EN 13445-3:2021
(Main)Unfired pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
This Part of this document specifies requirements for the design of unfired pressure vessels covered by EN 13445-1:2019 and constructed of steels in accordance with EN 13445-2:2019.
EN 13445-5:2019, Annex C specifies requirements for the design of access and inspection openings, closing mechanisms and special locking elements.
NOTE This Part applies to design of vessels before putting into service. It may be used for in service calculation or analysis subject to appropriate adjustment.
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 3: Konstruktion
Dieser Teil 3 der Europäischen Norm legt die Anforderungen an die Konstruktion von unbefeuerten Druckbehältern nach EN 13445-1:2021 und hergestellt aus Stählen nach EN 13445-2:2021 fest.
EN 13445-5:2021 gibt im Anhang C Bedingungen für die Konstruktion von Zugangs- und Besichtigungsöffnungen, von Verschlüssen und besonderen Verschlusselementen.
ANMERKUNG Dieser Teil gilt für Konstruktion und Berechnung von Behältern vor der Inbetriebnahme. Er kann auch, mit entsprechenden Anpassungen, für Berechnungen oder analytische Nachweise im Betrieb verwendet werden.
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 3: Conception
Cette partie de la présente norme européenne spécifie les exigences relatives à la conception des récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme couverts par l’EN 13445-1:2021 et construits en aciers conformes à l’EN 13445-2:2021.
L’Annexe C de l’EN 13445-5:2021 spécifie les exigences relatives à la conception des ouvertures d’accès et d’inspection, des mécanismes de fermeture et des éléments de verrouillage spéciaux.
NOTE Cette partie s'applique à la conception des récipients avant mise en service. Elle peut être utilisée pour les calculs ou l'analyse en service sous réserve d'apporter les ajustements appropriés.
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 3. del: Konstruiranje
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN 13445-3:2021 - Unfired pressure vessels: Part 3 - Design is the European design standard for unfired pressure vessels constructed from steels in accordance with EN 13445-2:2019 and covered by EN 13445-1:2019. It specifies the design requirements to be applied before putting vessels into service and can also be used for in‑service calculations or analyses with appropriate adjustment. The standard is part of the EN 13445 series and replaces earlier amendments of Part 3.
Key topics and technical requirements
EN 13445-3:2021 covers detailed, practical design provisions for pressure vessel components and load cases, including:
- Basic design criteria: general principles, corrosion/erosion allowance and protection, and prescribed load cases for pressure, temperature, wind, seismic and other loading.
- Design methods: accepted analysis routes and calculation principles for strength and stability.
- Thickness calculations and joint coefficients: rules for determining required plate and shell thicknesses and design factors for welded joints.
- Maximum allowable design stresses: rules for determining nominal design stress values for steels and castings used in pressure parts.
- Shells under internal and external pressure: procedures for cylindrical, spherical, conical shells and heads including buckling checks for external pressure.
- Openings, nozzles and discontinuities: design of isolated and multiple openings, openings near shell discontinuities and nozzle reinforcement.
- Flat ends, flanges and bolted domed ends: design of various end types, gasketed joints and bolting requirements.
- Heat exchanger tubesheets: design rules for U-tube, fixed and floating tubesheets and tube-to-tubesheet joints.
- Expansion bellows: applicability, design of U-shaped and toroidal bellows, fabrication and testing considerations.
- Special components: tubesheets, rectangular-section vessels and additional component detail.
The standard also cross‑references EN 13445-5:2019 (Annex C) for design rules of access and inspection openings, closing mechanisms and locking elements.
Practical applications
This standard is used to design and evaluate unfired pressure vessels in industries such as:
- chemical and petrochemical plants
- oil & gas processing and storage
- power generation (pressure-containing components like feedwater tanks)
- process engineering equipment (reactors, separators, heat exchangers) It supports safe, compliant design for fabrication, inspection and certification.
Who should use this standard
- Pressure vessel designers and mechanical engineers
- Fabricators and welding engineers
- Inspection and testing authorities
- Certification bodies and regulatory compliance teams
- Asset owners and maintenance engineers performing strength assessments
Related standards
- EN 13445-1:2019 - General
- EN 13445-2:2019 - Materials
- EN 13445-5:2019, Annex C - Access/inspection openings and locking elements
Keywords: EN 13445-3:2021, Unfired pressure vessels, pressure vessel design, EN 13445, thickness calculations, shells under pressure, tubesheet design, expansion bellows, flanges, nozzles, European standard.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 13445-3:2021 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Unfired pressure vessels - Part 3: Design". This standard covers: This Part of this document specifies requirements for the design of unfired pressure vessels covered by EN 13445-1:2019 and constructed of steels in accordance with EN 13445-2:2019. EN 13445-5:2019, Annex C specifies requirements for the design of access and inspection openings, closing mechanisms and special locking elements. NOTE This Part applies to design of vessels before putting into service. It may be used for in service calculation or analysis subject to appropriate adjustment.
This Part of this document specifies requirements for the design of unfired pressure vessels covered by EN 13445-1:2019 and constructed of steels in accordance with EN 13445-2:2019. EN 13445-5:2019, Annex C specifies requirements for the design of access and inspection openings, closing mechanisms and special locking elements. NOTE This Part applies to design of vessels before putting into service. It may be used for in service calculation or analysis subject to appropriate adjustment.
EN 13445-3:2021 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 23.020.30 - Pressure vessels, gas cylinders. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 13445-3:2021 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 13445-3:2014/A2:2016, EN 13445-3:2014, EN 13445-3:2014/A8:2019, EN 13445-3:2014/A6:2019, EN 13445-3:2014/A5:2018, EN 13445-3:2014/A4:2018, EN 13445-3:2014/A3:2017, EN 13445-3:2014/A1:2015, EN 13445-3:2014/A7:2019, EN 13445-3:2021/A1:2025. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 13445-3:2021 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2014/68/EU; Standardization Mandates: M/071. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 13445-3:2021 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 13445-3:2014
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A1:2015
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A2:2016
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A3:2018
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A4:2018
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A5:2018
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A6:2019
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A7:2019
SIST EN 13445-3:2014/A8:2019
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 3. del: Konstruiranje
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 3: Konstruktion
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 3: Conception
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-3:2021
ICS:
23.020.32 Tlačne posode Pressure vessels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 13445-3
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 23.020.30 Supersedes EN 13445-3:2014
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 3: Design
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 3: Konstruktion
Partie 3: Conception
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 February 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-3:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
Contents
Page
European foreword . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 12
5 Basic design criteria . 14
5.1 General . 14
5.2 Corrosion, erosion and protection . 14
5.3 Load cases . 17
5.4 Design methods . 24
5.5 Thickness calculations (DBF) . 26
5.6 Joint coefficient . 27
5.7 Design requirements of welded joints . 28
6 Maximum allowed values of the nominal design stress for pressure parts . 31
6.1 General . 31
6.2 Steels (except castings), other than austenitic steels covered by 6.4 and 6.5, with a
minimum rupture elongation, as given in the relevant technical specification for the
material, below 30 % . 32
6.3 Alternative route for steels (except castings), other than austenitic steels covered by
6.4 and 6.5, with a minimum rupture elongation, as given in the relevant technical
specification for the material, below 30 % . 32
6.4 Austenitic steels (except castings) with a minimum rupture elongation, A%, as given in
the relevant technical specification for the material, such as 30%≤A%<35% . 33
6.5 Austenitic steels (except castings) with a minimum rupture elongation, A%, as given in
the relevant technical specification for the material, such as A% 35% . 33
6.6 Cast steels. 34
6.7 Nominal design stress of anchor bolting . 35
7 Shells under internal pressure . 35
7.1 Purpose . 35
7.2 Specific definitions . 35
7.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 36
7.4 Cylindrical and spherical shells . 36
7.5 Dished ends . 37
7.6 Cones and conical ends . 42
7.7 Nozzles which encroach into the knuckle region . 51
8 Shells under external pressure . 55
8.1 Purpose . 55
8.2 Specific definitions . 55
8.3 Specific symbols and definitions . 56
8.4 General . 59
8.5 Cylindrical shells . 60
8.6 Conical shell . 80
8.7 Spherical shells . 88
8.8 Vessel ends . 89
9 Openings in shells . 89
Issue 1 (2021-05)
9.1 Purpose . 89
9.2 Specific definitions . 90
9.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 91
9.4 General . 94
9.5 Isolated openings . 105
9.6 Multiple openings . 123
9.7 Openings close to a shell discontinuity . 134
10 Flat ends . 142
10.1 Purpose . 142
10.2 Specific definitions . 142
10.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 143
10.4 Unpierced circular flat ends welded to cylindrical shells . 144
10.5 Unpierced bolted circular flat ends . 151
10.6 Pierced circular flat ends . 154
10.7 Flat ends of non-circular or annular shape . 159
11 Flanges . 163
11.1 Purpose . 163
11.2 Specific definitions . 163
11.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 164
11.4 General . 166
11.5 Narrow face gasketed flanges . 170
11.6 Full face flanges with soft ring type gaskets . 186
11.7 Seal welded flanges . 189
11.8 Reverse narrow face flanges . 189
11.9 Reverse full face flanges . 192
11.10 Full face flanges with metal to metal contact . 196
12 Bolted domed ends . 199
12.1 Purpose . 199
12.2 Specific definitions . 199
12.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 199
12.4 General . 199
12.5 Bolted domed ends with narrow face gaskets . 199
12.6 Bolted domed ends with full face joints. 201
13 Heat Exchanger Tubesheets . 203
13.1 Purpose . 203
13.2 Specific definitions . 203
13.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 203
13.4 U-tube tubesheet heat exchangers . 206
13.5 Fixed tubesheet heat exchangers . 220
13.6 Floating tubesheet heat exchangers . 249
13.7 Tubesheet characteristics . 267
13.8 Maximum permissible tube to tubesheet joint stress . 274
13.9 Maximum permissible longitudinal compressive stress for tubes . 275
13.10 Design of tubesheet flange extension with a narrow face gasket. 278
13.11 Design of tubesheet flange extension with a full face gasket . 282
13.12 Special tube-to-tubesheet welded joints . 285
14 Expansion bellows . 289
14.1 Purpose . 289
14.2 Specific definitions . 289
14.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 291
14.4 Conditions of applicability. 293
14.5 U-shaped unreinforced bellows . 295
14.6 U-shaped reinforced bellows . 310
14.7 Toroidal bellows . 319
Issue 1 (2021-05)
14.8 Fabrication . 325
14.9 Inspection and testing . 327
14.10 Bellows subjected to axial, lateral or angular displacements . 329
15 Pressure vessels of rectangular section. 335
15.1 Purpose . 335
15.2 Specific definitions . 335
15.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 335
15.4 General . 337
15.5 Unreinforced vessels . 337
15.6 Reinforced vessels . 346
15.7 Openings . 355
16 Additional non-pressure loads. 357
16.1 Purpose . 357
16.2 Specific definitions . 357
16.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 358
16.4 Local loads on nozzles in spherical shells . 359
16.5 Local loads on nozzles in cylindrical shells . 370
16.6 Line loads . 379
16.7 Lifting lugs . 385
16.8 Horizontal vessels on saddle supports . 391
16.9 Horizontal vessels on ring supports. 406
16.10 Vertical vessels on bracket supports . 411
16.11 Vertical vessels with supporting legs . 416
16.12 Vertical vessels with skirts . 418
16.13 Vertical vessels with ring supports . 451
16.14 Global loads on cylindrical shells . 462
17 Simplified assessment of fatigue life . 474
17.1 Purpose . 474
17.2 Specific definitions . 474
17.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 477
17.4 Conditions of applicability . 479
17.5 General . 480
17.6 Determination of allowable number of pressure and thermal cycles . 488
17.7 Assessment rule . 513
17.8 Design and manufacture. 513
17.9 Testing. 514
18 Detailed assessment of fatigue life . 515
18.1 Purpose . 515
18.2 Specific definitions . 515
18.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 519
18.4 Limitations . 521
18.5 General . 522
18.6 Welded material . 525
18.7 Unwelded components and bolts . 530
18.8 Elastic-plastic conditions . 534
18.9 Fatigue action . 536
18.10 Fatigue strength of welded components . 540
18.11 Fatigue strength of unwelded components . 560
18.12 Fatigue strength of steel bolts . 565
19 Creep design . 568
19.1 Purpose . 568
19.2 Specific definitions . 568
19.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 568
19.4 Design in the creep range . 569
Issue 1 (2021-05)
19.5 Nominal Design stress in the creep range . 570
19.6 Weld joint factor in the creep range . 574
19.7 Pressure loading of predominantly non-cyclic nature in the creep range . 574
19.8 Design procedures for DBF . 574
20 Design rules for reinforced flat walls . 578
20.1 General . 578
20.2 Stayed flat walls . 578
20.3 Specific definitions for stayed flat walls . 578
20.4 Required thickness of stayed flat walls . 578
20.5 Required dimensions and layout of staybolts and stays . 578
20.6 Requirements for threaded staybolts . 579
20.7 Requirements for welded-in staybolts and welded stays . 579
20.8 Tables for stayed flat walls . 580
20.9 Figures for Stayed Flat Walls . 580
21 Circular flat ends with radial reinforcement ribs . 584
21.1 Purpose . 584
21.2 Specific definitions . 584
21.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 586
21.4 Ends without additional peripheral bending moment. 587
21.5 Ends with additional peripheral bending moment . 589
21.6 Openings . 593
21.7 Welds . 593
21.8 Central Ring . 594
22 Static analysis of tall vertical vessels on skirts . 595
22.1 Purpose . 595
22.2 Specific definitions . 595
22.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 595
22.4 Loads . 596
22.5 Load combinations . 600
22.6 Stress analysis of pressure vessel shells and skirts . 600
22.7 Design of joint between skirt and pressure vessel (at dished end or cylindrical shell) . 601
22.8 Design of anchor bolts and base ring assembly . 601
22.9 Foundation loads . 601
22.10 Vortex shedding . 602
Annex A (normative) Design requirements for pressure bearing welds . 606
Annex B (normative) Design by Analysis – Direct Route . 630
Annex C (normative) Design by analysis — Method based on stress categories . 662
Annex D (informative) Verification of the shape of vessels subject to external pressure . 684
Annex E (normative) Procedure for calculating the departure from the true circle of cylinders
and cones . 691
Annex F (normative) Allowable external pressure for vessels outside circularity tolerance . 694
Annex G (normative) Alternative design rules for flanges and gasketed flange connections . 696
Annex H (informative) Gasket factors m and y . 746
Annex I (normative) Additional information on heat exchanger tubesheet design . 749
Annex J (normative) Alternative method for the design of heat exchanger tubesheets . 753
Annex K (informative) Additional information on expansion bellows design . 802
Annex L (informative) Basis for design rules related to additional non-pressure loads . 809
Annex M (informative) In service monitoring of vessels operating in fatigue or creep service . 811
Issue 1 (2021-05)
Annex N (informative) Bibliography to Clause 18. 814
Annex O (informative) Physical properties of steels . 815
Annex P (normative) Classification of weld details to be assessed using principal stresses . 823
Annex Q (normative) Simplified procedure for the fatigue assessment of unwelded zones . 836
Annex R (informative) Coefficients for creep-rupture model equations for extrapolation of
creep-rupture strength . 837
Annex S (informative) Extrapolation of the nominal design stress based on time-independent
behaviour in the creep range . 844
Annex T (normative) Design by experimental methods . 849
Annex U (informative) Guidance on negligibility of additional thermal cycles in fatigue and
ratcheting assessment . 863
Annex V (informative) Consider a buffer for unknown nozzle loads — Opening design for
unknown nozzle loads . 872
Annex Y (informative) History of EN 13445-3 . 873
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered . 874
Issue 1 (2021-05)
European foreword
This document (EN 13445-3:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired pressure
vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text
or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by November 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
List of all parts in the EN 13445 series can be found on the CEN website.
Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognised that the Parts are inter-dependant. As
such the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all the relevant Parts in order for
the requirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled.
Corrections to the standard interpretations where several options seem possible are conducted through the
Migration Help Desk (MHD). Information related to the Help Desk can be found at http://www.unm.fr
(en13445@unm.fr). A form for submitting questions can be downloaded from the link to the MHD website.
After subject experts have agreed an answer, the answer will be communicated to the questioner. Corrected
pages will be given specific issue number and issued by CEN according to CEN Rules. Interpretation sheets will
be posted on the website of the MHD.
This document supersedes EN 13445-3:2014. This new edition incorporates the Amendments which have been
approved previously by CEN members, and the corrected pages up to Issue 5 without any further technical
change. Annex Y provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the
previous edition.
Amendments to this new edition may be issued from time to time and then used immediately as alternatives to
rules contained herein. It is intended to deliver a new Issue of EN 13445:2021 each year, starting with the
precedent as Issue 1, consolidating these Amendments and including other identified corrections.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this European Prestandard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
1 Scope
This Part of this document specifies requirements for the design of unfired pressure vessels covered by EN
13445-1:2021 and constructed of steels in accordance with EN 13445-2:2021.
EN 13445-5:2021EN 13445-5:2021, Annex C specifies requirements for the design of access and inspection
openings, closing mechanisms and special locking elements.
NOTE This Part applies to design of vessels before putting into service. It may be used for in service calculation
or analysis subject to appropriate adjustment.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the
latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 286-2:1992, Simple unfired pressure vessels designed to contain air or nitrogen — Part 2: Pressure vessels
for air braking and auxiliary systems for motor vehicles and their trailers
EN 764-1:2015+A1:2016, Pressure equipment — Terminology — Part 1: Pressure, temperature, volume,
nominal size
EN 764-2:2012, Pressure equipment — Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units
EN 764-3:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 3: Definition of parties involved
EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
EN 837-3:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 3: Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges — Dimensions,
metrology, requirements and testing
EN 1092-1:2018, Flanges and their joints — Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories, PN-
designated — Part 1: Steel flanges
EN 1591-1:2013, Flanges and their joints — Design rules for gasketed circular flange connections —
Calculation method
EN 1708-1:2010, Welding — Basic weld joint details in steel — Part 1: Pressurized components
1)
EN 1990:2002 , Eurocode — Basis of structural design
EN 1992-1-1:2005, Eurocode 2 — Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
2)
EN 1991-1-4:2005 , Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part 1-4: General actions — Wind actions
1)
EN 1990:2002 is impacted by the stand-alone amendment EN 1990:2002/A1:2005 and the corrigendum
EN 1990:2002/AC:2010.
2)
EN 1991-1-4:2005 is impacted by the stand-alone amendment EN 1991-1-4:2005/A1:2010 and the corrigendum
EN 1991-1-4:2005/AC:2010.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
EN 1991-1-6:2005, Eurocode 1 — Actions on structures — Part 1-6: General actions — Actions during
execution
EN 1998-1:2004, Design of structures for earthquake resistance — Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and
rules for buildings
EN 10204:2004, Metallic products – Type of inspection documents
EN 10222-1:1998, EN 10222-1:1998/A1:2002, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 1: General
requirements for open die forgings
EN 12195-1:2010, Load restraining on road vehicles — Safety — Part 1: Calculation of securing forces
EN 13445-1:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 1: General
EN 13445-2:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials
EN 13445-4:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 4: Fabrication
EN 13445-5:2021EN 13445-5:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 13445-8:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 8: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of
aluminium and aluminium alloys
EN 13555:2014, Flanges and their joints — Gasket parameters and test procedures relevant to the design
rules for gasketed circular flange connections
EN ISO 4014:2011, Hexagon head bolts — Product grades A and B (ISO 4014:2011)
EN ISO 4016:2011, Hexagon head bolts — Product grade C (ISO 4016:2011)
EN ISO 15613:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification based on pre-production welding test
ISO 261:1998, ISO general purpose metric threads — General plan
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Part of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13445-1:2021, EN 13445-
2:2021 and the following apply:
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform:
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SIST EN 13445-3:2021は、無火圧容器の設計に関する重要な標準文書であり、EN 13445-1:2019に基づく無火圧容器の設計要件を明確に定めています。この標準は、EN 13445-2:2019に準拠した鋼材を使用して構築された圧力容器に適用されるため、業界全体で広く利用されることが期待されます。 本標準の強みは、特に設計段階における要求事項が詳細にまとめられていることです。設計者は、無火圧容器の安全性と性能を保証するために必要なガイドラインを持つことで、適切な設計を行うことができるようになります。また、EN 13445-5:2019の附属書Cに記載されているアクセスおよび検査用開口部、閉鎖機構、特別なロッキング要素に関する設計要件も含まれており、設計の包括性が高まっています。 この標準は、サービスに投入する前の容器の設計に直接的に適用されますが、実際に使用される場合の計算や分析にも適用可能であり、妥当な調整を行うことで実務における柔軟性も持たせています。そのため、無火圧容器の設計を行うエンジニアにとって、非常に有用なリソースです。 SIST EN 13445-3:2021は、無火圧容器の設計における国際的な基準となることを志向しており、関連する業界への影響力が大きいことが期待されます。これにより、品質と安全性が向上し、業界の信頼性を強化する役割を果たすでしょう。
SIST EN 13445-3:2021 표준은 비가열 압력 용기의 설계에 대한 중요하고 구체적인 요구사항을 제시하고 있습니다. 이 문서는 EN 13445-1:2019에서 다루는 비가열 압력 용기와 관련된 설계 요구사항을 다루며, EN 13445-2:2019에 따라 제작된 강재로 구성된 용기에 적용됩니다. 이러한 표준은 비가열 압력 용기의 설계 과정을 체계적이고 일관되고 안전하게 관리할 수 있도록 도와줍니다. 이 표준의 강점은 설계의 모든 측면에 대한 포괄적인 지침을 제공한다는 점입니다. 특히, EN 13445-5:2019의 부록 C에서는 접근 및 점검 기공, 폐쇄 메커니즘 그리고 특별 잠금 요소의 설계에 대한 요구사항도 명확하게 서술되어 있어, 용기의 다양한 사용 사례에 대한 설계를 지원합니다. 이러한 세부 규정은 사용자가 설계 시 직면할 수 있는 잠재적인 위험 요소를 예방하는 데 기여합니다. SIST EN 13445-3:2021 표준은 비가열 압력 용기를 서비스에 투입하기 전, 그리고 서비스 중의 계산이나 분석에 적절한 조정을 통해 사용할 수 있는 유연성을 제공합니다. 이는 설계자의 필요와 환경에 맞추어 표준을 활용할 수 있도록 해 주어, 산업 현장에서의 적용 가능성을 한층 높이고 있습니다. 결론적으로, SIST EN 13445-3:2021은 비가열 압력 용기에 대한 설계의 기준을 매끄럽고 일관되게 제시함으로써, 관련 업계에 중요한 영향력을 미치고 있으며, 실질적인 안전성을 보장하는 데 중요한 역할을 하고 있습니다.
The EN 13445-3:2021 standard provides a comprehensive framework for the design of unfired pressure vessels, specifically targeting the requirements established in EN 13445-1:2019. The clear articulation of its scope ensures that engineers and designers are aligned with the fundamental principles governing the structural integrity and safety of pressure vessels constructed from steels as outlined in EN 13445-2:2019. One of the significant strengths of this standard is its thoroughness in defining design requirements, which helps to ensure reliability and safety in pressure vessel operations. The detailed guidelines not only cover general design principles but also address specific elements concerning access and inspection openings, closing mechanisms, and special locking elements as referenced in EN 13445-5:2019, Annex C. This inclusion is critical for facilitating maintenance and ensuring the long-term performance of unfired pressure vessels. Furthermore, the applicability of EN 13445-3:2021 for both pre-service design and in-service calculations is a notable aspect of its versatility. This dual functionality allows engineers to adapt the standards in real-world applications, fostering a proactive approach to safety and compliance throughout the lifecycle of the pressure vessels. Overall, the relevance of EN 13445-3:2021 extends beyond mere compliance; it serves as a critical resource for ensuring the structural integrity and operational efficiency of unfired pressure vessels in various industrial domains. The clear and precise guidelines contribute significantly to the overarching goal of enhancing safety standards within the field.
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