ASTM E2035-11
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Psychophysiology
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the scientific discipline of forensic psychophysiology. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions are used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters's New World Dictionary, Third College Edition; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy are found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in forensic psychophysiology. Legal or scientific terms that generally are understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of the last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.
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Designation:E2035–11
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Forensic Psychophysiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope of the subject’s relative blood pressure and pulse rate.
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding
DISCUSSION—The cardiograph component records this activity.
definitions used in forensic psychophysiology. Legal or scien-
comparison question, n—type of question, the physiological
tific terms that generally are understood or defined adequately
responses from which are compared to those generated by
in other readily available sources may not be included.
the relevant questions.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-
counterintelligence-scope polygraph (CSP), n—screening
mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and
examination administered by the Federal Government on
the year of the last review or revision is appended.
individuals with sensitive security clearances to detect and
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another
deter espionage, security breaches, sabotage, or other acts
standards organization orASTM committee are identified with
against the government.
the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the
identifying document and ASTM committee; for example,
DISCUSSION—Sometimes referred to as a loyalty examination.
ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., n—although
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are
not a PDD case, the Daubert case set aside the landmark
identified with an abbreviation.
Frye rule’s “general acceptability” provisions in favor of the
Federal Rules of Evidence.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 These terms have particular application to the scientific DISCUSSION—This paved the way for the admissibility of PDD
2
evidence in most jurisdictions.
discipline of forensic psychophysiology. In addition, a hierar-
chy of sources of definitions are used in the development of
deception indicated (DI), n—a conventional term for a PDD
this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters’s New
outcome.
World Dictionary, Third College Edition; technical dictionar-
DISCUSSION—A decision of DI means that the physiological data are
ies; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The
stable and interpretable and that the evaluation criteria used by the
subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the
examiner concluded that the examinee was not being completely
sources in the hierarchy are found wanting.
truthful to the relevant issue. DI corresponds to the term significant
physiological responses (SPR).
3. Terminology
deceptiontest, n—a family of PDD examinations where direct
3.1 Terms and Definitions:
questions are posed to the examinee during physiological
Air Force modified general question test (AFMGQT),
recording regarding the examinee’s involvement in what is
n—test format with flexible question orderings and numbers
covered in the relevant question.
of relevant questions.
DISCUSSION—Unlike recognition tests, both truthful and deceptive
DISCUSSION—The AFMGQT can be used in single-issue, multiple
examinees are aware of which questions are relevant, and direct
facet, and multiple-issue PDD examinations. The AFMGQT uses
participation, not just recognition, is tested. Deception tests include
relevant, comparison, sacrifice relevant and irrelevant questions.
PDD comparison question tests and PDD relevant/irrelevant tests.
artifact, n—a change in a PDD tracing that is not arributable
differential salience, n—an expression that characterizes the
to a review test question, stimulus, recovery, or homeostasis.
tendency for the magnitude of physiological responses to
cardiovasculartracing, n—adisplayofphysiologicalpatterns
revealtheperceivedpsychologicalsignificanceanindividual
attaches to specific stimuli which, under controlled condi-
tions, permits a reliable inference of either recognition or
1
This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E52
on Forensic Psychophysiology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E52.06 on Terminology.
2
Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originally For more information, see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2035 – 10a. DOI: (1992), 509 U.S. 579, 125 1. Ed 2d 469; United States v. Frye 54 App D.C. 46,
10.1520/E2035-11. 293 F 1013.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2035–10a Designation:E2035–11
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Forensic Psychophysiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in forensic psychophysiology. Legal or scientific terms
that generally are understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 Adefinition is a single sentence with additional information included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and the year
of the last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the
abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the
American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.
2. Significance and Use
2.1 These terms have particular application to the scientific discipline of forensic psychophysiology. In addition, a hierarchy of
sources of definitions are used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters’s New World
Dictionary, Third College Edition; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation ofASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee
developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy are found wanting.
3. Terminology
3.1 Terms and Definitions:
Air Force modified general question test (AFMGQT), n—test format with flexible question orderings and numbers of relevant
questions.
DISCUSSION—The AFMGQT can be used in single-issue, multiple facet, and multiple-issue PDD examinations. The AFMGQT uses relevant,
comparison, sacrifice relevant and irrelevant questions.
artifact, n—a change in a PDD tracing that is not arributable to a review test question, stimulus, recovery, or homeostasis.
cardiovascular tracing, n—a display of physiological patterns of the subject’s relative blood pressure and pulse rate.
DISCUSSION—The cardiograph component records this activity.
comparison question, n—type of question, the physiological responses from which are compared to those generated by the
relevant questions.
counterintelligence-scope polygraph (CSP), n—screening examination administered by the Federal Government on individuals
with sensitive security clearances to detect and deter espionage, security breaches, sabotage, or other acts against the
government.
DISCUSSION—Sometimes referred to as a loyalty examination.
Daubertv.MerrellDowPharmaceuticals,Inc., n—althoughnotaPDDcase,theDaubertcasesetasidethelandmarkFryerule’s
“general acceptability” provisions in favor of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
2
DISCUSSION—This paved the way for the admissibility of PDD evidence in most jurisdictions.
deception indicated (DI), n—a conventional term for a PDD outcome.
DISCUSSION—A decision of DI means that the physiological data are stable and interpretable and that the evaluation criteria used by the examiner
1
This terminology standard is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E52 on Forensic Psychophysiology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E52.06 on
Terminology.
Current edition approved Sept.April 1, 2010.2011. Published November 2010.May 2011. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as
E2035 – 10a. DOI: 10.1520/E2035-10A.10.1520/E2035-11.
2
For more information, see Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1992), 509 U.S. 579, 125 1. Ed 2d 469; United States v. Frye 54 App D.C. 46, 293 F 1013.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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E2035–11
concluded that the examinee was not being completely truthful to the relevant issue. DI corresponds to the term significant physiological responses
(SPR).
deceptiontest, n—afamilyofPDDexaminationswheredirectquestionsareposedtotheexamineeduringphysiologicalrecording
regarding the examinee’s involvement in what is covered in the relevant question.
DISCUSSION—Unlike recognition tests, both truthful and deceptive examinees are aware of which questions are relevant, and direct partici
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