EN 13445-4:2021
(Main)Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 4: Herstellung
Dieses Dokument enthält Anforderungen an die Herstellung von unbefeueren Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Stählen, einschließlich deren Verbindungen zu nicht drucktragenden Teilen. Es enthält Anforderungen an die Rückverfolgbarkeit von Werkstoffen, Fertigungstoleranzen, Schweißanforderungen, Anforderungen an nicht geschweißte dauerhafte Verbindungen, Arbeitsproben, Umformanforderungen, Wärmebehandlung, Reparaturen und Fertigbearbeitung.
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 4: Fabrication
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 4. del: Proizvodnja
Ta dokument določa zahteve za proizvodnjo neogrevanih tlačnih posod in njihovih delov, izdelanih iz jekel, vključno z njihovimi priključki na netlačne dele. Določa zahteve za sledljivost materiala, proizvodna odstopanja, zahteve za varjenje, zahteve za trajne spoje, ki niso varjeni, proizvodne preskuse, zahteve za oblikovanje, toplotno obdelavo, popravila in zaključne operacije.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 13445-4:2014
SIST EN 13445-4:2014/A1:2017
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 4. del: Proizvodnja
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 4: Herstellung
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 4: Fabrication
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-4:2021
ICS:
23.020.32 Tlačne posode Pressure vessels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 13445-4
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 23.020.30 Supersedes EN 13445-4:2014
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 4: Herstellung
Partie 4: Fabrication
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 February 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-4:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
Contents
Page
European foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Requirements for manufacturing and subcontracting . 8
4.1 Manufacturing . 8
4.2 Subcontracting . 9
5 Materials . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Material traceability . 9
5.2.1 General . 9
5.2.2 Identification system . 10
5.2.3 Visibility. 10
5.2.4 Review of material certification and material identification . 10
5.2.5 Transfer of markings . 11
6 Manufacturing tolerances . 11
6.1 Surface geometry of welds . 11
6.2 Middle line alignment . 11
6.3 Surface alignment . 13
6.3.1 Surface misalignment between parts . 13
6.3.2 Joining of parts of different thickness . 13
6.4 Tolerances for vessels subjected to internal pressure . 13
6.4.1 External diameter . 13
6.4.2 Out of roundness . 13
6.4.3 Deviation from the longitudinal axis . 14
6.4.4 Irregularities in profile . 14
6.4.5 Local thinning . 16
6.4.6 Dished ends . 17
6.5 Tolerances for vessels subjected to external pressure . 20
6.6 Structural tolerances . 20
7 Weld details . 20
7.1 General . 20
7.2 Vessels or parts made of more than one course . 20
7.3 Lapped joints, joggle joints, permanent backing strips . 20
8 Welding . 20
8.1 General . 20
8.2 Welding procedure specification (WPS) . 21
8.3 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) . 21
8.4 Qualification of welders and welding operators . 22
8.5 Filler metals and auxiliary materials . 23
8.6 Joint preparation . 23
8.7 Execution of welded joints . 24
8.8 Attachments, supports and stiffeners . 24
Issue 1 (2021-05)
8.9 Preheat . 24
8.10 Permanent joints other than welding . 25
8.10.1 General . 25
8.10.2 Mechanical roller expansion . 25
8.10.3 Brazing . 25
9 Manufacture and testing of welds — Production test . 25
9.1 General . 25
9.2 Reference criteria . 26
9.3 Extent of testing . 30
9.4 Performance of tests and acceptance criteria . 32
9.4.1 General . 32
9.4.2 Transverse tensile test . 32
9.4.3 Longitudinal weld tensile test . 32
9.4.4 Impact test . 32
9.4.5 Bend test . 32
9.4.6 Macro examination . 33
9.4.7 Micro examination . 33
9.4.8 Hardness test . 33
9.4.9 Retests . 33
9.4.10 Test report . 34
10 Forming of pressure parts . 34
10.1 General . 34
10.2 Ratio of deformation . 34
10.2.1 Dished circular products . 34
10.2.2 Cylinders and cones made by rolling . 35
10.2.3 Other product types . 36
10.2.4 Tube bends . 37
10.2.5 Forming of Segments . 37
10.3 Forming procedures . 38
10.3.1 Cold forming . 38
10.3.2 Hot forming . 39
10.4 Heat treatment after forming . 41
10.4.1 General . 41
10.4.2 Heat treatment of flat products after cold forming . 41
10.4.3 Heat treatment of tubular products after cold forming. 43
10.4.4 Heat treatment of clad steels after cold forming . 43
10.4.5 Heat treatment after hot forming . 43
10.4.6 Heat treatment of clad steels after hot forming . 44
10.5 Sampling of formed test coupons . 44
10.5.1 Cold formed products without heat treatment . 44
10.5.2 Hot formed or cold formed products with heat treatment . 44
10.6 Tests . 45
10.6.1 Base material . 45
10.6.2 Butt welds . 45
10.6.3 Acceptance criteria for formed test coupons . 46
10.6.4 Retests of formed coupons . 46
10.7 Visual inspection and control of dimension . 47
10.8 Marking . 47
10.9 Documentation . 47
11 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) . 47
11.1 General . 47
Issue 1 (2021-05)
11.2 Heat treatment conditions . 48
11.3 Method of PWHT . 51
11.4 PWHT procedure . 52
11.5 Mechanical properties after heat treatment . 53
11.6 Dissimilar ferritic joints . 55
11.7 Special materials . 56
11.8 Heat Treatment for reasons other than welding . 56
12 Repairs . 56
12.1 Repairs of surface defects in the parent metal . 56
12.2 Repair of weld defects . 57
13 Finishing operations . 57
Annex A (informative) Structural tolerances . 59
Annex B (informative) Example of a sub-contractors form . 63
Annex C (normative) Specification and approval of expansion procedures and operators . 64
C.1 General . 64
C.1.1 Introduction . 64
C.1.2 Responsibility . 64
C.1.3 Specification of expansion procedures . 64
C.1.4 Technical content of expansion procedure specification (EPS) . 65
C.1.5 Expansion procedure qualification test (EPQT) . 66
C.2 Examination and testing . 66
C.2.1 General . 66
C.2.2 Visual examination . 66
C.2.3 Dimensional verification . 66
C.2.4 Testing . 67
C.3 Range of approval . 67
C.3.1 General . 67
C.3.2 Manufacturer . 67
C.3.3 Material . 67
C.3.4 Tube dimensions . 68
C.3.5 Expansion factor . 68
C.3.6 Joint design . 68
C.3.7 Tool. 68
C.3.8 PWHT . 68
C.4 Expansion Procedure Approval Record (EPAR) . 69
C.5 Expansion operator approval . 69
C.5.1 General . 69
C.5.2 Validity range of expansion operator qualification. 69
C.5.3 Qualification tests . 69
C.5.4 Examination and testing . 70
C.5.5 Period of validity . 70
C.5.6 Certification . 70
Annex Y (informative) History of EN 13445-4 . 71
Y.1 Differences between EN 13445-4:2014 and EN 13445-4:2021 . 71
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered . 72
Bibliography . 73
Issue 1 (2021-05)
European foreword
This document (EN 13445-4:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired
pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2021, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by November 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
The list of all parts in the EN 13445 series can be found on the CEN website.
Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognised that the Parts are inter-
dependant. As such the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all the
relevant Parts in order for the requirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled.
Corrections to the standard interpretations where several options seem possible are conducted through
the Migration Help Desk (MHD). Information related to the Help Desk can be found at http://www.unm.fr
(en13445@unm.fr). A form for submitting questions can be downloaded from the link to the MHD
website. After subject experts have agreed an answer, the answer will be communicated to the
questioner. Corrected pages will be given specific issue number and issued by CEN according to CEN
Rules. Interpretation sheets will be posted on the website of the MHD.
This document supersedes EN 13445-4:2014. This new edition incorporates the Amendments which
have been approved previously by CEN members, and the corrected pages up to Issue 5 without any
further technical change. Annex Y provides details of significant technical changes between this European
Standard and the previous edition.
Amendments to this new edition may be issued from time to time and then used immediately as
alternatives to rules contained herein. It is intended to deliver a new Issue of EN 13445:2021 each year,
starting with the precedent as Issue 1, consolidating these Amendments and including other identified
corrections.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts,
made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material
traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other
than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 10028-2:2009, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steels
with specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10028-3:2009, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 3: Weldable fine grain steels,
normalized
EN 10028-4:2009, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 4: Nickel alloy steels with
specified low temperature properties
EN 10216-1:2013, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 1:
Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
EN 10216-2:2013, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 2:
Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10216-3:2013, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 3:
Alloy fine grain steel tubes
EN 10216-4:2013, Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical delivery conditions — Part 4:
Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature properties
EN 10217-1:2002, EN 10217-1:2002/A1:2005, Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical
delivery conditions — Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
EN 10217-2:2002, EN 10217-2:2002/A1:2005, Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical
delivery conditions — Part 2: Electric welded non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated
temperature properties
EN 10217-3:2002, EN 10217-3:2002/A1:2005, Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical
delivery conditions — Part 3: Alloy fine grain steel tubes
EN 10217-4:2002, EN 10217-4:2002/A1:2005, Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical
delivery conditions — Part 4: Electric welded non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature
properties
EN 10217-5:2002, EN 10217-5:2002/A1:2005, Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical
delivery conditions — Part 5: Submerged arc welded non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated
temperature properties
Issue 1 (2021-05)
EN 10217-6:2002, EN 10217-6:2002/A1:2005, Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes — Technical
delivery conditions — Part 6: Submerged arc welded non-alloy steel tubes with specified low temperature
properties
EN 10222-2:1999, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 2: Ferritic and martensitic steels with
specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10222-3:1998, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 3: Nickel steels with specified low
temperature properties
EN 10222-4:1998+A1:2002, Steel forgings for pressure purposes — Part 4: Weldable fine grain steels with
high proof strength
EN 13134:2000, Brazing — Procedure approval
EN 13445-1:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 1: General
EN 13445-2:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials
EN 13445-3:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design
EN 13445-5:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 14276-1:2006+A1:2011, Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Part 1:
Vessels — General requirements
EN ISO 3834-2:2005, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2:
Comprehensive quality requirements (ISO 3834-2:2005)
EN ISO 3834-3:2005, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Standard
quality requirements (ISO 3834-3:2005)
EN ISO 4136:2012, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Transverse tensile test
(ISO 4136:2012)
EN ISO 5173:2010, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Bend tests (ISO 5173:2009)
EN ISO 5178:2011, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Longitudinal tensile test on weld
metal in fusion welded joints (ISO 5178:2001)
EN ISO 9015-1:2011, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Hardness testing — Part 1:
Hardness test on arc welded joints (ISO 9015-1:2001)
EN ISO 9016:2012, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Impact tests — Test specimen
location, notch orientation and examination (ISO 9016:2012)
EN ISO 9606-1:2017, Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels (ISO 9606‐
1:2012 including Cor 1:2012 and Cor 2:2013)
EN ISO 13585:2012, Brazing — Qualification test of brazers and brazing operators (ISO 13585:2012)
EN ISO 14732:2013, Welding personnel — Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters for
mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials (ISO 14732:2013)
Issue 1 (2021-05)
EN ISO 15609-1:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Welding procedure specification — Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1:2004)
EN ISO 15611:2003, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification based on previous welding experience (ISO 15611:2003)
EN ISO 15612:2018, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification by adoption of a standard welding procedure (ISO 15612:2018)
EN ISO 15613:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification based on pre-production welding test (ISO 15613:2004)
EN ISO 15614-1:2017, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Welding procedure test — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
(ISO 15614-1:2017)
EN ISO 17639:2013, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Macroscopic and microscopic
examination of welds (ISO 17639:2003)
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Requirements for manufacturing and subcontracting
4.1 Manufacturing
The general responsibilities of the pressure vessel manufacturer are stated in EN 13445-1:2021.
Additionally to those requirements, the manufacturer shall ensure that:
a) the organisation for the control of manufacturing operations which includes special processes such
as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be clearly defined by the manufacturer;
b) the manufacturing procedures such as welding, forming and heat treatment are adequate for the
purpose and the pressure vessel meets the requirements of this standard. Where specific
requirements are associated with materials these shall be taken into account, e.g. EAMs;
c) the manufacturing equipment is adequate for fabrication;
d) the staff is adequate for the assigned tasks;
NOTE As far as welding co-ordination is concerned, the qualifications, tasks and responsibilities can be defined
by the manufacturer in accordance with EN ISO 14731:2007 [1] in the job assignment.
e) the quality requirements for welding defined in EN ISO 3834-3:2005 are met as a minimum.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
4.2 Subcontracting
The manufacturer may subcontract work, but shall ensure that the subcontractor carries out the work in
accordance with the requirements of this document. The manufacturer is responsible for the adequate
definition of the subcontracted task and the need for any associated records.
On all occasions that the subcontractor work includes
a) welding;
b) forming including associated heat treatment;
c) post weld heat treatment;
d) non-destructive testing of welds (see EN 13445-5:2021),
e) the manufacturer shall obtain a subcontractor form (see Annex B).
Where welding operations are subcontracted, the manufacturer shall also either obtain copies of the
welding procedure and welding operator qualification records or take other action to ensure that they
comply with this standard.
In discharging his responsibility to ensure that the subcontractor carries out the work in accordance with
this standard the manufacturer shall ensure that surveillance of the subcontracted work is performed.
Where a manufacturer is producing equipment that requires the intervention of a responsible authority,
the manufacturer should inform the responsible authority of his intention to subcontract so that the
responsible authority has the opportunity to take part in the subcontractor surveillance.
NOTE 1 See also EN 764-3:2002, 2.11 [2] and CR 13445-7.
NOTE 2 When the manufacturer is producing equipment based on quality assurance, the controls a manufacturer
applies over subcontractors should be described in his approved quality system.
5 Materials
5.1 General
Materials for pressure vessels and the grouping of materials for pressure vessels shall be in accordance
with EN 13445-2:2021.
The grouping applies regardless of product form, i.e. plate, forging, piping.
5.2 Material traceability
5.2.1 General
The vessel manufacturer shall have and maintain an identification system for materials used in
fabrication, so that all material subject to stress due to pressure and those welded thereto in the
completed work can be traced to its origin. This includes the use of welding consumables.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
5.2.2 Identification system
5.2.2.1 The vessel manufacturer's identification system shall assure that all materials to be used in the
vessel have been subjected to and satisfactorily passed the following:
a) examination of material before fabrication for the purpose of detecting, as far as possible,
imperfections which would affect the safety of the work;
b) check of material to determine that it has the required thickness;
c) check of the material to assure that the materials are permitted by this document, fully traceable to
the correct material certification and as specified in the design documentation;
d) check of the welding consumables to assure the correct markings and that correct conditions are
maintained to prevent deterioration.
5.2.2.2 Material traceability to the original identification markings shall be by one or more of the
following methods:
a) accurate transfer of the original identification markings to a location where the markings will be
visible on the completed vessel;
b) identification by a coded marking traceable to the original required marking;
c) recording the identification markings using material lists or as built sketches which assure
identification of each piece of material during fabrication and subsequent identification in the
completed vessel;
d) the batch numbers of welding consumables shall be recorded.
5.2.3 Visibility
Materials which cannot be stamped or which will not be visible after the vessel is completed or for small
multiple parts or non pressure parts the manufacturer may operate a documented system which ensures
material traceability for all materials in the completed vessel.
5.2.4 Review of material certification and material identification
All material certification shall be reviewed upon receipt. The review shall cover the completeness and
adequacy of the reports against the following:
a) mechanical and chemical properties required to be reported by the material specification;
b) assuring that the reported results meet the requirements of the specification;
c) all markings required by the material specification are satisfied and that there is traceability between
the actual markings and those recorded on the material certification.
All materials certification shall be made readily available throughout manufacture.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
5.2.5 Transfer of markings
In case the original identification markings are unavoidably cut out or the material is divided into two or
more pieces the markings shall be accurately transferred by the manufacturer's nominated personnel
prior to cutting.
The actual material marking shall be by methods which are not harmful to the material in subsequent
use/operation.
The transfer of markings shall take place before partitioning of the product and after verification of the
marks present with the corresponding certification.
6 Manufacturing tolerances
6.1 Surface geometry of welds
The surface geometry of welded butt and fillet joints shall meet the requirements of EN 13445-5:2021,
5.3 and 6.6, unless the drawing specifies more stringent requirements.
6.2 Middle line alignment
The misalignment tolerances of middle lines shall be as specified in Tables 6.2-1, 6.2-2, 6.2-3 and
Figure 6.2-1.
a) Middle line alignment d at equal thickness e = b) Middle line alignment d at different thickness e
1 1 1 1
e ≤ e
2 2
Figure 6.2-1 — Middle line alignment d
For longitudinal welds in cylinders, cones and rectangular/prismatic structures the middle lines of
adjacent components (whether of equal or different thickness) shall be aligned within the tolerances
specified in Table 6.2-1.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
Table 6.2-1 — Offset of middle lines for longitudinal welds in cylinders, cones
and rectangular/prismatic structures
Dimensions in millimetres
Thinner part thickness e Maximum misalignment d
1 1
e ≤ 2 0,5
2 < e ≤ 4 e1/4
4 < e1 ≤ 10
e /10
10 < e1 ≤ 30 1
30 < e ≤ 60 e1/30 + 2
60 < e1 4
For longitudinal welds in dished ends and welds in spherical components the middle lines of adjacent
parts (whether of equal or different thickness) shall be aligned within the tolerances specified in
Table 6.2-2.
Table 6.2-2 — Offset of middle lines for longitudinal welds in dished
ends and in spherical components of adjacent parts
Dimensions in millimetres
Thinner part thickness e1 Maximum misalignment d1
e ≤ 2 0,5
2 < e ≤ 4 e1/4
4 < e1 ≤ 10 1
e /10
10 < e1 ≤ 30 1
30 < e ≤ 120 e1/30 + 2
120 < e1 6
For circumferential welds the middle lines of adjacent parts (whether of equal or different thickness)
shall be aligned within the tolerances specified in Table 6.2-3.
Table 6.2-3 — Offset of middle lines of circumferential
welds of adjacent parts
Dimensions in millimetres
Thinner part thickness e1 Maximum misalignment d1
e1/10 + 1
e1 ≤ 30
30 < e ≤ 150 e1/30 + 3
150 < e1 8
Issue 1 (2021-05)
6.3 Surface alignment
6.3.1 Surface misalignment between parts
Where there is misalignment at the surface between parts of the same nominal thickness the transition
across the weld shall be smooth and gradual with a slope of 1 in 4 over the width of the weld. If this taper
cannot be accommodated within the weld width it is permissible to either:
a) grind the higher plate surface, where this will not reduce the joint thickness at any point below the
nominal specified plate thickness minus the plate thickness tolerance;
b) build up the lower plate surface with added weld metal
6.3.2 Joining of parts of different thickness
Where different thickness are being joined a taper shall be produced in accordance with EN 13445-
3:2021 by either:
a) taper the thicker plate in accordance with the design drawing and then applying the requirements
above for the same nominal thickness parts; or
b)
...
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 13445-4:2021 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication". This standard covers: This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
EN 13445-4:2021 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 23.020.30 - Pressure vessels, gas cylinders. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 13445-4:2021 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 13445-4:2014, EN 13445-4:2014/A1:2016, EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023, EN 13445-4:2021/A1:2023. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 13445-4:2021 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2014/68/EU; Standardization Mandates: M/071. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
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The standard EN 13445-4:2021 is a critical document that delineates the requirements for the fabrication of unfired pressure vessels. Its comprehensive scope covers not only the manufacture of the vessels themselves but also includes specifications for their components, ensuring that all elements, including connections to non-pressure parts, adhere to high safety and quality standards. One of the significant strengths of this standard is its emphasis on material traceability. This is essential for maintaining the integrity of unfired pressure vessels and facilitates accountability throughout the manufacturing process. By requiring documentation of the entire lifecycle of materials, the standard helps prevent the use of subpar materials, thereby enhancing safety and compliance. The standard also stipulates specific manufacturing tolerances, ensuring that all produced vessels meet stringent criteria for performance and safety. This includes detailed requirements for welding, which is one of the most critical aspects of pressure vessel integrity. The explicit guidelines for welding practices and procedures reduce the likelihood of defects that could lead to catastrophic failures. Moreover, the inclusion of requirements for permanent joints other than welding expands the applicability of this standard to various manufacturing techniques. The differentiation of production tests and forming requirements provides clarity on the processes involved, ensuring consistency across different manufacturers. Heat treatment requirements and guidelines for repairs are also clearly laid out. These aspects are vital for the longevity and reliability of unfired pressure vessels, as they deal with the mechanical properties and structural integrity of the final product. Furthermore, the finishing operations specified in the standard ensure that the vessels are not only functional but also ready for the end-user. In summary, EN 13445-4:2021 stands as a pivotal reference in the field of unfired pressure vessel fabrication. Its thorough approach to material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding and joining requirements, along with detailed guidelines on heat treatment and repairs, makes it an indispensable resource for manufacturers and engineers aiming to achieve excellence and compliance in their production processes.
La norme SIST EN 13445-4:2021 est un document essentiel qui établit des exigences claires et précises pour la fabrication des récipients sous pression non soumis à la pression, ainsi que de leurs composants, fabriqués à partir d'aciers. Le champ d'application de cette norme est large, englobant non seulement les récipients eux-mêmes, mais également leurs connexions avec des éléments non soumis à la pression. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on note l'importance accordée à la traçabilité des matériaux, qui est cruciale pour garantir la qualité et la sécurité des produits finis. De plus, les tolérances de fabrication sont clairement spécifiées, ce qui permet de s'assurer que les pièces fabriquées respectent les normes requises de précision. Les exigences de soudage sont également bien définies, assurant que les jonctions sont réalisées de manière fiable et sécuritaire. Un autre aspect notable est l'inclusion des exigences relatives à d'autres joints permanents que ceux réalisés par soudage, ce qui élargit le champ d'application pour divers procédés de fabrication. Les tests de production, les exigences de mise en forme, ainsi que les traitements thermiques et les réparations sont tous des éléments intégrés qui renforcent la qualité des récipients. Enfin, les opérations de finition sont également abordées dans cette norme, garantissant que les produits finis soient non seulement conformes aux spécifications techniques, mais aussi présentables et adaptés à l'usage prévu. En raison de ces nombreux aspects couverts, la norme SIST EN 13445-4:2021 se révèle être un document fondamental pour les fabricants, représentant une référence incontournable pour la fabrication de récipients sous pression non soumis à la pression.
SIST EN 13445-4:2021 표준 문서는 비가열 압력 용기 제조에 대한 필수 요구사항을 상세히 규명하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 범위는 스틸로 제작된 비가열 압력 용기 및 그 부품과 비압력 부품과의 연결에 대한 요구사항을 포함합니다. 이러한 내용은 비가열 압력 용기의 안전성과 신뢰성을 확보하는 데 필수적입니다. 이 표준의 강점 중 하나는 자재 추적성 요구 사항을 명확히 규정하고 있다는 점입니다. 이는 각 구성 요소의 원자재 출처를 확인할 수 있게 하여, 품질 관리 및 안전성을 더욱 높이는 데 기여합니다. 또한, 제조 허용 오차와 용접 요구사항을 세부적으로 기술하여, 제조 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 문제를 최소화하도록 하고 있습니다. 영구 조인트와 같은 용접 이외의 조인트에 대한 요구사항도 포함되어 있어, 다양한 조립 상황에 대비할 수 있습니다. 생산 테스트, 성형 요구 사항, 열처리, 수리 및 마감 작업에 대한 명확한 지침은 제조업체가 품질 기준을 철저히 준수하도록 돕습니다. 결론적으로, SIST EN 13445-4:2021 표준은 비가열 압력 용기의 안전한 제조를 위한 중요한 기준으로 자리 잡고 있으며, 산업 전반에 걸쳐 그 적용 가능성과 관련성을 가지고 있습니다. 이러한 표준화는 제조업체와 소비자 간의 신뢰를 높이고, 궁극적으로는 공공 안전을 보장하는 데 기여할 것입니다.
SIST EN 13445-4:2021は、非加圧容器の製造に関する基準であり、その中で鋼製の容器および関連部品の製造要件が明確に定められています。この標準は、材料のトレーサビリティ、製造公差、溶接条件、溶接以外の永久接合の要件、製造試験、成形要件、熱処理、修理、仕上げ作業など、幅広い情報をカバーしています。 この規格の強みは、製造プロセスにおける一貫性と安全性を確保するための詳細なガイドラインを提供する点にあります。特に、材料のトレーサビリティの確保は、製品の品質管理において重要であり、製品ライフサイクル全体を通じて信頼性を高めます。また、各製造段階において求められる具体的な条件を明示しているため、生産者は効率的に作業を進めることができ、廃棄物の削減にも寄与します。 さらに、標準は異なる接合方法に関する具体的な要求を提供しているため、製造業者は様々な技術的要件に対応することが可能になります。これにより、幅広い用途に対応した高品質な非加圧容器の製造が促進されます。また、熱処理や修理に関する指針を含むことで、製品の耐久性と性能を向上させることができ、業界内での競争力を強化します。 SIST EN 13445-4:2021は、非加圧容器の製造業者にとって、信頼性の高い製品を提供するための基盤を提供する重要な基準であり、業界全体の品質向上に寄与するものです。そのため、製造プロセスにおける重要な要素として、この標準の適用は不可欠であると言えます。
Die Norm EN 13445-4:2021 legt klare Anforderungen für die Herstellung von drucklosen Behältern fest, die aus Stahl bestehen, einschließlich ihrer Verbindungen zu nicht druckbelasteten Teilen. Der Umfang dieser Norm ist umfassend und reicht von der Materialnachverfolgbarkeit bis hin zu spezifischen Qualitätsanforderungen, die bei der Fertigung zu beachten sind. Ein herausragendes Merkmal der EN 13445-4:2021 ist die detaillierte Spezifizierung von Fertigungstoleranzen. Diese Anforderungen sind entscheidend, um sicherzustellen, dass die gefertigten Druckbehälter nicht nur funktional, sondern auch sicher und zuverlässig sind. Darüber hinaus beinhaltet die Norm spezifische Richtlinien zu Schweißanforderungen und zu dauerhaften Verbindungen, die über das Schweißen hinausgehen. Dies stellt sicher, dass verschiedene Verbindungstechniken, die für die Integrität des Produkts wichtig sind, in angemessener Weise behandelt werden. Ein weiterer Stärke dieser Norm ist die Behinhaltung von Produktionsprüfungen und Formungsverfahren, die dazu beitragen, die Qualität der unfired pressure vessels während des gesamten Produktionsprozesses zu garantieren. Die Vorgaben zur Wärmebehandlung und zu Reparaturverfahren verdeutlichen das Engagement für die Langlebigkeit und Sicherheit der Produkte. Abschließend ist die Norm auch in Bezug auf die Endbearbeitungsverfahren klar definiert, was für die ästhetische und funktionale Qualität des Endprodukts von Bedeutung ist. Insgesamt ist die EN 13445-4:2021 nicht nur eine technische Referenz für Hersteller, sondern auch ein wesentliches Dokument zur Gewährleistung von Sicherheit und Qualität in der Industrie für drucklose Behälter. Die Relevanz dieser Norm ist in vielen Bereichen spürbar, wo Druckbehälter eingesetzt werden, und sie stellt sicher, dass die Industrie-Standards eingehalten werden, was letztlich zu einem höheren Schutzniveau für Benutzer und Anlagen führt.
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