EN ISO 14284:2022

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 14284:2003
Jeklo in železo - Vzorčenje in priprava vzorcev za ugotavljanje kemijske sestave
(ISO 14284:2022)
Steel and iron - Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical
composition (ISO 14284:2022)
Eisen und Stahl - Entnahme und Vorbereitung von Proben für die Bestimmung der
chemischen Zusammensetzung (ISO 14284:2022)
Aciers et fontes - Prélèvement et préparation des échantillons pour la détermination de
la composition chimique (ISO 14284:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14284:2022
ICS:
77.080.01 Železne kovine na splošno Ferrous metals in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 14284
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.080.01 Supersedes EN ISO 14284:2002
English Version
Steel and iron - Sampling and preparation of samples for
the determination of chemical composition (ISO
14284:2022)
Aciers et fontes - Prélèvement et préparation des Eisen und Stahl - Entnahme und Vorbereitung von
échantillons pour la détermination de la composition Proben für die Bestimmung der chemischen
chimique (ISO 14284:2022) Zusammensetzung (ISO 14284:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 October 2022.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14284:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 14284:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17 "Steel" in
collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 459/SC 2 “Methods of chemical analysis for iron and
steel ” the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 14284:2002.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14284:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14284:2022 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14284
Second edition
2022-10
Steel and iron — Sampling and
preparation of samples for
the determination of chemical
composition
Aciers et fontes — Prélèvement et préparation des échantillons pour
la détermination de la composition chimique
Reference number
ISO 14284:2022(E)
ISO 14284:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 14284:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Requirements for sampling and sample preparation . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Sample . 4
4.2.1 Quality . 4
4.2.2 Size . 5
4.2.3 Identification . 5
4.2.4 Sample conservation . 5
4.2.5 Sample for arbitration . 5
4.3 Sampling . 6
4.3.1 Sample from a melt . 6
4.3.2 Sample from a product . 6
4.4 Preparation of a sample . . 6
4.4.1 Preliminary preparation of a sample . 6
4.4.2 Test sample in the form of chips . 6
4.4.3 Test sample in the form of fragments . 7
4.4.4 Test sample in the form of a solid block . 7
4.4.5 Preparation of a test sample by remelting . 9
4.5 Safety precautions . 9
4.5.1 Personal protection . 9
4.5.2 Machinery . 9
4.5.3 Hazardous materials . . 9
5 Liquid iron for steelmaking and pig-iron production . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Spoon sampling . 10
5.2.1 Methods . 10
5.2.2 Maintenance of equipment . 11
5.3 Probe sampling . 11
5.3.1 General . 11
5.3.2 Methods . 12
5.4 Preparation of a test sample . 12
5.4.1 Preliminary preparation .12
5.4.2 Test sample for a chemical method .12
5.4.3 Test sample for a thermal method .12
5.4.4 Test sample for a physical method .12
6 Liquid iron for cast iron production .13
6.1 General .13
6.2 Spoon sampling . 13
6.2.1 General .13
6.2.2 Methods .13
6.2.3 Chilled sample. 14
6.2.4 Non-chilled sample . 14
6.2.5 Maintenance of equipment . 14
6.3 Probe sampling . 15
6.4 Preparation of a test sample . 15
6.4.1 Preliminary preparation . 15
6.4.2 Test sample for chemical methods . 15
6.4.3 Test sample for thermal methods. 16
6.4.4 Test sample for physical methods . 16
iii
ISO 14284:2022(E)
6.5 Sampling and sample preparation for the determination of oxygen and nitrogen . 16
6.5.1 General . 16
6.5.2 Method . . 16
6.5.3 Preparation of the test portion . 16
7 Liquid steel for steel production . .17
7.1 General . 17
7.2 Spoon sampling . 17
7.2.1 Methods . 17
7.2.2 Maintenance of equipment . 17
7.3 Probe sampling . 18
7.3.1 General . 18
7.3.2 Methods . 18
7.4 Preparation of a test sample . . 18
7.4.1 Preliminary preparation . 18
7.4.2 Test sample for chemical methods . 18
7.4.3 Test sample for thermal methods. 19
7.4.4 Test sample for physical methods . 19
7.5 Sampling and sample preparation for the determination of nitrogen and oxygen . 19
7.5.1 Methods of sampling . 19
7.5.2 Preparation of the test portion . 20
7.6 Sampling and sample preparation for the determination of hydrogen .20
7.6.1 General .20
7.6.2 Methods of sampling . 21
7.6.3 Preparation of the test portion . 21
8 Pig-irons .21
8.1 General . 21
8.2 Increment sampling . 21
8.2.1 Number of increments . 21
8.2.2 Methods .22
8.2.3 Consignment of mixed pig-irons . 22
8.3 Preparation of a test sample . .22
8.3.1 General .22
8.3.2 Test sample for chemical methods . 23
8.3.3 Test sample for thermal methods. 23
8.3.4 Test sample for physical methods . 24
9 Cast iron products .24
9.1 General . 24
9.2 Sampling and sample preparation . 24
9.2.1 General . 24
9.2.2 Test sample for chemical methods . 25
9.2.3 Sample in the form of a solid block for analysis by thermal methods .26
9.2.4 Test sample for physical methods . 26
10 Steel products .26
10.1 General . 26
10.2 Selection of a laboratory sample or a test sample from a cast product . 27
10.3 Selection of a laboratory sample or a test sample from a wrought product . 27
10.3.1 General . 27
10.3.2 Sections . . 27
10.3.3 Plates or slabs . . 27
10.3.4 Light sections, bars, rods, sheets, strips and wires. 27
10.3.5 Tubes and pipes .29
10.4 Preparation of a test sample .29
10.4.1 General .29
10.4.2 Test sample in the form of chips .29
10.4.3 Test sample in the form of a solid block .29
10.5 Sampling of leaded steel . 30
iv
ISO 14284:2022(E)
10.6 Sampling and sample preparation for the determination of oxygen .30
10.6.1 General .30
10.6.2 Methods of sampling .30
10.6.3 Preparation of a test portion . 31
10.7 Sampling and sample preparation for the determination of hydrogen . 31
10.7.1 General . 31
10.7.2 Methods of sampling . 31
10.7.3 Preparation of a test portion . 32
Annex A (informative) Sampling probes for use with liquid iron and steel .33
Annex B (informative) Sampling probes for use with liquid steel for the determination of
hydrogen .41
Bibliography . 44
v
ISO 14284:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 1, Methods
of determination of chemical composition, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 459/SC 2, Methods of chemical analysis for iron
and steel, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14284:1996), which has been technically
revised. The main changes are as follows:
— figures updated;
— Clause 3 updated;
— text updated;
— new sampling probes added;
— units changed to SI units.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14284:2022(E)
Steel and iron — Sampling and preparation of samples for
the determination of chemical composition
1 Scope
This document specifies methods for sampling and sample preparation for the determination of the
chemical composition of pig irons, cast irons and steels.
Methods are specified for both liquid and solid metal.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
chemical method
method for the determination of chemical composition in which the test sample (3.16) or the test portion
(3.17) is submitted to chemical reactions
3.2
physical method of analysis
physical method
method for the determination of chemical composition in which the determination is carried out
without submitting the test sample (3.16) to chemical reactions
EXAMPLE Optical emission spectrometric (OES) method or X-ray fluorescence spectrometric (XRF) method.
3.3
thermal method of analysis
thermal method
method for the determination of chemical composition in which the test sample (3.16) is submitted to a
process of heating, combustion or fusion
3.4
melt
liquid metal from which a sample (3.25) is taken
3.5
spoon sampling
method in which a sample (3.25) is taken from the melt (3.4), or during the pouring of the melt, using a
long-handled spoon and poured into a small mould
3.6
spoon sample
sample (3.25) obtained from spoon sampling (3.5)
ISO 14284:2022(E)
3.7
probe sampling
method in which a sample (3.25) is taken from the melt (3.4) using a commercially available sampling
probe that is immersed in the melt
3.8
probe sample
sample (3.25) obtained from probe sampling (3.7)
3.9
suction sampling
method of probe sampling (3.7) in which the probe is immersed in the melt (3.4) and the sample chamber
in the probe fills by aspiration
3.10
stream sampling
method of probe sampling (3.7) in which the probe is inserted into a stream of liquid metal and the
sample chamber in the probe fills by the force of the metal flow
3.11
immersion sampling
method of probe sampling (3.7) in which the probe is immersed in the melt (3.4) and the sample chamber
in the probe fills by ferrostatic pressure or gravity
3.12
cast product
steel or cast iron product that has not been subjected to deformation
EXAMPLE An ingot, a semi-finished product obtained by continuous casting, a casting.
3.13
wrought product
product obtained by hot and/or cold plastic deformation processes such as extruding, forging, hot
rolling, cold rolling or drawing, either exclusively or in combination
EXAMPLE Rods, bars, wires, tubes, profiles, sheets, strips, forgings.
3.14
batch sample
sufficient amount of cast iron, pig iron or steel selected from a product batch for the purpose of
obtaining one or more laboratory samples (3.15)
3.15
laboratory sample
part of a sample (3.25) that is processed so that it can be sent to the laboratory for the purpose of
obtaining one or more test samples (3.16)
3.16
test sample
part of a batch sample (3.14), part of a laboratory sample (3.15) taken from a batch sample or part of a
sample (3.25) taken from the melt (3.4) and brought to the appropriate condition required for analysis
Note 1 to entry: The test sample can also be the batch sample itself or a sample taken from the melt.
Note 2 to entry: The categories of test samples are the following:
— sample in the form of a solid block;
— sample obtained by remelting;
— sample in the form of chips obtained by machining;
— sample in the form of fragments obtained by crushing (3.19);
ISO 14284:2022(E)
— sample in the form of powder obtained by comminution (3.18).
3.17
test portion
part of a test sample (3.16), or part of a sample (3.25) taken from the melt (3.4), submitted to analysis
Note 1 to entry: In some cases, the test portion may be selected from the batch sample (3.14) itself.
Note 2 to entry: Specific types of test portions in the form of solid blocks are the following:
— small disc, commonly described as a slug, obtained by punching;
— small appendage, commonly described as a lug;
— small-diameter rod, commonly described as a pin, obtained by cutting.
3.18
comminution
operation of reducing particle size by crushing (3.19) or grinding (3.21)
3.19
crushing
mechanical reduction of the particle size of a material by fracturing large pieces into multiple smaller
pieces
3.20
linishing
method of preparing a sample (3.25) of metal for a physical method of analysis (3.2) in which the surface
of the test sample (3.16) is abraded using a rotating disc or a continuous belt coated with an abrasive
material
3.21
grinding
method of preparing a sample (3.25) of metal for a physical method of analysis (3.2) in which the surface
of the test sample (3.16) is abraded using an abrasive wheel
3.22
milling
method of preparing chips or the surface of a sample (3.25) for a physical method of analysis (3.2) in
which the surface of the sample (3.25) is machined using a rotating, multi-edged cutting tool
3.23
consignment
quantity of metal delivered at one time
3.24
increment
quantity of metal obtained by sampling at one time from a consignment (3.23)
3.25
sample
portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material
4 Requirements for sampling and sample preparation
4.1 General
This clause covers the general requirements for the sampling, the sample and the sample preparation of
liquid iron and steel. Specific requirements applying to each category of liquid and solid metal are given
in the relevant subclauses.
ISO 14284:2022(E)
The sequence of sampling and sample preparation of liquid iron and steel, pig-iron, cast iron and steel
products is shown in Figure 1. For requirements applying to pig irons, see Clause 8.
a) Liquid iron and steel b) Pig-iron, cast iron and steel products
Figure 1 — Sequence of sampling and sample preparation
4.2 Sample
4.2.1 Quality
Sampling practices shall be designed to provide a test sample that is representative of the chemical
composition of the melt or the batch sample.
The test sample shall be sufficiently homogeneous with respect to chemical composition such that
inhomogeneity does not appreciably contribute to the uncertainty of the results of the analysis.
However, in the case of a sample taken from a melt, some variability in analysis, both within and
between test samples, is unavoidable. This variability will form an inherent part of the accuracy of the
analysis.
The test sample shall be free from surface coatings, and from moisture, dirt or other forms of
contamination.
As far as possible, the test sample should be free from voids, cracks and porosities, and from fins, laps
or other surface imperfections.
Particular care shall be taken when selecting and preparing the test sample, where a sample taken from
a melt is expected to be heterogeneous or contaminated in any way. If such inconsistencies are found in
the samples, they shall be rejected.
A sample taken from a melt shall be cooled in such a manner that its chemical composition and
metallurgical microstructure are consistent from sample to sample.
Analysis by some physical methods can be influenced by the metallurgical microstructure of the
sample, particularly in the case of cast irons (even with white microstructure) and steels in the as-cast
and wrought conditions.
ISO 14284:2022(E)
4.2.2 Size
The dimensions of a laboratory sample in the form of a solid block shall be sufficient to permit additional
test samples to be taken for re-analysis.
Test samples shall have a sufficient mass to allow any further analysis. Generally, a mass of 100 g will be
sufficient for a sample in the form of chips or powder.
The shape and dimensions of the samples shall be determined to ensure the following:
— their homogeneity;
— their acceptability as representative with respect to the composition of the melt;
— a microstructure adapted to the techniques of analysis of solid samples.
In the case of optical emission and X-ray fluorescence spectrometric methods, the shape and size of the
test sample will be determined by the dimensions of the sample chamber.
4.2.3 Identification
A test sample shall be assigned a unique identification in order to trace back the melt from which it was
taken and, if necessary, the processing conditions of the melt or the location of the laboratory sample or
the test sample in the batch sample.
A test sample of pig iron shall be assigned a unique identification in order to trace back the consignment
or part of a consignment and the increment from which it was taken.
Labelling or some equivalent method of marking shall be used to ensure that the assigned identification
remains associated with the test sample.
The identification, status and condition of the sample shall be recorded to ensure that confusion cannot
arise as to the identity of the item to which analysis and records refer.
4.2.4 Sample conservation
Adequate storage facilities shall be provided to separate and protect the test sample. During and after
preparation, the test sample shall be stored in such a way as to prevent contamination or chemical
change.
It is permitted to conserve the laboratory sample in the form of a solid block, and a test sample may
then be prepared when required.
The test sample, or the laboratory sample in the form of a solid block, shall be kept for a sufficient
period of time in the laboratory for audits and/or retests purposes.
4.2.5 Sample for arbitration
In the case of samples intended for arbitration, the test samples shall be prepared jointly by the supplier
and purchaser, or by their representatives. The records shall be kept of the methods used for preparing
the test samples.
Containers with test samples intended for arbitration shall be sealed by both parties or by their
representatives. Unless otherwise agreed, these containers shall be kept by the representatives of each
party responsible for the preparation of samples.
ISO 14284:2022(E)
4.3 Sampling
4.3.1 Sample from a melt
Melts are sampled at various stages of the manufacturing process for the purposes of monitoring
and controlling the process. Samples may be taken during the casting of the melt to verify chemical
composition in accordance with the specification of the cast product. In the case of liquid metal intended
for the production of a casting, the test sample may be selected from test bars or blocks specially cast
from the same metal as that of the casting for purposes of mechanical testing, in accordance with the
product standard.
Sampling practices for melts shall be designed to provide samples during a particular manufacturing
process in accordance with requirements related to the quality of the sample (see 4.2.1). The sample
obtained from a melt is usually in the form of a small ingot, a cylindrical or rectangular block, a chill-
cast disc, pins or a combination of a disc with one or more attached pins. In some cases, small lugs are
attached to a disc.
NOTE Sampling probes for use with liquid iron and steel can be obtained from a number of suppliers. The
main features of several types of probes are given in Annexes A and B.
4.3.2 Sample from a product
The laboratory sample or the test sample may be selected from the batch sample at the location indicated
in the product specification for the selection of material for mechanical testing, when available.
In the case of an iron casting, the test sample may be selected from a bar or block cast onto the casting.
In the case of a forging, the test sample may be selected from the initial starting material from which
the forging has been made, or from prolongations of the forging or from additional forgings.
In the absence of requirements given in the product standard, or of a specification when ordering the
product, the test sample may be selected from the sample for mechanical testing or from the test piece,
or directly from the batch sample.
The laboratory sample or the test sample may be obtained from the batch sample by machining or any
other appropriate means. Special considerations apply in the case of sampling for the determination of
certain elements.
4.4 Preparation of a sample
4.4.1 Preliminary preparation of a sample
If any part of the sample is liable to be non representative in chemical composition, for example due to
oxidation, it may be agreed, following an investigation to establish the nature and extent of any change
in composition, to remove from the sample those parts that have changed. After this operation, the
sample shall be protected in order to avoid any change in composition.
If necessary, the surface of the metal shall be laid completely bare at the location of machining, by any
suitable means, to remove any coating that has been applied during manufacture. If necessary, the
surface of the metal shall be degreased by means of a suitable solvent. Care shall
...