
ENGINEERING FILE. The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS may vary in form and extent based on
the nature of the ME EQUIPMENT, its intended OPERATOR and its INTENDED USE (see D.3.2). The
records and other documents that make up the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE may form part of
other documents and files, e.g. a MANUFACTURER’S product file or RISK MANAGEMENT FILE.
—————————
1)
Figures in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

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In the case of the modification of existing ME EQUIPMENT design, the USABILITY ENGINEERING

PROCESS may be scaled based on the significance of the modification depending on the

results of the RISK ANALYSIS (see D.3.2.2).

NOTE 1 The MANUFACTURER should conduct iterative design and development. USABILITY ENGINEERING should
begin early and continue through the ME EQUIPMENT design and development life cycle.

NOTE 2 Due to the iterative nature of the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS, the activities described in the following
subclauses may be carried out in any convenient order (see D.2).

Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS
6.2.2 Input for the
6.2.2.1 * ME EQUIPMENT application specification
The MANUFACTURER shall specify the application of the ME EQUIPMENT in the USABILITY
ENGINEERING FILE.
This specification shall include:
– medical purpose (e.g. conditions(s) or disease(s) to be screened, monitored, treated, or
diagnosed);
– PATIENT population (e.g. age, weight, region of body, health, condition);
– part of the body or type of tissue applied to or interacted with;
– * intended OPERATOR PROFILE; and
– application (e.g. environment, frequency of use, location, mobility).
NOTE This specification contains elements of the INTENDED USE.
A summary of the ME EQUIPMENT application specification shall be included in the instructions
for use.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE and the instructions for
use.
6.2.2.2 PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS
The MANUFACTURER shall determine the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS and record them in the
USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
NOTE 1 See also D.5.3, D.5.5, D.5.9, D.5.10 and D.5.14 for a discussion of methods that might be useful in
determining PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS.
NOTE 2 PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS should be easily recognizable and self-explanatory to the OPERATOR.

NOTE 3 See element 1.2 of Figure E.1 for an example of PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS for a hypothetical
ME EQUIPMENT.
Compliance is checked by inspection of the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
6.2.2.3 * Information for safety as a RISK CONTROL
For RISK CONTROL related to USABILITY, the MANUFACTURER shall decide what information is
required for BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE, e.g. warnings or limitation of use in the
ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS, marking, etc. Any such information shall be subject to the
USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS. Disregarding this information shall be considered ABNORMAL
USE. See also Annex B.
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NOTE 1 RISK CONTROL consists of an integrated approach in which the MANUFACTURER uses one or more of the

following in the priority listed:

a) inherent SAFETY by design;

b) protective measures in the ME EQUIPMENT itself or in the manufacturing PROCESS, e.g. ALARM SYSTEMS;

c) information for safety, e.g. warnings in the instructions for use, display of a monitored variable.

The results of the RISK ANALYSIS or a reference to the location of the results of the RISK

ANALYSIS shall be recorded in the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

NOTE 2 The RISK ANALYSIS for the ME EQUIPMENT or for the corresponding generic device type is an input for the

USABILITY SPECIFICATION as required for the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS. Any RESIDUAL RISK evaluation should

consider the results of the USABILITY VALIDATION.

NOTE 3 The evaluation of post-production information (post-market surveillance) should include USABILITY (see
ISO 14971:2000, Clause 9).
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
6.2.3 * USABILITY SPECIFICATION
As part of the USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS, the MANUFACTURER shall develop a USABILITY
SPECIFICATION. The USABILITY SPECIFICATION shall be recorded in USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
The USABILITY SPECIFICATION may be integrated into other specifications.
The USABILITY SPECIFICATION shall be based on the following:
– application specification (see 6.2.2.1);
– HAZARDS related to the use of the ME EQUIPMENT (results from RISK ANALYSIS as described
in 4.2); and
– predictable USE ERRORS associated with the ME EQUIPMENT.
The USABILITY SPECIFICATION shall describe at least:
– * USE SCENARIOS for the ME EQUIPMENT;
– OPERATOR actions related to the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS;
– OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE requirements for the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS; and
– requirements for determining whether PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS are easily
recognizable by the OPERATOR.
NOTE 1 The USABILITY SPECIFICATION should include references to context of use (see the rationale for Subclause
4.2 and D.4.1.2.4).
NOTE 2 For guidance, see D.2.6.
NOTE 3 See Annex E for an example of a USABILITY SPECIFICATION for hypothetical ME EQUIPMENT.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

6.2.4 * USABILITY VERIFICATION
As part of the ME EQUIPMENT design VERIFICATION PROCESS, the MANUFACTURER shall verify the
OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT interface design according to the USABILITY SPECIFICATION. The results of
the VERIFICATION shall be recorded in USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

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6.2.5 Usability validation plan

The MANUFACTURER shall develop and maintain a USABILITY VALIDATION plan. The USABILITY

VALIDATION plan shall specify:

– any method used for VALIDATION of the USABILITY of the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS;

– the criteria for determining successful VALIDATION of the USABILITY of the PRIMARY

OPERATING FUNCTIONS (see Table D.5); and

– the involvement of representative intended OPERATORS (see D.4.3.2).

USABILITY VALIDATION methods may be quantitative or qualitative. USABILITY VALIDATION may be

performed in a laboratory setting, in a simulated use environment or in the actual use
environment.
NOTE 1 The MANUFACTURER should apply one or more methods for the USABILITY VALIDATION of PRIMARY OPERATING
FUNCTIONS of the ME EQUIPMENT depending on the INTENDED USE. Examples of these methods are found in Clause
D.5.
NOTE 2 Findings based on any single method can be insufficient, e.g. in a clinical evaluation it might not be
possible to explore some high-RISK situations.
The USABILITY VALIDATION plan shall address:
– worst case USE SCENARIOS derived from:
• the application specification (see 6.2.2.1),
• predictable USE ERRORS, and
• the results of the RISK ANALYSIS; and
– USE SCENARIOS representing frequent application situations identified in the USABILITY
SPECIFICATION.
The USABILITY VALIDATION plan shall be recorded in the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.
6.2.6 * USABILITY VALIDATION
The MANUFACTURER shall validate OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE design according to the
USABILITY VALIDATION plan. The results shall be recorded, including any required design
modification needed to satisfy the criteria as defined in the USABILITY VALIDATION plan.
NOTE 1 The ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS are part of the ME EQUIPMENT and are also subject to activities for
validating USABILITY.
NOTE 2 Individuals that were not directly involved in the OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE design should be
involved in the USABILITY VALIDATION.

Compliance is checked by inspecting the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE.

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Annex A
(informative)
General guidance and rationale

A.1 General guidance
This annex provides a concise rationale for the important requirements of this collateral

standard. Its purpose is to promote effective application of the collateral standard by
explaining the reasons for the requirements and provide additional guidance where
appropriate.
A.2 Rationale for particular clauses and subclauses
The following are rationales for specific clauses and subclauses in this collateral standard,
with clause and subclause numbers parallel to those in the body of the document.
Definition 3.4 – OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE
The OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACE includes all means of communication between the
ME EQUIPMENT to the OPERATOR and the OPERATOR to the ME EQUIPMENT. These means include,
but are not limited to:
– markings and ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTS;
– lights;
– video displays;
– push buttons;
– touch screens;
– auditory and visual INFORMATION SIGNALS;
– ALARM SIGNALS;
– vibratory signals;
– keyboard and mouse; and
– haptic controls.
Definition 3.6 – PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION

For the purposes of this collateral standard, a PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION is a function that
is directly related to the BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE of the ME EQUIPMENT in
NORMAL USE or a function that is frequently used. Examples of PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTION
that directly relate to BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE include:
– inactivating an ALARM SIGNAL (temporarily or indefinitely);
– setting ALARM LIMITS;
– setting X-ray exposure parameters (e.g. kV , mA);
p
– setting infusion parameters (e.g. flow rate);
– setting gas flow rates and anaesthetic vaporizer concentration.

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Frequently used functions are included in the PRIMARY OPERATING FUNCTIONS because
inadequate USABILITY of the frequently used functions adds to OPERATORS’ workloads and can

increase the probability of USE ERRORS affecting safety-related functions. A collection of

relatively minor shortcomings in the design of OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACES can raise the

probability of USE ERRORS and their consequences, particularly when they involve frequently

used functions. Examples of such shortcomings include poor labelling, ambiguous control-

display relationships, difficult to read indicators, connectors that lack the proper shape coding,

inconsistent software navigation methods, etc. At a minimum, these shortcomings can

increase the time required to learn to use the ME EQUIPMENT and increase the time required to

perform frequent tasks due to an overall increase in mental and physical workload. At worse,

these shortcomings can induce USE ERROR because OPERATORS have to focus more attention
on operational mechanics, taking attention away from higher-level considerations directly
related to PATIENT safety. As workload increases, there is generally an increased chance of
errors of various types. There is less time to check one's work, less time to consider all
variables and a greater chance of imprecision and blundering due to rushing. Accordingly, it
makes sense to review all functions, particularly the most frequent ones, and determine if
there could be a problem due to the cumulative effect of USABILITY ENGINEERING deficiencies
that could have a negative impact on BASIC SAFETY or ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE.
Definition 3.7 – REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE
There is often a thin line between ABNORMAL USE and REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE. What
might look to be a case of ABNORMAL USE can later turn out to be REASONABLY FORESEEABLE
MISUSE after investigation and closer examination by experts trained in the USABILITY
ENGINEERING PROCESS and the science of human error. The RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS of
ME EQUIPMENT defines within the context of that particular ME EQUIPMENT what is REASONABLY
FORESEEABLE MISUSE and what is ABNORMAL USE, and documents what RISK CONTROL measures
have been taken to mitigate the REASONABLY FORESEEABLE MISUSE.
A MANUFACTURER needs to exercise judgement in selecting the appropriate RISK CONTROL
measure to avoid unnecessarily limiting the practice of medicine. ME EQUIPMENT should not
arbitrarily prevent off-label use that does not present a HAZARD, e.g. preventing the use of
ME EQUIPMENT for a PATIENT population because efficacy data does not exist. In such a case,
using a protective measure in the ME EQUIPMENT is more appropriate, e.g. a warning message
or pop-up window on the display.
The USABILITY ENGINEERING PROCESS helps discover which actions are “readily predictable.”
Definition 3.11 – USABILITY
The time needed to become acquainted with the ME EQUIPMENT and its operation is called
“learnability” (ISO 9241-11:1998, Table B.2 [5]). Freedom from discomfort, and positive

attitude towards the use of the ME EQUIPMENT is called “satisfaction” (ISO 9241-11:1998,
definition 3.4 [5]).
NOTE HOW easy it is to remember the operational details of ME EQUIPMENT can be thought of as
“memorizability” [10].
USABILITY is a measure of the EFFECTIVENESS, EFFICIENCY, and satisfaction with which
specified OPERATORS achieve specified goals in particular environments, within the scope of
the INTENDED USE of the ME EQUIPMENT. Many of these factors can influence safety to various
extents.
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To gauge if ME EQUIPMENT exhibits adequate USABILITY, specifications for the following
influencing factors are required:

– OPERATOR;
– task/goals; and
– conditions and setting in which the OPERATOR interacts with the ME EQUIPMENT.

This is because a change in a single factor could change the USABILITY significantly.

EXAMPLE An AC/battery-powered ECG monitor that works perfectly well in the relatively protected environment
of an ICU ward could exhibit severe drawbacks in USABILITY if it were to be used outside at night. This is a change

in the conditions and setting. In the new location of use, the influencing factors vary for:

– power up/pre-check needs;
– ambient light (night, bright sunlight), reflections; or
– requirements for handling, transportation, weight.
Some OPERATOR-EQUIPMENT INTERFACES contribute to USE ERROR because they employ non-
intuitive or counter-intuitive displays or controls. The consequences of such design flaws
often only become apparent when the OPERATOR is using the ME EQUIPMENT in an emergency
or stressful situation, is fatigued, or uses the ME EQUIPMENT only rarely.
Definition 3.13 – uSABILITY ENGINEERING FILE
The USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE can be part of the RISK MANAGEMENT FILE. There is no
requirement for the USABILITY ENGINEERING FILE to be independently stored from the RISK
MANAGEMENT FILE. Th
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