CEN/TR 15177:2006

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2006
Preskušanje odpornosti betona proti zmrzovanju/tajanju – Notranje poškodbe
strukture
Testing the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete - Internal structural damage
Prüfung des Frost-Tauwiderstandes von Beton - Innere Gefügestörung
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15177:2006
ICS:
91.080.40 Betonske konstrukcije Concrete structures
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15177
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
April 2006
ICS 91.080.40
English Version
Testing the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete - Internal
structural damage
Prüfung des Frost-Tauwiderstandes von Beton - Innere
Gefügestörung
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 31 August 2005. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 51.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15177:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Equipment .6
5 Making of test specimens .9
6 Principle of measurement the internal structural damage.10
7 Beam test.11
8 Slab test .16
9 CIF-test.24
Bibliography .34

Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 15177:2006) has been prepared jointly by Technical Committee CEN/TC 51
"Cement and building limes", the secretariat of which is held by IBN/BIN and by Technical Committee CEN/TC
104 "Concrete and related products", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
No existing European Standard is superseded.
It is based on the Austrian Standard ÖNORM B 3303 "Testing of Concrete" and on the RILEM
recommendation "Test methods of frost resistance of concrete" of RILEM TC 176 IDC. These tests have since
been developed by individual countries. This document takes into account those developments.
Introduction
Concrete structures exposed to the effects of freezing and thawing need to be durable, to have an adequate
resistance to this action and, in cases such as road construction, to freezing and thawing in the presence of
de-icing agents. It is desirable, especially in the case of new constituents or new concrete compositions, to
test for such properties. This also applies to concrete mixes, concrete products, precast concrete, concrete
elements or concrete in situ.
Many different test methods have been developed. No single test method can completely reproduce the
conditions in the field in all individual cases. Nevertheless, any method should at least correlate to the
practical situation and give consistent results. Such a test method may not be suitable for deciding whether
the resistance is adequate in a specific instance but will provide data of the resistance of the concrete to
freeze-thaw-attack and freeze-thaw-attack in the presence of de-icing agents.
If the concrete has inadequate resistance there are two types of concrete deterioration when a freeze-thaw
attack occurs, internal structural damage and scaling. The three test methods in this document describe the
testing for internal structural damage. The scaling is dealt with in prCEN/TS 12390-9.
This document contains three different test methods, which are well proved in different parts of Europe.
Always they produce consistent results. For that reason no single test method can be established as
reference test method. In the case that two laboratories will test the same concrete, they have to agree to only
one test method with the same measurement procedure.
The application of limiting values will require the establishment of the correlation between laboratory results
and field experience. Due to the nature of the freeze-thaw action, such correlation would have to be
established in accordance with local conditions and still have to be done.
1 Scope
This document specifies three test methods for the estimation of the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with
regard to internal structural damage. It can be used either to compare new constituents or new concrete
compositions against a constituent or a concrete composition that is known to give adequate performance in
the local environment or to assess the test results against some absolute numerical values based on local
experiences.
Extrapolation of test results to assess different concrete i.e. new constituents or new concrete compositions
requires an expert evaluation.
NOTE Specification based on these test methods should take into account the behaviour of concrete under practical
conditions.
There is no established correlation between the results obtained by the three test methods. All tests will
clearly identify poor and good behaviour, but they differ in their assessment of marginal behaviour.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 206-1, Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity
EN 12390-1, Testing hardened concrete – Part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements of specimens
and moulds
EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete – Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests
EN 12504-4, Testing concrete – Determination of ultrasonic pulse velocity
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
freeze-thaw resistance
resistance against alternating freezing and thawing in the presence of water alone
3.2
freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salt
resistance against alternating freezing and thawing in the presence of de-icing salt
3.3
scaling
loss of material at the surface of concrete due to freeze-thaw attack
3.4
internal structural damage
cracks developed inside concrete which may not be seen on the surface, but which lead to an alteration of
concrete properties, e.g. reduction of the dynamic modulus of elasticity
4 Equipment
4.1 General
4.1.1 Equipment for making concrete specimens according to EN 12390-2.
4.1.2 Moulds for making concrete specimens according to EN 12390-1.
4.1.3 Freezing medium, consisting of de-ionised water and in special cases of 97 % by mass of tap water
and 3 % by mass of NaCl (for test with de-icing salt).
4.1.4 A freezing chamber or a freeze-thaw chest with a cooling liquid or a flooding device. The freezing
chamber or the freeze-thaw chest are equipped with a temperature and time controlled refrigerating and
heating system with a capacity such that the time-temperature curve prescribed in Clauses 7, 8 and 9 can be
followed. An automatically controllable frost chest and a water tank with thermostatic control can also be used
instead of an automatically controlled freeze-thaw chest with a flooding device.
4.1.5 Thermocouples, or an equivalent temperature measuring device, for measuring the temperature at the
appropriate prescribed points in the freezing chest with an accuracy within ± 0,5 K.
4.1.6 2 balances, with an accuracy within ± 1 g and ± 0,05 g.
4.1.7 Vernier callipers, with an accuracy within ± 0,1 mm.
4.1.8 Absorbent laboratory towel.
4.2 Special equipment for beam test
4.2.1 Thermometric frost resistance reference beam according to EN 206-1 with a dimension of 400 mm x
100 mm x 100 mm. A tolerance in length of ≤ 10 % will be permissible. A thermocouple (4.1.5) is installed
near the geometric centre of the thermometric reference beam in order to measure the temperature variations
during freeze-thaw cycles.
4.2.2 Equipment for ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT)
Ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) measurement device which is suitable for determining the transit times of
longitudinal waves in porous building materials according to EN 12504-4. The transducers operate in
frequency range between 50 kHz and 150 kHz.
4.2.3 Equipment for fundamental transverse frequency (FF)
a) Equipment for measurement the resonance frequency: a Fourier analyser, a modally tuned impact
hammer and an accelerometer.
b) Specimens pad consists of a soft and absorbing material (e.g. foam or sponge rubber) to store the
specimens planar. The specimens pad uncoupled the specimen of its surroundings, so that the waves run
only by the specimen.
4.3 Special equipment for slab test
4.3.1 Climate controlled room or chamber with a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and an evaporation of
(45 ± 15) g/(m² h). Normally this is obtained with a wind velocity ≤ 0,1 m/s and a relative humidity of (65 ± 5) %.
The evaporation is measured from a bowl with a depth of approximately 40 mm and a cross section area of
(225 ± 25) cm . The bowl is filled up to (10 ± 1) mm from the brim.
4.3.2 Diamond saw for concrete cutting.
4.3.3 Rubber sheet, (3 ± 0,5) mm thick which is resistant to the freezing medium used and sufficiently
elastic down to a temperature of – 27 °C.
4.3.4 Adhesive for gluing the rubber sheet to the concrete specimen. The adhesive is resistant to the
environment in question.
NOTE Contact adhesive has proved to be suitable.
4.3.5 Expanded Polystyrene cellular plastic, (20 ± 1) mm thick with a density of (18 ± 2) kg/m or alternative
thermal insulation with at least a heat conductivity of 0,036 W/(m⋅K).
4.3.6 Polyethylene sheet, 0,1 mm to 0,2 mm thick.
4.3.7 Equipment for length change (reference measuring procedure)
a) Length extensometer for measuring length change of specimens with a dial gauge to read in 0,01 mm
and an accuracy within ± 0,001 mm. The extensometer is designed to accommodate the size of the
specimens.
NOTE In consideration of specimens geometry the dimension of a suitable length extensometer is 170 mm or more.
b) Studs made of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant materials being designed which secured a good
contact with the specimen surface.
c) Invar or an equivalent reverence bar with a length which is comparable to the average specimen length.
4.3.8 Equipment for ultrasonic pulse transit time (alternative measuring procedure)
Ultrasonic pulse transit time (UPTT) measurement device which is suitable for determining the transit times of
longitudinal waves in porous building materials according to EN 12504-4. The transducers operate in
frequency range between 50 kHz and 150 kHz.
4.3.9 Equipment for fundamental transverse frequency (alternative measuring procedure)
a) Equipment for measurement the resonance frequency: a Fourier analyser, a modally tuned impact
hammer and an accelerometer.
b) Specimens pad consists of a soft and absorbing material (e.g. foam or sponge rubber) to store the
specimens planar. The specimens pad uncoupled the specimen of its surroundings, so that the waves run
only by the specimen.
4.4 Special equipment for CIF-test
4.4.1 PTFE plate (Polytetrafluorethylene) or other materials with an equivalent hydrophobic surface serving
as mould for the test surface. The geometry of the plate is adapted to the 150 mm cube mould and the
thickness has to be less than 5 mm.
4.4.2 Climate controlled room or chamber with a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and an evaporation of
(45 ± 15) g/(m² h). Normally this is obtained with a wind velocity ≤ 0,1 m/s and a relative humidity of (65 ± 5) %.
The evaporation is measured from a bowl with a depth of approximately 40 mm and a cross section area of
(225 ± 25) cm . The bowl is filled up to (10 ± 1) mm from the brim.
4.4.3 Lateral sealing consists of solvent-free epoxy resin or aluminium foil with butyl rubber, durable to
temperatures of - 20 °C and resistant against the attack of the de-icing solution.
4.4.4 Test containers. The specimens are stored in stainless steel containers during the freeze-thaw cycles.
The stainless sheet metal is (0,7 ± 0,01) mm thick. The size of the test container is selected in such a way that
the thickness of the air layer between the vertical side of the specimen and the test container is restricted to
(30 ± 20) mm.
Other containers can be u
...