EN ISO 5667-1:2006

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EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN ISO 5667-1December 2006ICS 13.060.45Supersedes EN 25667-1:1993
English VersionWater quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design ofsampling programmes and sampling techniques (ISO 5667-1:2006)Qualité de l'eau - Échantillonnage - Partie 1: Lignesdirectrices pour la conception des programmes et destechniques d'échantillonnage (ISO 5667-1:2006)Wasserbeschaffenheit - Probenahme - Teil 1: Anleitung zurErstellung von Probenahmeprogrammen undProbenahmetechniken (ISO 5667-1:2006)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 November 2006.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2006 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 5667-1:2006: E

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 5667-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147 "Water quality" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 230 "Water analysis", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2007, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2007.
This document supersedes EN 25667-1:1993.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 5667-1:2006 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 5667-1:2006 without any modifications.

Reference numberISO 5667-1:2006(E)© ISO 2006
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO5667-1Second edition2006-12-15Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour la conception des programmes et des techniques d'échantillonnage

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ISO 5667-1:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword.v 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.1 4 General safety precautions.2 5 Design of sampling programmes.3 5.1 General.3 5.2 Broad objectives for the design of sampling programmes.3 5.3 Specific considerations in relation to variability.5 5.4 Identifying the sampling location.5 6 Characteristics and conditions affecting sampling.6 7 Sampling from specific types of water.6 7.1 Natural waters.6 7.2 Processed waters.7 8 Time and frequency of sampling.8 8.1 General.8 8.2 Water quality management programmes.9 8.3 Quality characterization programmes.9 8.4 Programmes for investigation of causes of contamination.9 8.5 Statistical considerations.9 8.6 Duration of sampling occasion and composite samples.12 9 Flow measurements and situations justifying flow measurements for water quality purposes.12 9.1 General.12 9.2 Direction of flow.12 9.3 Velocity of flow.13 9.4 Discharge rate.13 9.5 Flow structure.13 9.6 Cross-sectional area.13 9.7 Justification for flow measurements in water quality control management.13 9.8 Methods available for flow measurement.14 10 Sampling techniques.15 10.1 General.15 10.2 Spot samples.15 10.3 Periodic samples (discontinuous).16 10.4 Continuous samples.16 10.5 Series sampling.17 10.6 Composite samples.17 10.7 Large-volume samples.17 11 Sampling equipment.17 11.1 General.17 11.2 Types of sample container.18 12 Sampling equipment for physical or chemical characteristics.19 12.1 General.19 12.2 Equipment for spot sampling.20 12.3 Grabs or dredges for sampling sediment.20

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 12.4 Core samplers.20 12.5 Sampling equipment for dissolved gases and volatile materials.20 12.6 Sampling equipment for radioactivity characteristics.21 12.7 Sampling equipment for biological and microbiological characteristics.21 12.8 Automatic sampling equipment.21 12.9 Preparation of sampling equipment.22 13 Avoidance of contamination.23 13.1 General.23 13.2 Sources of contamination.23 13.3 Control of contamination.24 14 Transport to, and storage of samples at, the depot or laboratory.24 15 Sample identification and records.25 15.1 General.25 15.2 Samples that might be used for legal purposes.25 Annex A (informative)
Diagrams illustrating types of periodic and continuous samples.27 Bibliography.30

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 5667-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 6, Sampling (general methods), and by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230, Water analysis, in collaboration. Within ISO, this second edition cancels and replaces the first edition of ISO 5667-1:1980, ISO 5667-1:1980/Cor.1:1996 and the second edition of ISO 5667-2:1991, which have been technically revised. Within CEN, this document supersedes EN 25667-1:1993 and EN 25667-2:1993. ISO 5667 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Sampling: — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques — Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples — Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made — Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works and piped distribution systems — Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams — Part 7: Guidance on sampling of water and steam in boiler plants — Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of wet deposition — Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters — Part 10: Guidance on sampling of waste waters — Part 11: Guidance on sampling of groundwaters — Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments — Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges from sewage and water treatment works — Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling — Part 15: Guidance on preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) vi © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved — Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples — Part 17: Guidance on sampling of suspended sediments — Part 18: Guidance on sampling of groundwater at contaminated sites — Part 19: Guidance on sampling of marine sediments — Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision making — Compliance with thresholds and classification systems

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5667-1:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques 1 Scope This part of ISO 5667 sets out the general principles for, and provides guidance on, the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters, sludges, effluents and bottom deposits). It does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are covered in the various other parts of ISO 5667. Also, it does not include microbiological sampling, which is covered in ISO 19458 [23]. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6107-1, Water quality — Vocabulary — Part 1 ISO 6107-2, Water quality — Vocabulary — Part 2 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6107-1, ISO 6107-2 and the following apply. 3.1 periodic sampling process of taking samples at fixed intervals which can be time-, volume- or flow-dependent 3.2 area profile sampling process of taking samples at chosen locations in a specific area while keeping other parameters (e.g. time, depth) as constant as possible 3.3 depth profile sampling process of taking samples at chosen depths at a specific location while keeping other parameters (e.g. time, flow) as constant as possible

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) 2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 4 General safety precautions The enormously wide range of conditions encountered in sampling water bodies and bottom deposits can subject sampling personnel to a variety of safety and health risks. Precautions should be taken to avoid inhalation of toxic gases and ingestion of toxic materials through the nose, mouth and skin. Personnel responsible for the design of sampling programmes and for carrying out sampling operations should ensure that sampling personnel are informed of the necessary precautions to be taken in sampling operations. Attention is drawn to the requirements of national and/or regional health and safety regulations. NOTE Precautions against accidents might need to be taken. More specific situations are discussed in 5.3. Weather conditions should be taken into account in order to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment and it is essential that life jackets and lifelines should be worn when sampling large masses of water. Before sampling from ice-covered waters, the location and extent of weak ice should be carefully checked. If self-contained underwater breathing apparatus or other diving equipment is used, it should always be checked and maintained in accordance with relevant ISO or national standards to ensure reliability. Boats or platforms used for sampling purposes should be capable of being maintained in a stable condition. In all waters, precautions should be taken in relation to commercial ships and fishing vessels; for example, the correct signal flags should be flown to indicate the nature of the work being undertaken. Sampling from unsafe sites, such as unstable river banks, should be avoided wherever possible. If this is not possible, the operation should be conducted by a team using appropriate precautions rather than by a single operator. Wherever possible, sampling from bridges should be used as a substitute for bank sampling unless bank conditions are the specific subject of the sampling study. Safe access to sampling sites in all weather is essential for frequent routine sampling. Where relevant, precautions should be taken where additional natural hazards are present, such as fauna or flora, that can endanger the health or safety of personnel. Hazardous materials (e.g. bottles containing concentrated acids) should be properly labelled. If instruments or other items of equipment are to be installed on a river bank for sampling purposes, locations that are susceptible to flooding or vandalism should be avoided or appropriate precautions taken. Many other situations arise during the sampling of water when special precautions should be taken to avoid accidents. For example, some industrial effluents can be corrosive or can contain toxic or flammable materials. The potential dangers associated with contact with sewage should also not be overlooked; these can be gaseous, microbiological, virological or zoological, such as from amoebae or helminthes. Gas protection equipment, breathing apparatus, resuscitation apparatus and other safety equipment should be available when sampling personnel need to enter sampling locations containing hazardous atmospheres. In addition, the concentration of oxygen and of any likely toxic or asphyxiating vapour or gas likely to be present should be measured before personnel enter enclosed spaces. In the sampling of steam and hot discharges, special care is necessary, and recognized sampling techniques designed to remove hazards should be applied. The handling of radioactive samples requires special care, and the special techniques required should be strictly applied. The use of electrically operated sampling equipment in or near water can present special electrocution hazards. Work procedures, site design and equipment maintenance should be planned so as to minimize these hazards.

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 35 Design of sampling programmes 5.1 General Whenever a volume of water, bottom deposit or sludge is to be characterized, it is generally impossible to examine the whole and it is therefore necessary to take samples. Samples are collected and examined primarily for the following reasons: a) to determine the concentration of associated physical, chemical, biological and radiological parameters in space and time; b) with bottom deposits, to obtain a visual indication of their nature; c) to estimate the flux of material; d) to assess trends over time or over space; e) for compliance with, or attainment of, criteria, standards or objectives. Sampling programmes, the outcome of which will be estimates of summary statistics and trends, should be designed in full awareness of the issues of statistical sampling error and the techniques by which these errors are quantified and how they are used to take decisions. The samples collected should be as representative as possible of the whole to be characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and analysis (see ISO 5667-3 [3] for additional guidance). The sampling of multiphase systems, such as water containing suspended solids or immiscible organic liquids, can present special problems and in such cases, specific advice should be sought (see Clause 6). 5.2 Broad objectives for the design of sampling programmes Before any sampling programme is devised, it is very important that the objectives of the programme are carefully established since they are the major factors in determining the position of sampling sites, frequency of sampling, duration of sampling, sampling procedures, subsequent treatment of samples and analytical requirements. The degree of accuracy and precision necessary for the estimation of water quality concentrations sought should also be taken into account, as should the manner in which the results are to be expressed and presented, for example, as concentrations or mass loads, maximum and/or minimum values, arithmetic means, median values, etc. The sampling programme should be designed to be capable of estimating the error in such values as affected by statistical sampling error and errors in chemical analysis. Additionally, a list of parameters of interest should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures consulted since these might give guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and subsequent handling. (General guidance on handling of samples is given in ISO 5667-3 [3].) It can often be necessary to carry out a preliminary sampling and analysis programme before the final objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from previous programmes at the same or similar locations and other information on local conditions. Previous personal experience of similar programmes or situations can also be very valuable when setting up a new programme for the first time. Putting sufficient effort in time and money into the design of a proper sampling programme is a good investment that will ensure that the required information is obtained both efficiently and economically; failure to put proper effort into this aspect can result in either failure of the programme to achieve its objectives and/or over-expenditure of time and money. Three broad objectives can be distinguished as follows (these are covered in more detail in 8.2, 8.3 and 8.4): ⎯ quality control measurements within water or waste water treatment plants used to decide when short-term process corrections are required;

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) 4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved ⎯ quality characterization measurements used to estimate quality, perhaps as part of a research project, for setting and measuring performance targets against regulatory targets, for long-term control purposes or to indicate long-term trends; ⎯ identification and control of sources of contamination. The purpose of the programme can change from quality characterization to quality control and vice-versa. For example, a longer-term programme for nitrate characterization might become a short-term quality control programme requiring increased frequency of sampling as the nitrate concentration approaches a critical value. No single sampling study can satisfy all possible purposes. It is therefore important that specific sampling programmes are optimized for specific study purposes, such as the following: a) to determine the suitability of water for an intended use and, if necessary, to assess any treatment or control requirements, for example, to examine borehole water for cooling, boiler feed or process purposes or, if a natural spring, as a possible source of water intended for human consumption; b) to study the effect of waste discharges, including accidental spillages, on a receiving water; c) to assess the performance and control of water, sewage and industrial effluent plants, for example 1) to assess the variations and long-term changes in load entering a treatment works, 2) to determine the efficiency of each stage in a treatment process,
3) to provide evidence of quality of treated water, 4) to control the concentration of treated substances including those which can constitute a health hazard or which can inhibit a bacteriological process, and 5) to control substances which can damage the fabric of plant or equipment; d) to study the effects of fresh and saline water flows on estuarine conditions in order to provide information on mixing patterns and associated stratification with variations in tides and freshwater flow; e) to identify and quantify products lost from industrial processes; this information is required when product balances across the plant are to be assessed and when effluent discharges are to be measured; f) to establish the quality of boiler water, steam condensate and other reclaimed water, enabling its suitability for a particular intended purpose to be assessed; g) to control the operation of industrial cooling water systems; this enables the use of water to be optimized and, at the same time, the problems associated with scale formation and corrosion to be minimized; h) to study the effects of atmospheric contaminants on the quality of rainwater; this provides useful information on air quality and also indicates if problems are likely to arise, for example, on exposed electrical contacts; i) to assess the effect of inputs from the land on water quality from naturally occurring materials, or contamination by fertilizers, pesticides and chemicals used in agriculture, or both; j) to assess the effect of the accumulation and release of substances by bottom deposits on the aquatic biota in the water mass or bottom deposit; k) to study the effect of abstraction, river regulation and river-to-river transfers on natural water-courses; for example, varying proportions of waters of different quality can be involved in river regulation and the quality of the resulting blend can fluctuate;

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 5l) to assess changes in water quality which occur in distribution systems for water for human consumption; these changes can occur for a number of reasons, for example, contamination, introduction of water from a new source, biological growths, deposition of scale or dissolution of metal. On some occasions, the conditions can be sufficiently stable and the forms of variability understood for the required information and the accompanying estimates of errors to be obtained from a simple sampling programme. But, in most locations, quality characteristics are subject to continuous variations in time and space and, ideally, assessment should also be continuous. However, this is often very costly and in many situations impossible to achieve. In the absence of continuous low-error monitoring, and in the use of data collected by sampling, it is vital to take account of statistical sampling error. When considering sampling programmes, the special considerations given in 5.3 should be borne in mind. 5.3 Specific considerations in relation to variability Sampling programmes can be complex in situations and locations where wide, rapid and continuous variations occur in characteristics such as the concentrations of determinants of interest. These variations can be caused by such factors as extreme changes in temperature, flow patterns or plant operating conditions (as well as in things like chemical analysis). The design of any sampling programme should take this variability into account, either by means of continuous assessment (see Figure A.1) (although this is often very costly and in many situations impossible to achieve), or by taking into account the following recommendations. a) The programme should be set in terms of the requirements of techniques that allow the estimation of statistical sampling error. b) Sampling should be avoided at or near boundaries of systems unless those conditions are of special interest. c) Care should be taken to eliminate or minimize any changes in the concentration of determinants of interest that might be produced by the sampling process itself, and to ensure that changes during the period between sampling and analysis are avoided or minimized. For detailed guidance on these issues, reference should be made to ISO 5667-14 [14]. d) Composite sampling may be used to give the best indication of the average composition over a period of time, provided that the determinant being measured is stable during the period of sampling and examination. Data derived from composite sampling should be considered a specific data type in databases so that this type of data is not confused with discrete samples. It should be borne in mind that composite samples are of little value in determining transient peak conditions. In situations of extreme variability of flow, or concentration, or both (for example, intermittent plant effluents), there may be a benefit in studying the discharge or flow parameters to ascertain whether a pattern is evident, before committing to a particular sampling programme. 5.4 Identifying the sampling location Depending on the objectives to be achieved (see 5.2), the sampling network can be anything from a single site to, for example, an entire river catchment. A basic river network can comprise sampling sites at the tidal limit, major tributaries at its confluence and major discharges of sewage or industrial effluent. In designing water quality sampling networks, it is usual to make provision for the measurement of flow at key stations (see Clause 9). Identifying the sampling location enables comparative samples to be taken. In most river sampling situations, sampling locations can readily be fixed by reference to physical features on the river bank. On uncovered estuarine and coastal shores, sampling locations can similarly be related to an easily recognizable static object. For sampling from a boat in these situations, instrumental methods for location identification should be used. Map references or other standard forms of reference can be valuable in achieving this.

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) 6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 6 Characteristics and conditions affecting sampling Flow can change from streamlined to turbulent and vice-versa. Ideally, samples should be taken from turbulent, well-mixed liquids and, whenever possible, turbulence should be induced in flows that are streamlined, except where samples for the determination of dissolved gases and volatile materials are to be collected, the concentration of which can be altered by induced turbulence. Sampling staff should ensure that “reverse flow”, which can occur from other parts of the system, does not produce contamination at the sampling point. Discrete “slugs” of material can occur at any time, for example, dissolved contaminants, solids, volatile materials or oily surface layers. These should be captured within any sampling programme designed to produce valid and representative samples. Where sampling from pipes is carried out, the liquids to be sampled should be pumped through pipes of adequate size and at linear velocities high enough to maintain turbulent flow characteristics. Horizontal pipe runs should be avoided. When sampling heterogeneous liquids, pipes with a minimum nominal bore of 25 mm should be used. When sampling liquids that are corrosive or abrasive, resistance to these conditions should be taken into account. It should be borne in mind that the cheapest course is not necessarily to use expensive chemically-resistant equipment for short-term sampling if the equipment can readily be replaced and contamination of the sample by corrosive products is not likely to be significant. Sampling programmes should be designed to take into account temperature variation over long or short periods, which can cause changes in the nature of the sample that can affect the effectiveness of equipment used for sampling. The sampling of waters for suspended solids needs particular care. ISO 5667-17 [16] provides guidance on the sampling of waters for suspended solids, monitoring and investigating freshwater quality and, more particularly, flowing freshwater systems such as rivers and streams. Certain elements of ISO 5667-17 [16] can be applied to freshwater lakes, reservoirs and impoundments; however, field sampling programmes can differ and are not necessarily covered within ISO 5667-17 [16]. Sampling for volatile constituents should be carried out with care. Material being sampled should be pumped with the minimum of suction lift. All pipework should be kept full of the water being sampled and the sample bled from a pressurized pipe after running some of the material to waste to ensure that the sample collected is representative. The sampling of mixtures of waters of different densities should be carried out with care, for example, layering in a streamlined flow can take place with fresh water over saline water. The possible presence of toxic liquids or fumes and the possible build-up of explosive vapours should always be taken into account in a sampling situation. Changes in meteorological conditions can induce marked variations in water quality; such changes should be noted and allowance made for them when interpreting results. 7 Sampling from specific types of water 7.1 Natural waters The following standards within the ISO 5667 series provide specific guidance on the sampling of a range of natural waters and should be referred to for specific advice. ISO 5667-6 [6] provides guidance on the sampling from rivers and streams.

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 7ISO 5667-8 [8] provides guidance on the sampling of wet deposition. ISO 5667-9 [9] provides guidance on the sampling from marine waters. ISO 5667-19 [18] provides guidance on the sampling of sediments in marine areas. When sampling from canals, it should be taken into account that the direction of flow can be changeable and the flow rate can vary considerably and be more dependent upon the amount of navigational use (i.e. the number of locking operations) than upon prevailing weather conditions. It should also be taken into account that stratification and streaming will tend to be more pronounced under the quiescent conditions found in canals than in rivers. The passage of boats can have a very marked short-term effect on the quality of water in a canal, especially on the suspended solids concentration. ISO 5667-4 [4] provides guidance on the sampling from natural and man-made lakes. In naturally formed bathing places, sampling should be carried out as for storage reservoirs and lakes (see ISO 5667-4 [4]). In swimming pools with recirculating systems, samples should be taken at the inlet, the outlet and from the body of the water. ISO 5667-11 [11] provides guidance on the sampling of groundwaters. ISO 5667-12 [12] provides guidance on the sampling of sedimentary materials from inland rivers, streams, lakes, estuarine and harbour areas. ISO 5667-17 [16] provides guidance on the sampling of suspended sediments. ISO 5667-18 [17] provides guidance on the sampling of groundwaters at contaminated sites. 7.2 Processed waters 7.2.1 Industrial water Processed waters can include water intended for human consumption, river water and borehole water and are usually homogeneous in composition at any given time, although they can vary in quality with time. The water usually enters industrial premises through a conventional system of pipes, and no special sampling situations arise. If separate, non-potable industrial supplies are available, special care is needed to ensure that the various distribution systems are clearly identified and that there is no uncertainty at the sampling points. To check that a water is suitable for drinking purposes, facilities should be available for sampling. If information on the quality of the final blend of a mixture of waters is required, it is necessary to ensure that adequate mixing has occurred before sampling. ISO 5667-7 provides guidance on the sampling from boiler plants. 7.2.2 Industrial effluents and process waters The sampling of industrial effluents has to be considered in relation to the nature and location of each individual effluent. In general, industrial effluent discharge points can be pipe discharges or open ducts at remote locations where physical access is difficult and no services are available. Alternatively, the discharge points can be readily accessible within the factory premises. It can, on occasion, be necessary to sample from deep manholes and in such cases, specially designed equipment is required. With manhole sampling, it is preferable, for safety reasons, that the manhole should be designed so as to permit sampling to take place without entry.

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) 8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved The possibility of domestic sewage from the factory finding its way into the sample should also be taken into account and the sampling site should therefore be chosen to exclude such wastes, where necessary. If the effluent discharge is to a lagoon or holding tank, then the sampling situation becomes similar to that for lakes. In some industrial situations (for example, discharges from individual plant units before further dilution), concentrations of certain constituents can present special difficulties requiring individual attention, such as the presence of oil or grease, high levels of suspended solids, highly acidic effluents and flammable liquids or gases. When effluents from a variety of processes discharge into a common main, adequate mixing is required in order to obtain a satisfactory sample. 7.2.3 Waste waters and sludges 7.2.3.1 ISO 5667-10 provides guidance on the sampling of waste waters. This can include a wide range of chemical sludges produced in industrial water treatment, such as those containing toxic metals or radioactive materials or biological sludges from effluent treatment plants. When sampling such sludges, suitable safety precautions should be applied. ISO 5667-13 [13] provides guidance on the sampling of industrial sludges derived from water and wastewater treatment. Samples might be required both when sewage enters a treatment plant and also after various stages of treatment, including samples of the treated effluent. 7.2.3.2 ISO 5667-13 gives guidance on the sampling of sludges from wastewater treatment works, water treatment works and industrial processes. It is applicable to all types of sludges arising from these works and also to sludges of similar characteristics, for example, septic tank sludges. Guidance is also given on the design of sampling programmes and techniques for the collection of samples. The discharge of such waters normally occurs when flows in the receiving water-courses are high and the dilution available is correspondingly large. For a variety of reasons, however, storm sewage overflows can operate at other times and surface run-off can become contaminated to such an extent that the overflows can represent a serious threat to the quality of a watercourse even under high flow conditions. The sampling of such discharges presents special problems because of their intermittent nature and because the quality can change markedly throughout the period of discharge. The quality is worse in the first flush of the discharge as a result of the initial scouring of sewers and impermeable areas. Automatic sampling devices that collect samples at regular intervals and which start sampling at a prescribed flow offer many advantages but this equipment will need to be installed in a permanent state of readiness. In many instances, the setting of such equipment for flow-dependent sampling will be desirable. The usually highly heterogeneous nature of unmacerated or unsettled storm sewage gives rise to difficulties in obtaining a representative sample and to blocking of equipment. This heterogeneity should be taken into account when sampling techniques and equipment are being selected. Relevant precipitation and air temperature data should be collected throughout the period of investigation. 7.2.4 Water intended for human consumption and water used in food and beverages Guidance is provided in ISO 5667-5 [5]. 8 Time and frequency of sampling 8.1 General Information is normally required over a period of time during which the water quality might vary. Samples should therefore be taken at times which will adequately represent the quality and its variations with minimum effort. The sampling programme should be designed to account for seasonal and diurnal cycles and consider

ISO 5667-1:2006(E) © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 9business week cycles, random or transient events, and long-term persistence or trends. This approach contrasts with the choice of sampling frequency based on either subjective considerations or the amount of effort available for sampling and analysis. Both of these methods can lead either to totally inadequate sampling or, in theory, to unnecessarily frequent sampling. It might be necessary to increase sampling frequency while abnormal conditions persist, for example, during process plant start-up, during flood condit
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