EN 1473:2021

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 1473:2016
Napeljave in oprema za utekočinjeni zemeljski plin - Načrtovanje kopenskih
napeljav
Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas - Design of onshore installations
Anlagen und Ausrüstung für Flüssigerdgas - Auslegung von landseitigen Anlagen
Installations et équipements de gaz naturel liquéfié - Conception des installations
terrestres
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1473:2021
ICS:
75.200 Oprema za skladiščenje Petroleum products and
nafte, naftnih proizvodov in natural gas handling
zemeljskega plina equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 1473
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.200 Supersedes EN 1473:2016
English Version
Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas -
Design of onshore installations
Installation et équipements de gaz naturel liquéfié - Anlagen und Ausrüstung für Flüssigerdgas - Auslegung
Conception des installation terrestres von landseitigen Anlagen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 February 2021.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1473:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 11
3.1 Terms and definitions . 11
3.2 Abbreviations . 17
4 Quality management system . 18
5 Site assessment . 18
5.1 General and plant description . 18
5.2 Geotechnical . 18
5.3 Meteorological and Oceanographic . 20
5.4 Environmental. 21
5.5 Surroundings . 23
5.6 Seismic . 23
5.7 Hydrology . 24
5.8 Social . 24
6 Risk management . 25
6.1 General . 25
6.2 Hazard and risk assessment methodologies . 26
6.3 Scenario identification . 31
6.4 Consequence and impact assessment . 32
6.5 Estimation of frequencies and probabilities . 36
6.6 Safety improvement . 36
6.7 Reviews . 37
6.8 Safety during operation . 37
7 Design . 38
7.1 General . 38
7.2 Civil structures . 39
7.3 Electrical . 53
7.4 Mechanical and piping design/material selection . 56
7.5 Process automation and controls . 66
7.6 Process technical safety . 72
7.7 Marine transfer systems . 75
7.8 Storage unit . 77
7.9 Rotating equipment . 81
7.10 Regasification and send-out unit . 83
7.11 Trailer loading unit . 84
7.12 Liquefaction unit . 84
7.13 Buildings . 84
7.14 LNG and NG quality measurement . 85
7.15 Custody transfer flow metering . 86
7.16 Boil-Off Gas (BOG) systems . 86
7.17 Flare/vent system . 89
7.18 Utilities . 91
Annex A (normative) Thermal radiation threshold values . 94
Annex B (normative) Definitions of reference flow rates . 97
Annex C (informative) Seismic classification . 101
Annex D (normative) Specific requirements for LNG pumps . 103
Annex E (normative) Specific requirements for LNG vaporizers . 109
Annex F (normative) Criteria for the design of pipes . 115
Annex G (informative) Description of the different types of onshore LNG installations . 116
Annex H (informative) Trailer loading unit . 118
Annex I (informative) Frequency ranges . 120
Annex J (informative) Classes of consequence . 121
Annex K (informative) Levels of risk . 122
Annex L (informative) Typical process steps of liquefaction . 124
Annex M (informative) Odorant systems . 133
Bibliography . 136

European foreword
This document (EN 1473:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 282 “Installation
and equipment for LNG”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2021, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1473:2016.
Due to the incorporation of pressurized storage the standard has been re-structured and revised. In
comparison with EN 1473:2016, the following changes have been made:
— duplications detected and deleted;
— terms and definitions adjusted;
— normative references updated;
— changed subject in Annex H;
— risk assessment requirements improved;
— storage tanks classification improved.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Introduction
The objective of this document is to give functional guidelines for on-shore LNG installations. It
recommends procedures and practices that will result in safe and environmentally acceptable design,
construction and operation of LNG plants.
Given the wide range of facilities from small to large, with high and low risk profile, etc., the
acceptability criteria could vary depending on the project and are subject to conclusions by the
normative risk assessment.
Seveso, PED, and ATEX Directives are expected to be followed. Where national and/or local regulations
exist in which some of the requirements are equal or more stringent than in this document, it is up to
agreement with national and/or local regulators to determine which of the requirements apply.
It does not need to be applied retrospectively, but application is recommended when major
modifications of existing installations are being considered.
This document is also recommended for debottlenecking, revamping and plant life extension in the
limits that will be defined by the local authority. The appliance of the European Directives to the
existing facilities is part of the limits to be defined together with the local authority.
In case of plant expansion, this document is applicable for the new facilities. The application of these
recommendations for the tie-ins and connections to the existing facilities will be defined by the local
authority. The limits of such application should consider the practicality of such appliance. In the same
way, the limits of the European Directives appliance will be accurately defined with the local authority.
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for the design, construction and operation of all onshore liquefied
natural gas (LNG) installations for the liquefaction, storage, vaporization, transfer and handling of LNG
and natural gas (NG).
This document is applicable for plants with an LNG storage capacity above 200 t.
The designated boundary limits are LNG inlet/outlet by the ship’s manifold including vapour return
connection, the truck loading/unloading connection including vapour return, the rail car
loading/unloading connection including vapour return and the natural gas in and outlet boundary by
piping systems.
Terminals or plant types have one or more boundary limits as described in this scope (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 — Boundary limits of onshore liquefied natural gas (LNG) installations
A short description of each of these installations is given in Annex G.
Feed gas for LNG liquefaction installations (plant) can be from gas field, associated gas from oil field,
piped gas from transportation grid or from renewables.
Floating solutions (for example FPSO, FSRU, SRV), whether off-shore or near-shore, are not covered by
this document even if some concepts, principles or recommendations could be applied. However, in
case of berthed FSRU with LNG transfer across the jetty, the following recommendations apply for the
jetty and topside facilities.
In case of solutions using floating storage unit (FSU) and land-based re-gasification solution, the on-
shore part is covered by these standard recommendations.
Plants with a storage inventory from 5 t up to 200 t are covered by [5].
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 809, Pumps and pump units for liquids - Common safety requirements
EN 1092-1, Flanges and their joints - Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN
designated - Part 1: Steel flanges
EN 1127-1, Explosive atmospheres - Explosion prevention and protection - Part 1: Basic concepts and
methodology
EN 1474-2, Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas - Design and testing of marine transfer
systems - Part 2: Design and testing of transfer hoses
EN 1514-1, Flanges and their joints - Dimensions of gaskets for PN-designated flanges - Part 1: Non-
metallic flat gaskets with or without inserts
EN 1591 (all parts), Flanges and their joints - Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections
EN 1776, Gas infrastructure - Gas measuring systems - Functional requirements
EN 1990, Eurocode - Basis of structural design
EN 1991 (all parts), Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN 1994-1-1, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and
rules for buildings
EN 1994-1-2, Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-2: General rules -
Structural fire design
EN 1997-1:2004, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules
EN 1997 (all parts), Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design
EN 1998 (all parts), Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN 10204, Metallic products - Types of inspection documents
EN 12065, Installations and equipment for liquefied natural gas - Testing of foam concentrates designed
for generation of medium and high expansion foam and of extinguishing powders used on liquefied natural
gas fires
EN 12162, Liquid pumps - Safety requirements - Procedure for hydrostatic testing

As impacted by EN 1997-1:2004/AC:2009.
EN 12483, Liquid pumps - Pump units with frequency inverters - Guarantee and compatibility tests
EN 13445 (all parts), Unfired pressure vessels
EN 13458 (all parts), Cryogenic vessels - Static vacuum insulated vessels
EN 13480 (all parts), Metallic industrial piping
EN 13766, Thermoplastic multi-layer (non-vulcanized) hoses and hose assemblies for the transfer of liquid
petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas - Specification
EN 14197 (all parts), Cryogenic vessels - Static non-vacuum insulated vessels
EN 14620 (all parts), , Design and manufacture of site built, vertical, cylindrical, flat-bottomed steel tanks
for the storage of refrigerated, liquefied gases with operating temperatures between 0 °C and -165 °C
EN 60079-0, Explosive atmospheres - Part 0: Equipment - General requirements (IEC 60079-0)
EN 60079-1, Explosive atmospheres - Part 1: Equipment protection by flameproof enclosures "d"
(IEC 60079-1)
EN 60079-2, Explosive atmospheres - Part 2: Equipment protection by pressurized enclosure "p"
(IEC 60079-2)
EN 60079-5, Explosive atmospheres - Part 5: Equipment protection by powder filling "q" (IEC 60079-5)
EN 60079-6, Explosive atmospheres - Part 6: Equipment protection by liquid immersion "o" (IEC 60079-6)
EN 60079-7, Explosive atmospheres - Part 7: Equipment protection by increased safety "e" (IEC 60079-7)
EN 60079-10-1, Explosive atmospheres - Part 10-1: Classification of areas - Explosive gas atmospheres
(IEC 60079-10-1)
EN 60079-10-2, Explosive atmospheres - Part 10-2: Classification of areas - Explosive dust atmospheres
(IEC 60079-10-2)
EN 60079-11, Explosive atmospheres - Part 11: Equipment protection by intrinsic safety "i"
(IEC 60079-11)
EN 60079-13, Explosive atmospheres - Part 13: Equipment protection by pressurized room "p" and
artificially ventilated room "v" (IEC 60079-13)
EN 60079-14, Explosive atmospheres - Part 14: Electrical installations design, selection and erection
(IEC 60079-14)
EN 60079-15, Explosive atmospheres - Part 15: Equipment protection by type of protection "n"
(IEC 60079-15)
EN 60079-17, Explosive atmospheres - Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance
(IEC 60079-17)
EN 60079-18, Explosive atmospheres - Part 18: Equipment protection by encapsulation "m"
(IEC 60079-18)
EN 60079-19, Explosive atmospheres - Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation
(IEC 60079-19)
EN 60079-20-1, Explosive atmospheres - Part 20-1: Material characteristics for gas and vapour
classification - Test methods and data (IEC 60079-20-1)
EN 60079-25, Explosive atmospheres - Part 25: Intrinsically safe electrical systems (IEC 60079-25)
EN 60204-1, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1)
EN 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) (IEC 60529)
EN 61508 (all parts), Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related
systems (IEC 61508 series)
EN 61800 (all parts), Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems (IEC 61800 all parts)
EN 62305 (all parts), Protection against lightning (IEC 62305 all parts)
EN ISO 1460, Metallic coatings - Hot dip galvanized coatings on ferrous materials - Gravimetric
determination of the mass per unit area (ISO 1460)
EN ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles - Specifications and test
methods (ISO 1461)
EN ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1)
EN ISO 6974 (all parts), Natural gas - Determination of composition with defined uncertainty by gas
chromatography (ISO 6974 all parts)
EN ISO 6976, Natural gas - Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and Wobbe indices from
composition (ISO 6976)
EN ISO 9606-1, Qualification testing of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels (ISO 9606-1)
EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712)
EN ISO 9906, Rotodynamic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance tests - Grades 1, 2 and 3
(ISO 9906)
EN ISO 10380, Pipework - Corrugated metal hoses and hose assemblies (ISO 10380)
EN ISO 10497, Testing of valves - Fire type-testing requirements (ISO 10497)
EN ISO 10715, Natural gas - Sampling guidelines (ISO 10715)
EN ISO 10723, Natural gas - Performance evaluation for analytical systems (ISO 10723)
EN ISO 12241, Thermal insulation for building equipment and industrial installations - Calculation rules
(ISO 12241)
EN ISO 12944 (all parts), Paints and varnishes - Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective
paint systems (ISO 12944 all parts)
EN ISO 13709, Centrifugal pumps for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries (ISO 13709)
EN ISO 15607, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - General rules
(ISO 15607)
EN ISO 15609-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding
procedure specification - Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1)
EN ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding
procedure test - Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
(ISO 15614-1)
EN ISO 16903:2015, Petroleum and natural gas industries - Characteristics of LNG, influencing the design,
and material selection (ISO 16903:2015)
EN ISO 16904, Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design and testing of LNG marine transfer arms for
conventional onshore terminals (ISO 16904)
EN ISO 17636-1, Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with film (ISO 17636-1)
EN ISO 17636-2, Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with digital detectors (ISO 17636-2)
EN ISO 17637, Non-destructive testing of welds - Visual testing of fusion-welded joints (ISO 17637)
EN ISO 17640, Non-destructive testing of welds - Ultrasonic testing - Techniques, testing levels, and
assessment (ISO 17640)
EN ISO 20519, Ships and marine technology - Specification for bunkering of liquefied natural gas fuelled
vessels (ISO 20519)
EN ISO 21012, Cryogenic vessels - Hoses (ISO 21012)
EN ISO 28460, Petroleum and natural gas industries - Installation and equipment for liquefied natural gas
- Ship-to-shore interface and port operations (ISO 28460)
EN ISO 28921 (all parts), Industrial valves - Isolating valves for low-temperature applications (ISO 28921
all parts)
IEC 60364 (all parts), Low-voltage electrical installations
IEC 61511, Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector
ISO 6578, Refrigerated hydrocarbon liquids - Static measurement - Calculation procedure
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
abnormal operation
operation of the plant, or plant thereof, under the effect of internal failures or under the effect of
foreseeable influences outside the specified operational conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 23552-1:2007, 3.10]
3.1.2
accidental event
event that arises from an uncontrolled or unplanned situation with safety and/or environmental
consequences
3.1.3
action
a) set of forces (loads) applied to the structure (direct action) or
b) set of imposed deformation or accelerations (indirect action)
Note 1 to entry: Imposed deformation or acceleration could be caused, for example, by temperature changes,
moisture variation, uneven settlement or earthquakes.
3.1.4
base slab
continuous concrete base supporting the tank (either on the ground or elevated)
3.1.5
boil-off gas
BOG
natural gas resulting from slow evaporation of LNG at its equilibrium state or rapid evaporation of LNG,
also called flashing, inside equipment
3.1.6
boundary
property line on land or water inside of which the operator/owner has full control and authority, or
exclusive use
3.1.7
bund wall
raised impermeable structure, able to withstand the hydrostatic pressure and temperature of the
spilled liquid, around the perimeter of an impounding area for the confinement of hydrocarbon spills,
usually associated with storage areas
3.1.8
condensate
hydrocarbon liquids (liquid state at standard conditions) produced from primary separation of natural
gas from a reservoir
Note 1 to entry: Natural gas condensates consist primarily of pentanes and heavier components, although
quantities of propane and butane could be dissolved within the mixture.
3.1.9
control room
core functional entity, and its associated physical structure, where control room operators are stationed
to carry out centralized control, monitoring and administrative responsibilities
[SOURCE: EN ISO 11064-5:2008, 3.9]
3.1.10
control room operator
individual whose primary duties relate to the conduct of monitoring and control functions, usually at a
control workstation, either on their own or in conjunction with other personnel both within the control
room or outside
Note 1 to entry: In special cases based on the evaluated risk, control room operators may perform their duties
for the installation via remote access.
[SOURCE: EN ISO 11064-3:1999, 3.5]
3.1.11
conventional onshore LNG terminal
LNG export or receiving terminal that is located on-shore and has a marine transfer facility for the
loading or unloading of LNG carriers
Note 1 to entry: The transfer facility is located in a harbour or other coastal location and consists of a fixed
structure, or wharf, capable of withstanding the berthing loads of a fully laden LNG carrier of a given specification
and mooring the vessel safely alongside. The structure is connected to the shore by a trestle, tunnel or other
means, facilitating the LNG transfer and ancillary services and providing safe access and egress for personnel
performing maintenance or operational duties.
3.1.12
emergency shut down
ESD
method that safely and effectively stops the whole plant or individual sections to minimize incident
escalation
3.1.13
fire area
area of the plant delimited by physical boundaries or separations from other fire areas by boundaries
such as site roads
Note 1 to entry: Multiple trains in a large plant are each a fire area. Different processing units each separated by
plant roads are individual fire areas. A fire area is often self-defining in that it may be a single plant unit, a storage
or utility area or a separate operating area such as a road tanker loading bay.
Note 2 to entry: The typical firewater ring main routing often encloses each fire area.
Note 3 to entry: Pipe racks joining plant areas are not considered to affect fire area considerations.
3.1.14
fire zone
area of the plant or process system within a fire area that requires it to be isolated by ESD valves in the
event of a fire to control and minimize the fire event, or in the event of a process upset or malfunction to
minimize the extent of the process upset
3.1.15
flammable gas
gas or vapour which, when mixed with air in certain proportions, will form a combustible gas mixture
3.1.16
flare
system to ignite the vapour on a safe location in a controlled manner
3.1.17
flash gas
gas resulting from sudden evaporation of LNG due to change of equilibrium condition
3.1.18
foundation
element of the construction required to support equipment
3.1.19
frequency
number of occurrences per unit of time
3.1.20
harm
physical injury or damage to the health of people or damage to property or the environment
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16901:2015, 3.13]
3.1.21
hazard
potential source of harm
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 16901:2015, 3.14]
3.1.22
impounding area
area defined at the site for the purpose of collecting any accidental spill of hydrocarbons
3.1.23
impounding basin
container or leak-tight area connected to an impounding area or spill collection area where liquid
hydrocarbon spills can be collected and safely confined and controlled
3.1.24
inner tank
metallic self-supporting cylindrical primary container
3.1.25
leakage
situation in which liquid or gas escapes through an opening
Note 1 to entry: Openings leading to leakage can consist of holes, cracks, etc.
3.1.26
liquefied natural gas
LNG
colourless and odorless cryogenic fluid in the liquid state at normal pressure composed predominantly
of methane which can contain minor quantities of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, or other
components normally found in natural gas
[SOURCE: EN ISO 16903:2015, 3.3]
3.1.27
LNG bunkering station
LNG station where LNG is brought by road, rail, waterway, cryogenic pipe from a neighbouring
terminal, and delivering LNG to ships using LNG as a marine fuel
Note 1 to entry: Delivery of the LNG can be done by road, sea or by fixed dispenser along the jetty.
3.1.28
local regulation
set of rules, laws, national agreements, international conventions which apply to a site
3.1.29
low pressure tank
equipment for the storage of LNG at pressure below 50 kPa (0,5 bar)
3.1.30
maximum allowable pressure
PS
maximum pressure for which the equipment is designed, as specified by the manufacturer
3.1.31
normal operation
operation including intermittent operation such as ship loading or unloading, start-up, maintenance,
planned shutdown and commissioning
3.1.32
operating basis earthquake
OBE
maximum earthquake for which no damage is sustained and restart and safe operation can continue
Note 1 to entry: This higher probability event would result in no commercial loss to the installation and public
safety is ensured.
3.1.33
operating company
company responsible for the operation of the installation
3.1.34
operating personnel
any person who is authorized to act on the control of the plant, remotely or locally
3.1.35
PASQUILL stability class
factors that are determined as a function of the wind speed and solar radiation
Note 1 to entry: See [19].
Note 2 to entry: The six factors are:
— A: extremely unstable;
— B: moderately unstable;
— C: lightly unstable;
— D: neutral;
— E: lightly stable;
— F: moderately stable.
3.1.36
plant
site area inside of which public access is unauthorized, e.g. the whole location under the control of an
operator where dangerous substances are present in one or more installations, including common or
related infrastructures or activities
3.1.37
pool fire
turbulent diffusion fire burning above a horizontal pool of vaporising hydrocarbon fuel where the fuel
has zero or low initial momentum
]
[SOURCE: https://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/strategy/pool.htm
3.1.38
pooling
consequence of an event when liquid product is leaving the LNG containment and spilled and retained
on a not sloped surface and not transferred to the spill collection system
3.1.39
pressurized tank
equipment for the storage of LNG at pressure above 50 kPa (0,5 bar)
3.1.40
process shut down system
PSD
system that safely and effectively stops individual units within the plant for process reasons
3.1.41
risk
combination of the consequence and the frequency of a specific hazard occurring within a specified
period under specified circumstances
3.1.42
roll-over
uncontrolled mass movement of stored liquid, correcting an unstable state of stratified liquids of
different densities and resulting in a significant evolution of product vapour
3.1.43
roof
structure on top of a shell or wall containing the vapour pressure and sealing off the contents from the
atmosphere
3.1.44
safe shutdown earthquake
SSE
maximum earthquake event for which the essential fail-safe functions and mechanisms are designed to
be preserved
Note 1 to entry: Permanent damage can be expected of this lower probability event, but without the loss of
overall integrity and containment. The installation would not remain in continuous service without a detailed
examination and structural assessment at the ultimate limit state.
3.1.45
safety integrity level
SIL
level of integrity required of a safety related system in terms of EN 61508 (all parts)
3.1.46
safety management system
management process which defines and monitors the organizational structure, responsibilities,
procedures, processes and resources for determining and implementing the major accident prevention
policy
3.1.47
spill
to cause liquid especially accidentally or unintentionally to flow, or run out so as to be lost or wasted
3.1.48
spill collection area
area at LNG production or transfer areas where leakages can be confined or controlled, often by the use
of kerbing and/or controlled sloping of paved areas
3.1.49
storage system
storage unit
low pressure or pressurized tank
3.1.50
transfer area
loading area/unloading area
area containing a piping system where flammable liquids or gases are introduced into or removed from
the plant or where piping connections are connected or disconnected routinely
3.1.51
validated model
mathematical model, the scientific basis of which is accepted to be sound and is proven to provide
mathematical outputs to the relevant mathematical problem, and is shown to cover the full range of
usage of the model and which has been calibrated or checked using realistic test data or results for LNG
3.1.52
vapour barrier
barrier to prevent entry of water vapour and other atmospheric gases into the insulation
3.1.53
vent stack
system to vent vapour to a safe location in a controlled manner
Note 1 to entry: Reference [21] requires that the vent be designed with the assumption that it could become
ignited and cause damage or injury due to thermal radiation.
3.1.54
zip failure
when a steel tank wall ruptures almost instantaneously over its full height and is torn off from the
bottom plate in whole or in part, which will allow the stored liquid to spread around in an uncontrolled
way
3.2 Abbreviations
BLEVE boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion
BTA bow-tie analysis
CAD computer-aided design
CCTV closed circuit television camera
ESD emergency shut down
EPS emergency power supply
ETM event tree method
FERA fire and explosion risk analysis
FMEA failure mode effect analysis
FTM fault tree method
GC geotechnical category
HAZID hazard identification study
HAZOP hazard and operability study
HVAC heating, ventilation, aircon and cooling
KO knockout
LOPA layer of protection analysis
OBE operating basis earthquake
PCS process control system
QRA quantified risk assessment
SIL safety integrity level
SIS safety instrumented system
SSE safe shutdown earthquake
UPS uninterruptible power supply
4 Quality management system
A quality management system should demonstrate adequate capability for the design/development,
manufacture, testing, installation, commissioning, decommissioning and servicing of the plant and its
associated equipment.
5 Site assessment
5.1 General and plant description
The design, procurement, construction and operation phases shall all be implemented in accordance
with the requirements of the Quality, Health, Safety and Environment management systems.
Furthermore, each phase shall be controlled by an acceptable Safety Management System.
In case of plant expansion or debottlenecking, the environmental and safety impacts shall be appraised
in accordance with the following recommendations. The potential consequences shall be analysed and
current local regulation is expected to be taken into account.
In case of revamping for life extension, the environmental and safety impacts shall be appraised in
accordance with the following recommendations. The appliance of the current local regulation, and the
extent of such appliance, is expected to be agreed upon with the local authority.
In case of revamping without life extension and without debottlenecking, the principle of non-
retroactivity shall prevail.
A functional description of the installation shall be written by plant area and/or by process function, for
use in the safety assessment.
5.2 Geotechnical
5.2.1 Characteristics of the soil
Site studies shall be executed to address the specific risks related to the project scope and location. The
extent of information required depends on the nature, the phase and complexity of the facilities to be
constructed, the nature and complexity of the ground and the acceptable risk level related to direct
effects and economic damage that can result.
The site study shall include a soil survey including:
— the geotechnical survey that will enable the geo-mechanical characteristics of the subsoil to be
defined;
— the geological and tectonic investigation.
The geological characteristics of the region shall be investigated in sufficient detail to provide a clear
understanding of the physical processes that formed the area, as well as the potential for the future
seismic activity.
A more specific survey shall be done on the site and its vicinity to detect the presence of karst, gypsum,
swelling clays, soluble salt deposits, liquefiable soil, etc. and their relative impact shall be evaluated.
Site studies will include both geophysical and geotechnical desktop and survey studies and will in
general be phased. The primary objectives of site studies are one or more of the following:
— data acquisition for geological purposes, such as establishing the general stratigraphy between
boreholes/CPTs, weathering profiles, erosional or structural features (buried channels, cavities,
faults, dykes, etc.);
— derivation of ground parameters (shear wave velocity and stiffness, electrical and thermal
conductivity);
— resource assessment, such as location and nature of aquifers, sand and gravel deposits, rock for
aggregates;
— detection of geotechnical hazards, such as karst, gypsum, swelling clays, soluble slat deposits, soil
liquefaction, mass movement;
— detection of voids and buried objects, such as mine workings, natural cavities, old foundations,
buried tanks;
— detection of environmental hazards, such as hydrocarbon pollution, mine tailings.
The site investigation shall provide information on properties and behaviour under the full range of
conditions that can be expected on the site and might include the following:
— soil classification, strength, stiffness, compressibility and consolidation;
— temporary or permanent changes as a result of the construction project or natural phenomena such
as: changes in stress and associated strain, changes in water content and associated volume
changes, changes in groundwater level and flow pattern, changes in temperature and electrical
potential, and changes in soil properties such as strength and compressibility;
— effects of earthquakes, e.g. liquefaction and lateral spread;
— aggressiveness to materials placed in the ground, such as concrete and steel;
— potential borrow areas and quarries for construction materials (fill and aggregates).
The soil investigation report shall include the risks of geotechnical failure mechanisms following:
— seismically active faults;
— slope stability;
— liquefiable soils;
— lateral spreading;
— tsunami and seiche.
NOTE Seiche usually occurs in lakes and means a cyclical variation in the level of inland lakes.
A soil and groundwater contamination study shall be done prior to construction. This study may be part
of site selection. Ground investigation and testing shall be in accordance with EN 1997-2.
Geotechnical and foundation design shall be as per EN 1997-1. Geotechnical and foundation design of
structures for earthquake resistance shall be as per EN 1998-5.
5.2.2 Marine geotechnical characteristics for jetty des
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