ASTM D1321-04

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D1321–04
Standard Test Method for
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Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the 3.1 Definitions:
consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement 3.1.1 penetration, n, of petroleum wax—the depth in tenths
of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the
method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not wax under defined conditions.
greater than 250. 3.1.1.1 Discussion—As an example, a penetration reading
of 85 from the indicator scale corresponds to a penetration
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for deter-
depth of 8.5 mm.
mining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone
3.1.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test
consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
a given force falls into the material.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, a standard pen-
only.
etrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
petroleum wax. The penetration force is determined by the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
total mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The sample is heated to at least 17°C (30°F) above its
expected congealing point or melting point, poured into a
2. Referenced Documents
2 container, and then air cooled under controlled conditions. The
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sample then is conditioned at test temperature in a water bath.
D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
Penetration is measured with a penetrometer, which applies a
D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax
standard needle to the sample for 5 s under a load of 100 g.
(Cooling Curve)
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
5. Significance and Use
Grease
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant
D938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
effect upon other physical properties.
Waxes, Including Petrolatum
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
6. Apparatus
6.1 Penetrometer, for applying the standard needle to the
surface of the sample specimen and for measuring the extent of
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on penetrationattheconclusionofthetest.Thepenetrometershall
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
be constructed in such a manner that the accurate placement of
D02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Wax.
the tip of the needle at the level surface of the specimen may
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D1321–02a. DOI: be made while maintaining a “zero” reading on the indicator.
10.1520/D1321-04.
The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 represents a composite drawing
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
illustrating the two available types of instrument, one with an
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
adjustable table and the other with an adjustable needle
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. assembly; the use of either type of instrument is permissible.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D1321–04
free from burrs. The conical surface and the truncation shall be
finished to a smoothness of 0.2 µm (8 µin.) (rms). The final
weight
...