ASTM D1321-02a

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An American National Standard
Designation:D1321–02a
Standard Test Method for
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Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement
a given force falls into the material.
of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, a standard pen-
method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not
etrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness of
greater than 250.
petroleum wax. The penetration force is determined by the
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for deter-
total mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.
mining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D 5. Cone
methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test
4. Summary of Test Method
Methods D 217 and Test Method D 937, respectively.
4.1 The sample is melted, heated to 17°C (30°F) above its
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
congealing point, poured into a container, and then air cooled
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
under controlled conditions. The sample then is conditioned at
only.
test temperature in a water bath. Penetration is measured with
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
a penetrometer, which applies a standard needle to the sample
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for 5 s under a load of 100 g.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration
is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant
2. Referenced Documents
effect upon other physical properties.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
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D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
6. Apparatus
D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
6.1 Penetrometer, for applying the standard needle to the
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Grease
surface of the sample specimen and for measuring the extent of
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D 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
penetrationattheconclusionofthetest.Thepenetrometershall
D 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
be constructed in such a manner that the accurate placement of
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Waxes, Including Petrolatum
the tip of the needle at the level surface of the specimen may
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E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
be made while maintaining a “zero” reading on the indicator.
The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 represents a composite drawing
3. Terminology
illustrating the two available types of instrument, one with an
3.1 Definitions:
adjustable table and the other with an adjustable needle
3.1.1 penetration, n, of petroleum wax—the depth in tenths
assembly; the use of either type of instrument is permissible.
of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the
The loaded needle must fall, when released, without appre-
wax under defined conditions.
ciable friction. The instrument shall be provided with leveling
screws and a spirit level to maintain the plunger shaft in a true
vertical position. The indicator scale shall be calibrated in
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
tenths of a millimetre division and shall have a range of at least
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Wax.
250 tenths of millimetres.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originally
6.2 Timing Device—An automatic timing release mecha-
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 1321–02.
2 nism attached to the penetrometer may be used. Alternatively,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. a stop watch graduated in 0.1-s intervals may be used.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
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D1321–02a
6.4 Test Speci
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