EN ISO 3452-1:2013

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2013
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SIST EN 571-1:1998
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Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1:2013)
(ISO 3452-1:2013, Corrected version 2014-05-01)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 3452-
1:2013) (ISO 3452-1:2013, korrigierte Fassung 2014-05-01)
Essais non destructifs - Essai par ressuage - Partie 1: principes généraux (ISO 3452-
1:2013)(ISO 3452-1:2013, Version corrigée 2014-05-01)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3452-1:2013
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 3452-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2013
ICS 19.100 Supersedes EN 571-1:1997
English Version
Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General
principles (ISO 3452-1:2013, Corrected version 2014-05-01)
Essais non destructifs - Examen par ressuage - Partie 1: Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1:
Principes généraux (ISO 3452-1:2013, Version corrigée Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 3452-1:2013, korrigierte
2014-05-01) Fassung 2014-05-01)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 March 2013.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3452-1:2013 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 3452-1:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 138 “Non-
destructive testing", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR, in collaboration with Technical Committee
ISO/TC 135 "Non-destructive testing".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 571-1:1997.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 3452-1:2013, Corrected version 2014-05-01 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 3452-
1:2013 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3452-1
Second edition
2013-06-01
Corrected version
2014-05-01
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant
testing —
Part 1:
General principles
Essais non destructifs — Examen par ressuage —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
Reference number
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety precautions . 1
5 General principles . 2
5.1 Personnel . 2
5.2 Description of the method . 2
5.3 Process sequence . 2
5.4 Equipment . 3
5.5 Effectiveness . 3
6 Products, sensitivity and designation . 3
6.1 Product family . 3
6.2 Testing products . 3
6.3 Sensitivity . 3
6.4 Designation . 3
7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) to be tested . 4
7.1 General . 4
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products . 4
7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing materials with parts under examination. 4
8 Test procedure . 5
8.1 Written test procedure . 5
8.2 Precleaning . 5
8.3 Temperature . 5
8.4 Application of penetrant . 5
8.5 Excess penetrant removal . 6
8.6 Application of developer . 7
8.7 Inspection . 9
8.8 Postcleaning and protection .10
8.9 Retesting .10
9 Test report .10
Annex A (normative) Main stages of penetrant examination .12
Annex B (normative) Process and control tests .13
Annex C (informative) Example test report .21
Bibliography .22
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC ISO 3452-1 was prepared by the European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in
collaboration with ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 2,
Surface methods, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 3452-1:2008) which has been technically
revised. Changes from the first edition include a table referring to the testing products.
This corrected version of ISO 3452:2013 incorporates the following corrections: a footnote has been
added to Table 1; the flowchart of Annex A has been modified.
ISO 3452 consists of the following parts, under the general title Non-destructive testing — Penetrant
testing:
— Part 1: General principles
— Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
— Part 3: Reference test blocks
— Part 4: Equipment
— Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures higher than 50 °C
— Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures lower than 10 °C
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing —
Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope
This part of ISO 3452 specifies a method of penetrant testing used to detect discontinuities, e.g. cracks,
laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to the surface of the material to be tested. It is
mainly applied to metallic materials, but can also be performed on other materials, provided that they
are inert to the test media and not excessively porous (castings, forgings, welds, ceramics, etc.)
It also includes requirements for process and control testing, but is not intended to be used for acceptance
criteria and gives neither information relating to the suitability of individual test systems for specific
applications nor requirements for test equipment.
NOTE 1 Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be
used are specified in ISO 3452-2 and ISO 3452-3.
NOTE 2 The term discontinuity is used in this part of ISO 3452 in the sense that no evaluation concerning
acceptability or non-acceptability is included.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing - Viewing conditions
ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
ISO 3452-3, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 3: Reference test blocks
ISO 3452-4, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 4: Equipment
ISO 3452-5, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures
higher than 50 degrees C
ISO 3452-6, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures
lower than 10 degrees C
ISO 12706, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12706 apply.
4 Safety precautions
As penetrant inspection techniques often require the use of harmful, flammable and/or volatile
materials, certain precautions shall be taken.
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
Prolonged or repeated contact of these materials with the skin or any mucous membrane should be
avoided. Working areas shall be adequately ventilated and sited away from sources of heat, sparks or
naked flames in accordance with local regulations.
The penetrant testing products and equipment shall be used with care and always in compliance with
the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
When using filtered UV-A sources, care shall be taken to ensure that unfiltered radiation from the UV-A
source does not directly reach the eyes of the operators. Whether it forms an integral part of the lamp or
is a separate component, the UV-A filter shall always be maintained in good condition.
In addition to the need to follow legislation (e.g. Directive 2006/25/EC), care shall be taken to ensure the
safe implementation of the method.
5 General principles
5.1 Personnel
Testing shall be carried out by proficient, suitably trained and qualified personnel and, where
applicable, shall be supervised by competent personnel nominated by the employer or, by delegation
of the employer, the inspection company in charge of testing. To demonstrate appropriate qualification
it is recommended that personnel be certified according to ISO 9712 or an equivalent formalized
system. Operating authorization for qualified persons shall be issued by the employer in accordance
with a written procedure. Non-destructive testing (NDT) operations, unless otherwise agreed, shall be
authorized by a competent and qualified NDT supervisory individual (Level 3 or equivalent) approved
by the employer.
5.2 Description of the method
Prior to penetrant testing the surface to be inspected shall be cleaned and dried. Suitable penetrants
are then applied to the test area and enter into discontinuities open to the surface. After the appropriate
penetration time has elapsed the excess penetrant is removed from the surface and the developer
applied. The developer absorbs the penetrant that has entered and remains in the discontinuities and
may give a clearly visible enhanced indication of the discontinuity.
Should complementary NDT be required, the penetrant inspection shall be performed first, unless
otherwise agreed upon between the contracting parties, so as not to introduce contaminants into open
discontinuities. If penetrant inspection is used following another NDT technique, the surface shall be
cleaned carefully to remove contaminants before application.
5.3 Process sequence
Testing generally proceeds through the following stages:
a) preparation and precleaning (see 8.2);
b) application of penetrant (see 8.4);
c) excess penetrant removal (see 8.5);
d) application of developer (see 8.6);
e) inspection (see 8.7);
f) recording (see 8.7.4);
g) postcleaning (see 8.8.1).
See Annex A.
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
5.4 Equipment
The equipment used for carrying out penetrant testing depends on the number, size and shape of the
parts to be tested. The equipment shall be as specified in ISO 3452-4.
5.5 Effectiveness
The effectiveness of the penetrant testing depends upon many factors, including
a) types of penetrant materials and testing equipment,
b) surface preparation and condition;
c) material under examination and expected discontinuities,
d) temperature of the test surface,
e) penetration and development time, and
f) viewing conditions.
Control checks shall be carried out to demonstrate that the correct parameters are used. See Annex B.
6 Products, sensitivity and designation
6.1 Product family
Various test systems exist in penetrant testing.
A product family is understood as a combination of the following penetrant testing materials: penetrant,
excess penetrant remover (except method A) and developer. When tested in accordance with ISO 3452-2
the penetrant and excess penetrant remover shall be from a single manufacturer. Only approved product
families shall be used.
6.2 Testing products
The products used for testing are given in Table 1.
6.3 Sensitivity
The sensitivity level of a product family shall be determined using reference block 1 in accordance with
ISO 3452-3. The assessed level always refers to the method used for type testing of the approved product
family.
6.4 Designation
The approved product family to be used for penetrant testing is given a designation comprising the
type, the method and the form for the testing products, and a figure which indicates the sensitivity level
achieved by testing with the reference block 1 according to ISO 3452-3.
EXAMPLE An approved product family comprising fluorescent penetrant (I), water as the excess penetrant
remover (A), a dry-powder developer (a), and a system sensitivity of level 2 gives the following penetrant testing
system designation when using ISO 3452-1 and ISO 3452-2: product family ISO 3452-2, IAa Level 2.
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
Table 1 — Testing products
Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Developer
Type Denomination Method Denomination Form Denomination
I Fluorescent penetrant A Water-washable a Dry powder
II Colour contrast B Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic b Water-soluble
a
III Penetrant C Solvent-removable : c Water-suspendable
Dual-purpose (fluores- — Class 1, halogenated
cent colour contrast
— Class 2, non-halogenated
penetrant)
— Class 3, special application
D Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic d Solvent-based (non-aque-
ous for Type I)
E Water- and solvent-removable e Solvent-based (non-aque-
ous for Types II and III)
f Special application
For specific cases, it is necessary to use penetrant testing products complying with particular requirements with regards to
flammability, sulfur, halogen and sodium content and other contaminants. See ISO 3452-2.
a
The class of Method C is not part of the designation.
7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) to be tested
7.1 General
The penetrant testing products shall be compatible with the material to be tested and the use for which
the part or parts is designed.
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products
The penetrant testing materials shall be compatible with each other.
Drag-out losses shall be replaced with the same materials, which may be from a different batch.
The products shall be from the same manufacturer.
7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing materials with parts under examination
7.3.1 In most cases the compatibility of products can be assessed prior to use by means of the corrosion
test detailed in ISO 3452-2.
7.3.2 The chemical or physical properties of some non-metallics can be adversely affected by penetrant
testing materials; their compatibility has to be established before inspecting parts manufactured from,
and assemblies that include such materials.
7.3.3 In situations where contamination might occur, it is essential to ensure that the penetrant testing
materials do not have a deleterious effect on fuels, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, etc.
7.3.4 For parts associated with peroxide rocket fuel, explosive stores (these include all items containing
explosive propellant, initiating or pyrotechnic materials), oxygen equipment or nuclear applications the
compatibility of penetrant testing materials shall be given special consideration.
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
8 Test procedure
8.1 Written test procedure
All testing shall be performed in accordance with an approved written procedure, which may be specific
to or included in the relevant product standard.
8.2 Precleaning
8.2.1 General
Contaminants such as scale, rust, oil, grease or paint shall be removed — if necessary using mechanical
or chemical methods, or a combination of these. Precleaning shall ensure that the test surface is free
from residues and that it allows the penetrant to enter any discontinuity. The cleaned area shall be large
enough to prevent interference from areas adjacent to the actual test surface.
8.2.2 Mechanical precleaning
Scale, slag, rust, etc., shall be removed using suitable methods such as brushing, rubbing, abrasion,
blasting or high-pressure water blasting. These methods remove contaminants from the surface and
generally are incapable of removing contaminants from within surface discontinuities. In all cases care
shall be taken to ensure that the discontinuities are not masked by plastic deformation or clogging
from abrasive materials. If necessary to ensure that discontinuities are open to the surface, subsequent
etching treatment shall be carried out, followed by adequate rinsing and drying.
8.2.3 Chemical precleaning
Chemical precleaning shall be carried out, using suitable chemical cleaning agents, to remove residues
such as grease, oil, paint or etching materials.
Residues from chemical precleaning processes can react with a penetrant and greatly reduce its
sensitivity. Acids and chromates in particular can greatly reduce the fluorescence of fluorescent
penetrants and the colour of the colour contrast penetrant. Therefore, chemical agents shall be removed
from the surface under examination, after the cleaning process, using suitable cleaning methods, which
may include water rinsing.
8.2.4 Drying
As the final stage of precleaning, the parts to be tested shall be thoroughly dried, so that neither water
nor solvent remains in the discontinuities.
8.3 Temperature
The testing material, the test surface and the ambient temperature shall be within the range from 10 °C
to 50 °C, except for the drying process (8.2.4). Rapid temperature changes can cause condensation,
which may interfere with the process and should be avoided.
For temperatures outside the range 10 °C to 50 °C, inspection shall be carried out in accordance with
ISO 3452-5 or ISO 3452-6, as applicable.
8.4 Application of penetrant
8.4.1 Methods of application
Penetrant can be applied to the part to be tested by spraying, brushing, flooding, dipping or immersion.
Penetrant shall remain on the test surface throughout the entire penetration time.
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)
8.4.2 Penetration time
The appropriate penetration time depends on the properties of the penetrant, the application
temperature, the material of the part to be tested and the discontinuities to be detected.
The penetration time shall be between 5 min and 60 min and shall not be less than the manufacturer’s
recommended time for the required sensitivity. The penetration time shall be recorded in the written
test procedure.
8.5 Excess penetrant removal
8.5.1 Gen
...